Corps Members Research Articles

Attitude Towards Covid-19 Vaccines and Willingness to be Vaccinated Among Orientation Camp Dwellers in IkareAkoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

We assessed the awareness of COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccine, and willingness to be vaccinated among Nigerian camp dwellers. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. All National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) members and Officials in NYSC permanent orientation camp, Ikare Akoko, Ondo state who gave consent were enrolled in the study. A total of 848 participants were enrolled out of 1000 target population. Data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. All data were analyzed using R 4.1.0. Chi-square tests was performed on statistically significant variables at p-values <0.05.The average age of the respondents was 26.05 years (SD=4.8). Further analysis showed that 88% (n=677) were aged between 20 to 29 years with 50.1% (n=425) being male respondents. Sources of information about COVID-19 vaccine varied, but the top three mentioned sources were radio/television (53.5%, n=454), social media (32%, n=271), and health workers (13.4%, n=114). Majority of the respondents (81.9%, n=675) were willing to accept COVID-19 vaccination, with slightly more than half (67.6%, n=554) responding affirmatively to pay not more than ₦200 (0.49 USD) for the vaccine. Interestingly, only 5.8% were willing to pay more than ₦2000 (more than 5 USD) to be vaccinated. A greater proportion of the respondents are willing to accept and pay for COVID-19 vaccine. However, it is recommended that more advocacy on the importance of COVID-19 vaccine should be carried out periodically. Also, COVID-19 vaccines should be readily available at little or no cost to ensure widespread uptake.

Oregonscape

Oregonscape Matthew Cowan CAMP WYETH, pictured here in 1942, was a civilian public service camp during World War II where conscientious objectors — those who opposed participating in the military due to religious or philosophical beliefs — fulfilled their military service. Founded on November 27, 1941, the camp was also known as Camp #21. Located 14 miles west of the Columbia River Gorge, projects at Camp Wyeth were overseen by the U.S. Forest service and included a variety of maintenance, repair, and cleanup duties in and around the Gorge. Day-to-day work included constructing roads and trails, maintaining camp grounds, fire fighting, and building lookout towers. According to an article published in the Oregonian on March 1, 1942, the camp housed men from thirty different religious denominations, thirty-three occupations, and eight states. One of the most well-known residents to work at the camp was Lew Ayres, an actor known for his role in the film All Quiet in on the Western Front and his marriage to Ginger Rogers. In 1951, Daniel Goldy, regional administrator of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, recommended the establishment of eighteen camps for conscientious in Oregon. He went on to suggest that the Northwest region, including Washington and Idaho, could profitably support twenty-four camps. The cost was estimated at $35,000 for construction of each camp, with operating costs of $30,000 per year. While this recommendation was made to Congress, these camps never materialized in the post-war era. You can read more about Camp Wyeth in Jeffrey Kovac’s “Civilian Public Service Camp #21” entry in The Oregon Encyclopedia (www.oregonencycloopedia.org). Click for larger view View full resolution THIS IMAGE, published in the Oregonian on March 1, 1942, captures a view of Camp Wyeth, which had formerly housed Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) members. At the time the photograph was taken, the camp housed 113 pacifists of military age who were assigned to the camp by draft boards during World War II. The circle on the image is a crop mark made by Oregonian editorial staff in preparation for publication. OHS Research Library, OrHi 71456 [End Page 416] Matthew Cowan OHS Moving Images and Photography Archivist Copyright © 2022 Oregon Historical Society

THE BROKER: COGNITIVE PROWESS FOR BUSINESS START-UP PERFORMANCE

Purpose: Many methodological and empirical perspectives on the broker between entrepreneurship education and business start-up performance have been prescribed and implemented. However, limited empirical evidence exists on applying cognitive characteristics as a mediator. Hence, this study focused on the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) members in Lagos State. Design/methodology/approach: The cross-sectional survey research design was used, and data were obtained from 406 graduate entrepreneurs at the National Youth Service Camp (NYSC) before registering with SAED-BOI (Bank of Industry), Lagos State 2021 NYSC 21A, and Stream 1 Batch. The total enumeration technique was applied after the sample filtration criteria were established. Findings: Hierarchical regression analysis results using an SPSS add-on called process analysis found cognitive characteristics significantly mediated the relationship between entrepreneurship education and business start-up performance in Lagos State Nigeria. Research, Practical & Social implications: The broker (cognitive prowess), is required if entrepreneurship education and business start-up performance must survive, expand, and flourish in different sectors. Originality/value: The findings is paramount to the trade industry (start-up ecosystem) and education sector as it would serve as a reliable source of information on the necessary and effective entrepreneurship education mix required to boost business start-up performance.

An evaluation of the three measurable cardinal objectives of the National Youth Service Corps programme: a survey dataset.

Background: The National Youth Service Corps programme is, among other targets, aimed at promoting national inclusiveness and tolerance in a culturally heterogeneous society. Despite the importance of this programme, little has been done to evaluate its degree of success. Where evaluations are done, they are never made public. There is a need for the NYSC programme, just like all other public programmes, to be evaluated for transparency, accountability and decision-making. From an evaluation of the three measurable objectives of the NYSC programme, this dataset bridges this gap . Methods: This dataset was collected from Nigerian graduates that completed their national service between 2012 and 2021. The data was collected through an electronic survey posted to various online platforms hosting National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) members of the various sets and batches. The data collection aimed to evaluate the three cardinal objectives of the programme. After three years of data collection (from 2019 to 2021), responses were obtained from 19,278 participants that met the eligibility criteria. The data is an Excel (.xlsx) document with 19,278 cases and 95 variables. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and simple percentages were used to summarise the data. However, charts are further used to illustrate the demographic attributes of the respondents. The dataset is broad and covers all the 36 states in Nigeria plus the Federal Capital Territory. Results: The data set has many reuse potentials because it contains information on camp activities (such as parades, military drills, redeployment, quality of food, and facilities, among others), primary assignments and community service engagements of corps members. Conclusions: The data can offer a complete evaluation of how the (NYSC) has attained three of its four cardinal objectives. A series of relationships can further be determined and tested using inferential statistics among the variables included in the dataset.

Podnoszenie kwalifikacji zawodowych jako środek zwiększania poziomu kompetencji zawodowych członków korpusu służby cywilnej

Improvement of professional qualifications as means of increasing the level of professional competences of members of the civil service corps The author of the present article broadly analyzes the principles of improving professional qualifications by members of the civil service corps, including both the obligation to develop professional knowledge as well as other factors affecting the level of professional competence of corps members, such as the requirement to be qualified to hold a specific position and to serve a preparatory service. In particular, the study indicates requirements for establishing obligation to develop professional knowledge as one of the main duties of members of the civil service corps, introduces its legal nature and, separate from the principles provided for under the Labor Code, rules for its implementation through the absolute obligation of a corps member to participate in the civil service training system. The author also emphasizes the non-exhaustive nature of the regulation provided for by the Civil Service Act and points to the possibility of improving professional qualifications by members of the civil service corps, on the basis of the provisions of the Labor Code, at the initiative of the employer or with his consent.

An evaluation of the three measurable cardinal objectives of the National Youth Service Corps programme: a survey dataset.

Background: The National Youth Service Corps programme is, among other targets, aimed at promoting national inclusiveness and tolerance in a culturally heterogeneous society. Despite the importance of this programme, little has been done to evaluate its degree of success. Where evaluations are done, they are never made public. There is a need for the NYSC programme, just like all other public programmes, to be evaluated for transparency, accountability and decision-making. From an evaluation of the three measurable objectives of the NYSC programme, this dataset bridges this gap . Methods: This dataset was collected from Nigerian graduates that completed their national service between 2012 and 2021. The data was collected through an electronic survey posted to various online platforms hosting National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) members of the various sets and batches. The data collection aimed to evaluate the three cardinal objectives of the programme. After three years of data collection (from 2019 to 2021), responses were obtained from 19,278 participants that met the eligibility criteria. The data is an Excel (.xlsx) document with 19,278 cases and 95 variables. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and simple percentages were used to summarise the data. However, charts are further used to illustrate the demographic attributes of the respondents. The dataset is broad and covers all the 36 states in Nigeria plus the Federal Capital Territory. Results: The data set has many reuse potentials because it contains information on camp activities (such as parades, military drills, redeployment, quality of food, and facilities, among others), primary assignments and community service engagements of corps members. Conclusions: The data can offer a complete evaluation of how the (NYSC) has attained three of its four cardinal objectives. A series of relationships can further be determined and tested using inferential statistics among the variables included in the dataset.

Self Employment Motivation of National Youth Service Corp Members in Nigeria

The focus of this study was aimed at investigating effects of entrepreneurial skills acquisition on self-employment, as to redress the ills of unemployment in Nigeria. The study which was designed as a descriptive survey evaluated the mediating effects of psycho- social factors on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills acquisition and self-employment in Nigeria. Instrument for data collection was close ended questionnaire, which was designed with five options: strongly agree, agree, undecided, strongly disagree and disagree; in line with the five (5) points modified Likert scale. The instrument was tested for validity and reliability and found suitable for the study. The population of the study was Twenty-Two Thousand, Eight Hundred and Seventy Six (22,876), serving National Youth Corps members in South- East, Nigeria. Using Borg and Gall (1973) technique, sample size of Four Thousand, Four Hundred and Twelve (4412) was deduced, though the study was conducted using 4,400 copies of questionnaire that were received fully completed and usable. Data generated from the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics: tables, frequencies, percentages, graphs, pie charts and histograms. Five distinct hypotheses were formulated to guide the study, and were tested using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression inferential statistics, with the help of e-view, version 9. All tests were carried out at significance level of 0.05 and 10% degree of freedom (df). The study revealed that entrepreneurial skills variables: business skills, technical skills and personal entrepreneurial skills have significant positive effects on self-employment in Nigeria. The study also established that psycho- social factors (self- motivation and social influence) have significant positive effect on self-employment in Nigeria. The research concluded that with adequate effort in motivating the students and enhanced positive social influence, entrepreneurial skills acquisition will encourage nascent entrepreneurship activities and stimulate existing entrepreneurs to high performance. Hence the study recommended, among others that tertiary institutions and other entrepreneurial training centres should enrich their curriculum with business skills, technical skills, personal entrepreneurial skills, and also planned activities that will motivate students and provide positive social influence, to ensure that entrepreneurial skills acquisition generates enterprise creation and reduce the problem of unemployment in Nigeria.

IMPACT OF NYSCS SKILL ACQUISITION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ON JOB CREATION IN ABUJA, NIGERIA

<p>This research examined graduates’ unemployment reduction in Abuja, using the NYSC’s Skill Acquisition and Entrepreneurship Development (SAED) Programme as a case in point. The study adopted a descriptive approach, and anchored on the Oxenfeldt’s refugee effects theory which states that unemployment drives youth to self-employment. The study revealed that SAED programme has contributed to 35% business employment for those who completed the post-camp training. Findings also show that corps members participate in the in-camp training. However, there seems to be a very sharp decline in participation between the in-camp and post camp segments of the programme as very few participates in the post-camp exercise where the main skill acquisition training is expected to take place. The reduction in number in the post-camp training is occasioned by some challenges ranging from unconducive training/seminar venues, attitude of trainers, inadequate time etc. which leads to loss of interest in the programme. This is coupled with the fact that the post camp training attracts payment, and the NYSC is not actually involved in the negotiation of the terms of engagement of the corps members with the trainers in the post-camp training. More still, training centres do not exist in all the areas especially in the remote ones. It is against this backdrop that the study recommends that for effective and efficient skill acquisition and participation of corps members both in the in-camp and post-camp training exercise, adequate sensitization, conducive training environment, quality lectures/trainings, availability of skill acquisition centres, accessibility to credit facilities, and that NYSC should be involved in negotiation and monitoring of skill acquisition training programmes in the post-camp exercises among others.</p><p>JEL: L20; L23; O15</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0979/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Physical Fitness Test (PFT) in Police and Military in Brazil: A Systematic Review

Background Physical Fitness Tests (PFTs) are part of military routines and are usually administered to applicants for the Brazilian corps member, including the civil police. Objective To identify in the literature, scientific articles aimed at assessing physical fitness of police and military personnel in Brazil, using PFTs. Methods This was a systematic review, using the PRISMA systematization, using the following search keywords “police”, “military”, “physical fitness test” and ” PFT”, in English and Portuguese. The databases used were ScienceDirect, [...]

Assessing the Effect of Federal Universities Academics and National Youth Service Corps Members on the Conduct of General Elections in Nigeria

This study examined issues that necessitated the use of federal universities academics and national youth service corps members in the conduct of general elections in Nigeria and discussed the credibility of election management with their involvement. It also interrogated the effectiveness and challenges of using them by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). The study utilised primary data that was collected through semi-structured interviews with thirty respondents. Secondary data was sourced from periodicals, journals, election manuals, and electoral act of 2010 as amended. The data collected were analysed using content analysis. The study showed that the need to sanitize the electoral system informed the use of universities academics and national youth service corps members. The study also showed that the academics and national youth service corps members have facilitated the credibility of the electoral system and that the activities of desperate politicians who are driven by the lust for political power are some of the challenges faced in using university academics and national youth service corps members. It is suggested that the current use of universities academics and national youth service corps members in the conduct of future elections should be sustained.
 
 Received: 5 August 2021 / Accepted: 30 september 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

Between Subalternity and Imperialism: Black Military Workers in U.S. History

Khary Oronde Polk demonstrates how popular and pseudoscientific ideas about race and gender have governed and shaped the biopolitics and necropolitics of U.S. militarism in his study of “black military workers” serving abroad from 1898 to 1948. Using African American studies, gender and sexuality studies, and military history approaches—as well as a range of printed primary and archival sources—Polk offers a theoretically sophisticated narrative, which challenges and builds off the ways in which historians have moved Blacks from the marginalia of U.S. military history to the center. From the enlistment of African American men as soldiers and the recruitment of Black women as “immune nurses” during the Spanish-Cuban-American War, to the deployment of Black soldiers and Black women nurses and auxiliary corps members during World War II, Polk’s narrative elucidates how “American military history is, among other things, a record of race and gender” (9). Contagions of Empire runs counter to histories that emphasize the heroism of African American men who served in the military overseas, but which fail to deconstruct critically the narrative of heterosexual Black men fighting for their “manhood rights.” Polk presents a more complex analysis of Black military service that problematizes histories of Black men and women participating in overseas war-making, imperialist expansion, and military occupation to “earn” enfranchisement, civil rights, and full citizenship in a white supremacist nation. He captures the racialized and gendered interstices through which Black men and women entered U.S. military history during the early period of modern global war.

Suicidality amongst young adults in South-south Nigeria

Background: Suicidality is a broad term that encompasses suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts. Suicide cuts across all age groups however the young adulthood phase is a critical time for the onset of suicidal behaviours. Often suicide is underreported because of the shame, as such it is a neglected public health problem in our environment. This study seeks to describe the pattern of suicidality and reported health seeking behaviour amongst young people in Bayelsa State.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the national youth service corps orientation camp, Bayelsa amongst 387 corps members. With the aid of an electronic, self-administered questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEPwise manual on non-communicable diseases; information on socio demographic features, suicide ideation, plan and attempt were obtained. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS version 25.0.Results: The mean age was 25.37 (SD±2.38) years. Most participants were males (58.9%) and single (95.3%). Prevalence of suicidal ideation, plans and attempts was 7.5%, 4.4% and 3.1% respectively. Above one third (35.4%) of those who made suicidal plans in the past 12 months, actually attempted suicide, 4.4% and 2.6% of the respondents had a positive family history of suicide attempt and suicide death respectively.Conclusions: Young adults are a critical population for suicidality. Public health awareness on mental health promotion and uptake of mental health service should be encouraged. Decriminalisation of attempted suicide in Nigeria and better surveillance will enable more effective suicide prevention strategies.

The prevalence of anxiety symptoms and associated factors among Nigerians newly posted for National Youth Service Corps programme in North-Western Nigeria

Objectives: This study was done to determine the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and assess the associated factors among new members of national youth service corps (NYSC) programme in North-Western Nigeria.Method: A clinic-based descriptive cross-sectional study with convenient sampling method using selfadministered questionnaires was done among 157, 2018 Batch-C, corps members at Dakingari orientation camp in Kebbi State, over a period of three weeks. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was determined using anxiety subset of Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Data were analyzed with SPSS-16 andChi-square was used to assess the degree of association between anxiety symptoms and certain factors. Pvalue of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 50.0% among the respondents. There was a significant association between the presence of anxiety symptoms and age of the respondents (P-value= 0.006).Conclusion: The high prevalence of anxiety symptoms among the new NYSC members suggests the need to take preventive measures such as incorporation of subjects on what should be expected during service year into the undergraduate learning curriculum. Doctors attending to youth corps members, especially when on camp, should routinely screen them for anxiety symptoms.

Entrepreneurship, Skill Acquisition and Economic Growth

Scientifically, the relationship between knowledge and growth in economic growth has been enhanced by technical breakthroughs and developments over the years, so that economic growth is no longer focused solely on the exploitation of raw materials, energy sources andphysical goods, but on the intangible development of values in the form of essential skills, services, innovative technologies and inventions. Considering the high level of youth unemployment and the high incidence of poverty in Nigeria, this requires a re-adjustment of the traditional methods of human capital growth. The main goal of this paper is to shed light on recent developments in our understanding of the forces that border on information formation, distribution and innovation through the growth phase of the entrepreneur. This paper explored the tertiary institutions' entrepreneurship development programme and the capacity of graduates and future graduates to build jobs. Therefore, at Issele-Uku Delta State NYSC orientation camp, forty youth corps members were surveyed to evaluate their entrepreneurial dispositions. Similarly, surveys were also performed at four Delta State Tertiary Institutions. The sample of institutions consisted of 20 students from the selected schools each. One hundred polled 20 respondents. It was found that thirty-two percent of those who admitted to have taken entrepreneurship education, showed interest in setting up personal businesses using X2 analytical technique, while twenty-two percent preferred to work in private agencies, and the remaining forty-six percent preferred to work in either of the government weapons. In the design of regulations affecting the development of knowledge for the efficient diffusion of knowledge into socially useful needs, the policy implications of this study are significant
 Keywords: Entrepreneurs, Knowledge, Innovation, Growth

How does Teach For America engage its alumni politically? A case study in Detroit

We describe the alumni engagement efforts by Teach For America (TFA) in Detroit as a case study of the specific ways that the organization works to influence its alumni’s involvement in educational politics and disposition towards particular types of educational reform. During the 2019-20 school year, TFA Detroit facilitated a series of “policy workshops” for its alumni, intended to inspire TFA corps members and alumni to engage in political and policy advocacy. Combining field notes and other artifacts from the policy workshops with a social network analysis of the featured participants and central organizations, we show that TFA Detroit drew upon its local, state, and national policy networks to construct workshops that in turn would politically mobilize alumni to support their networks’ preferred city and state policies and reforms.

Knowledge, perception, and sources of information on COVID-19 among Nigerian Youths in the first month of the pandemic

Background: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception, and sources of COVID-19 information among Nigerian youths. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among 817 National Youth Service Corps members. Participants' overall general knowledge about COVID-19 was assessed using nine questions that consisted of general knowledge on the cause, origin, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms, availability of a potent vaccine and specific therapy, prevention strategies of COVID-19 and knowledge of proper handwashing practices. P-values <0.05 were statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 24.1±2 years, 317 (41.2%) were males, and 73 (8.9%) had studied a health-related course. Of the 754 respondents who responded to the COVID-19 knowledge questions, 187 (24.8%) had general knowledge about COVID-19, while 280 (37.1%) had knowledge in all domains;mode of spread, symptoms and signs, and prevention of COVID- 19. Among the respondents, 129 (40.7%) males had satisfactory knowledge of COVID-19 (P=0.070), while 38 participants (52.1%) who had studied a health-related course had satisfactory knowledge of COVID-19 (P=0.003). Regarding the knowledge of hand washing, 184 (58%) males displayed satisfactory knowledge (P=0.007). Social media (64.4%) and television (58%) were the main sources of COVID-19 information. Respondents who had studied a health-related course were twice likely to have satisfactory knowledge of COVID-19 (AOR=2, 95% CI=1.25-2.5 P=0.003, ) and six times likely to have satisfactory knowledge of hand washing (AOR=5.6, 95% CI=3.3-10.0, P≤0.0001). Conclusion: Utilization of both social media and the mainstream mass media in disseminating health education information and correcting fake news and misconceptions is needed. Health promotion strategies should be organized for all youths, especially among those who have no previous education in the health and allied courses. © 2021 Shriaz University of Medical Sciences. All right reserved.

PROTOTYP VÝCVIKOVÉHO ZARIADENIA URČENÝ PRE HASIČSKÉ JEDNOTKY

The article focuses on the hydraulic discharge device in relationship to car parts. It presents and describes a training device prototype, which is intended for fire brigade units. Training equipment itself significantly contributes to the research of conditions for intervention activities of the Fire and Rescue Corps, education and training of students. The training device enables the identification of the optimum shear point on the car, which results in improved workflow timing, making rescue operations more effective and increasing the performance of Fire and Rescue Corps members. The final part of the article describes the safety rules for using the device as well as individual benefits, from a scientific perspective or in terms of practical benefits.

EFFECTS OF SELF-EFFICACY ON SELF- EMPLOYMENT INTENTION OF RECENT GRADUATES IN NIGERIA

This study investigated the effect of self-efficacy on self-employment intentions of recent graduates. Using the descriptive survey research design, the study population includes National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) members of Ojo Local Government area of Lagos state. A sample of 130 was selected using the purposive sampling technique. The formulated hypotheses were tested using the simple linear regression and the independent sample t-test. The results showed that there was a statistically significant influence of self-efficacy on self-employment intention of Corps members of Ojo local government, Lagos state. A significant regression coefficient was found F (1.128)=29.72, p&lt;.05), with R2 of .19. This presupposes that19.0% of the variance in self-employment intentions is as a result of the self-efficacy of recent graduates. Also, a statistically significant difference in the self-employment intentions were found between male and female corps members (tcal(128) = 2.11 is greater than ttab=1.98, p &lt; .05). The study therefore recommended, amongst others, that institutions and the government should educate and devise a means by which they can increase the level of graduates and students’ self-efficacy which in turn will help shape their intention towards shaping career options after graduation. Similarly, effective entrepreneurship education and training for students and graduates to enhance their efficacy in performing specific tasks and roles of an entrepreneur will go a long way in boosting their self-employment intention and also aids them towards post graduate job creation ability rather than job seekers

Perception of National Youth Service Corps Members’ towards Community Development Service in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Perception of National Youth Service Corps Members’ towards Community Development Service in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Do Teach For America Corps Members Still Improve Student Achievement? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial of Teach For America's Scale-Up Effort

In 2010, Teach For America (TFA) launched a major expansion effort, funded in part by a five-year Investing in Innovation scale-up grant from the U.S. Department of Education. To examine the effectiveness of TFA elementary school teachers in the second year of the scale-up, we recruited thirty-six schools from ten states and randomly assigned students in participating schools to a class taught by a TFA teacher or a class taught by a comparison teacher. We then gathered data on student achievement and surveyed teachers on their educational background, preparation for teaching, and teaching experience. The TFA teachers in the study schools had substantially less teaching experience than comparison teachers but were more likely to have graduated from a selective college. Overall, TFA and comparison teachers in the study were similarly effective in teaching both reading and math. TFA teachers in early elementary classrooms (grades 2 and below), however, were more effective than comparison teachers: TFA teachers in prekindergarten through grade 2 had a positive, statistically significant effect of 0.12 standard deviations on students’ reading achievement, and TFA teachers in grades 1 and 2 had a positive, marginally significant effect of 0.16 standard deviations on student math achievement.