Corpus Callosum In Individuals Research Articles

Adaptive behavior in primary agenesis of the corpus callosum

Background and aimsPrimary agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a congenital neurological disorder characterized by the absence, either partial or complete, of the corpus callosum in individuals who do not have intellectual disability and are otherwise neurologically asymptomatic. While mild to moderate neurocognitive deficits have been observed in individuals with primary ACC using neuropsychological assessments, the impact of this syndrome on adaptive behavior remains insufficiently understood. MethodsThis study used self- and informant-ratings on the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) to evaluate adaptive behavior in 35 adults diagnosed with primary ACC. ResultsWhile adults with primary ACC reported adaptive functioning comparable to an age-adjusted normative sample, family informants rated their adaptive ability below norms in several skill domains, particularly social skills. ConclusionsThis pattern of lower ratings by informants than self-ratings suggests adults with ACC may have poor understanding of their own behavior and its consequences. This study demonstrates that informants observe significant deficiencies in the conceptual, social, and practical aspects of adaptive behavior in persons with primary ACC, and that these deficiencies are not seen as clearly by the persons themselves.

Morphometric Analysis of Corpus Callosum in Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Study.

The Corpus Callosum (CC) is the largest commissural tract in the nervous system. Few studies have examined the extent of CC in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and these studies have reported conflicting findings. The study was performed using 176 brain MRI images of 88 Alzheimer's patients (55 women-32 men) and 88 healthy individuals (44 women-44 men). In our study, 7 different parameters of the CC were measured, and their average values were determined. We measured each parameter separately in AD patients and healthy individuals and compared them with each other. CC has an important place not only in Patients with AD but also in other neurodegenerative diseases. We consider that our study will be useful in the evaluation of Patients with AD.

Music Playing and Interhemispheric Communication: Older Professional Musicians Outperform Age-Matched Non-Musicians in Fingertip Cross-Localization Test.

Numerous investigations have documented that age-related changes in the integrity of the corpus callosum are associated with age-related decline in the interhemispheric transfer of information. Conversely, there is accumulating evidence for more efficient white matter organization of the corpus callosum in individuals with extensive musical training. However, the relationship between making music and accuracy in interhemispheric transfer remains poorly explored. To test the hypothesis that musicians show enhanced functional connectivity between the two hemispheres, 65 professional musicians (aged 56-90 years) and 65 age- and sex-matched non-musicians performed the fingertip cross-localization test. In this task, subjects must respond to a tactile stimulus presented to one hand using the ipsilateral (intra-hemispheric test) or contralateral (inter-hemispheric test) hand. Because the transfer of information from one hemisphere to another may imply a loss of accuracy, the value of the difference between the intrahemispheric and interhemispheric tests can be utilized as a reliable measure of the effectiveness of hemispheric interactions. Older professional musicians show significantly greater accuracy in tactile interhemispheric transfer than non-musicians who suffer from age-related decline. Musicians have more efficient interhemispheric communication than age-matched non-musicians. This finding is in keeping with studies showing that individuals with extensive musical training have a larger corpus callosum. The results are discussed in relation to relevant data suggesting that music positively influences aging brain plasticity.

Symptom recovery and relationship to structure of corpus callosum in individuals with an ‘at risk mental state’

Previous studies have revealed that changes in sub-threshold psychotic symptoms observed in individuals with an ‘at risk mental state’ (ARMS) are associated with biological changes in the corpus callosum (CC). To elucidate the biological background for resilience against transition to psychosis, we investigated the relationship between CC structural changes and recovery of sub-threshold psychotic symptom in subjects with ARMS who did not develop psychosis (ARMS-N). Sixteen healthy controls and 42 ARMS (37 ARMS-N) subjects participated this study. The volumes of five sub-regions of the CC were analyzed using MRI. The sub-threshold psychotic symptoms of the ARMS were measured using the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS). Imaging and symptoms were re-administered in the ARMS group 52 weeks later. Significant baseline volume differences in the mid-posterior CC, central CC and mid-anterior CC were found between the controls and the ARMS-N subjects. These findings suggest that biological abnormalities are present in a so-called “false-positive” group of individuals. For the ARMS-N subjects, improvement in negative symptoms significantly correlated with an increase in the volume of the central CC at follow-up. This finding may suggest that a neurobiological ‘resilience’ is associated with symptom recovery.

Simultaneous Assessment of White Matter Changes in Microstructure and Connectedness in the Blind Brain

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human brain has provided converging evidence that visual deprivation induces regional changes in white matter (WM) microstructure. It remains unclear how these changes modify network connections between brain regions. Here we used diffusion-weighted MRI to relate differences in microstructure and structural connectedness of WM in individuals with congenital or late-onset blindness relative to normally sighted controls. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provided voxel-specific microstructural features of the tissue, while anatomical connectivity mapping (ACM) assessed the connectedness of each voxel with the rest of the brain. ACM yielded reduced anatomical connectivity in the corpus callosum in individuals with congenital but not late-onset blindness. ACM did not identify any brain region where blindness resulted in increased anatomical connectivity. DTI revealed widespread microstructural differences as indexed by a reduced regional fractional anisotropy (FA). Blind individuals showed lower FA in the primary visual and the ventral visual processing stream relative to sighted controls regardless of the blindness onset. The results show that visual deprivation shapes WM microstructure and anatomical connectivity, but these changes appear to be spatially dissociated as changes emerge in different WM tracts. They also indicate that regional differences in anatomical connectivity depend on the onset of blindness.

Mapping structural differences of the corpus callosum in individuals with 18q deletions using targetless regional spatial normalization

Individuals with a constitutional chromosome abnormality consisting of a deletion of a portion of the long arm of chromosome 18 (18q-) have a high incidence ( approximately 95%) of dysmyelination. Neuroradiologic findings in affected children report a smaller corpus callosum, but this finding has not been quantified. This is in part due to the large intersubject variability of the corpus callosum size and shape and the small number of subjects with 18q-, which leads to low statistical power for comparison with typically developing children. An analysis method called targetless spatial normalization (TSN) was used to improve the sensitivity of statistical testing. TSN converges all images in a group into what is referred as group common space. The group common space conserves common shape, size, and orientation while reducing intragroup variability. TSN in conjunction with a Witelson vertical partitioning scheme was used to assess differences in corpus callosum size between 12 children with 18q- and 12 age-matched normal controls. Significant global and regional differences in corpus callosum size were seen. The 18q- group showed an overall smaller (25%) corpus callosum (P < 10(-7)), even after correction for differences in brain size. Regionally, the posterior portions of corpus callosum (posterior midbody, isthmus, and splenium), which contain heavily myelinated fibers, were found to be 25% smaller in the population with 18q-.

Distribution of transitory corpus callosum axons projecting to developing cat visual cortex revealed by DiI.

Functional studies of the development of the corpus callosum in the cat have shown that an intact callosum during postnatal month 1 is necessary for normal visual development. In vivo tracing techniques have not provided enough information on corpus callosum connectivity to fully evaluate the evidence for a morphological mechanism for the functional effects of neonatal callosum section. However, lipophilic in vitro membrane tracers permit a more detailed search for such evidence because the entire limit of many cells can be labeled simultaneously. To investigate the morphological basis for the observed functional results in cats, the corpus callosum was labeled in vitro with the carbocyanine dye, DiI. Crystals of DiI were placed in the midsagittal callosum in tissue from 2 to 277-day-old cats. Tissue was coronally sectioned 3-22 months later. Sections were photographed and reconstructed to show the overall distribution of corpus callosum projections, as well as the locations of individual corpus callosum axons and their presumed terminals. The distribution of corpus callosum projections, examined in cortical areas 17-19, 7, and posterior medial lateral suprasylvian cortex, changes significantly during development. During postnatal week 1, callosal axons extend throughout these cortical areas to layer I. Numerous varicosities on callosal axons are located en passant and at axon terminals in layer I. During postnatal week 2, the density of callosal projections is reduced in all cortical areas, although many axons still extend to layer I. By postnatal month 2, the callosal axons extending to layer I are predominantly near the border with adjacent cortical areas; in the nonborder regions of these areas, many axons extend to layer VI while a much smaller number of axons extend to layers II-V. By postnatal month 3, the callosal projections to supragranular layers are almost exclusively restricted to cytoarchitectonic border regions; in the remaining regions, including medial area 17, there are occasional axons extending to the supragranular layers and only a moderate number of axons extending to infragranular layers. Thus, a substantial number of elaborately formed transitory corpus callosum axons, distributed throughout visual cortex, exist for several weeks during postnatal development; in area 17, these axons are found in central through peripheral visual field representations. The transitory callosal axons appear to have axon terminals in layer I as well as en passant terminals while extending through layers II-VI. If some of these terminals were to form synapses, there would be extensive opportunities for the corpus callosum to provide input to layers I-VI throughout visual cortex during the period of development in which cortical microcircuitry is being established.

Eight Cases of Section of Corpus Callosum in Individuals with a History of Epileptic Seizures: Psychological Tests

Eight Cases of Section of Corpus Callosum in Individuals with a History of Epileptic Seizures: Psychological Tests