Corporate Tax Research Articles

Corporate Taxes, Dividend Policy and Firm Performance in Nigeria Quoted `Firms

Purpose: This study examined corporate taxes, transaction cost, and dividend policy in Nigeria quoted firms. The main purpose of this research is to ascertain the relationship between taxes, transaction cost, and the dividend policy of quoted firms in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The research adopted both statistical and econometric techniques to analyze data obtained from the Nigeria Stock Exchange between 2018 to 2022. The research work employed an ex-post facto research design to obtain, analyze, and interpret the relevant data for hypotheses testing. Simple random sampling and proportionate stratified random sampling was used to select 36 firms quoted in the Nigerian Stock Exchange to ensure all sectors are represented in the sample size. The data was analyzed and presented using E-views 12 statistical software. Using the OLS panel model, the fixed effect OLS model was considered the most appropriate for the empirical modeling and analysis of the equations. Findings: Our findings in this study indicated that dividend payout ratio (DPR) has a negative and insignificant relationship with current income taxes (CIT), deferred taxes (DTL). Company size (SIZE) has positive but not significant relationship with dividend payout while assets growth (GHT) and leverage ratio (LEV) have positive and insignificant relationship with dividend payout (DPR). Also, dividend per share (DPS) has a positive relationship with company income taxes (CIT) but negative relationship with deferred tax liabilities (DTL). Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was informed by the “Dividend Policy Theory” The debate on whether corporate taxes has impact on dividend payments of companies is unending. The result of the study is consistent with the findings of scholars and researchers with similar interest such as Jensen and Johnson (1995); Miller and Scholes (1982). It is, therefore, recommended that companies should concentrate on other determinants of dividend policy and not corporate taxes and transaction cost, since corporate taxes and transaction cost have no significant effect on dividend policy. Management should design a dividend payout policy that maximizes market value of quoted firms.

Investors’ Reaction: Exploring Supervisory Function and Corporate Tax Policy

Purpose: This study aims to analyze investor reactions to the supervisory function carried out by independent commissioners and audit committees, especially in supervising corporate tax policies taken by management. Theoretical framework: Corporate tax policy has the risk of tax penalties in the future and risks reducing investment returns in the future, so the role of independent commissioners and audit committees should be able to supervising management so that the tax policies taken do not harm investors. Method: 565 panel data from manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2015-2022 were analyzed with a quantitative approach and multiple linear methods using STATA. Result: This study found that independent commissioners encourage management in tax burden minimization policies, while the audit committee is not optimal in carrying out its supervisory function over corporate tax management policies. In addition, investors react to the audit committee because it is considered capable of carrying out the supervisory function of management, while investors do not react to independent commissioners and corporate tax policies. Research, Practical & Social implications: The results of this study encourage entities to increase the role of independent commissioners in carrying out supervisory functions such as the audit committee in order to get a positive response from investors which can increase company value for sustainability business. Originality/value: In this study, corporate tax policy is measured by reducing the statutory tax rate with a tax compliance ratio that is rarely used in previous studies, resulting in how much corporate tax policy minimizes the tax expense.

Exploring Corporate Tax Compliance in the Era of Digital Tax Collection and Administration: Insights from the “Golden Tax Phase Four” Project

This article primarily examines the current state of tax collection and management, alongside other associated issues. It integrates insights from China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” and anticipates the imminent implementation of the “Golden Tax Phase Four.” With this backdrop, the article offers recommendations for advancing the reform of the tax collection and management system, fostering the development of intelligent taxation, and accelerating the modernization of tax collection and management in China.

ON CLOSING TAX AVOIDANCE LOOPHOLES FOR COMPANIES

The purpose of the research. The article discusses proposals to close loopholes for business tax evasion and understatement of tax payments to the budget in fulfillment of the Address of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Federal Assembly on 29.02.2024. The article substantiates and presents specific proposals for closing amendments to the tax legislation in order to eliminate gaps that allow businesses to evade taxes or understate tax payments. Among the proposed tax additions are: recognition of preparatory and auxiliary activities, a single business process for the formation of a permanent establishment; attribution of income at the place of benefit; exclusion of the right to choose the state to pay taxes and expenses without a business purpose from the calculation of income tax; establishment of the beneficiary of the actual recipient of income; avoidance of loopholes for tax evasion in the division of business; abolition of tax benefits for special investment contracts, concluded by the taxpayer. Results. According to the results of the conducted research of improvement of taxation practice in the interests of ensuring its completeness and reliability for budget revenues, the priority of the need to create a safe for the country tax business activity with legislative suppression of «loopholes» of understatement of tax payments or avoidance of their payment, reducing the risk of under-receipt of tax revenues to the budget at the stage of sustainable revival of the country's economy increases.

Pengaruh Intensitas Persediaan, Ukuran Perusahaan Dan CSR Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Dengan Koneksi Politik Sebagai Variabel Moderasi

Tax aggressiveness is a form of income design practice carried out by companies to minimize taxes that must be paid illegally. The percentage of tax aggressiveness actions taken by manufacturing companies reaches 23%. This study aims to determine and analyze tax aggressiveness with koneksi politiks as a moderating variable, which is known to be closely related to aggressive corporate tax avoidance activities. The independent variables used in this study are inventory intensity, company size, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). This study uses descriptive quantitative methods and purpsive sampling, while the data collection uses secondary data in the form of financial reports and company annual reports. The population in this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2019-2021 period. The study population was 368 companies with a sample acquisition of 80 data and a total observation of 240 data over a 3-year period. The data analysis method uses multiple linear regression and moderated analysis regression (MRA) and data processing using SPSS 24. The results of this study indicate that inventory intensity and CSR have no effect on tax aggressiveness, company size has a positive effect on tax aggressiveness, koneksi politiks are unable to moderate inventory intensity and CSR on tax aggressiveness, koneksi politiks are able to moderate company size on tax aggressiveness.

The Effect of Tax Audit and Tax Collection on Increasing Corporate Taxpayer Compliance at KPP Pratama Pasar Rebo, East Jakarta

This study discusses the effects of tax audits and tax collections on increasing corporated tax payer compliances at KPP Pratama Pasar Rebo East Jakarta (2017-2020), which aim to test and analyze effects of tax audits and tax collection on increasing corporated tax payer compliances. This research method uses descriptive statistical methods. These studies were test use data analyst method including descriptive analyst test, classic assumptions test, hypothesis testing, multipled linear regression analyst and coefficients of determination testing. The result of these studies shows that significances of effects of tax audits on increasing corporate tax payer compliance at KPP Pratama Pasar Rebo, East Jakarta (2017-2020) was 0.018 <0.05 and t (count) value was 2.515 > t (table) 1.706 so that it could be This means that tax audits have a positive effect on corporate tax payer compliances. Furthermore, the effect of tax collection on corporate tax payer compliance is 0.000 <0.05 and t (count) values is 11.988 > t (table) 1.706, in other words that taxes collection has a positive effect on corporate tax payer compliances. Likewise, it is known that taxes audit and tax collections is 0.000 <0.05 and F value (count) 81.506 > F value (table) 3.354 so it can be concluded that taxes audit and tax collections have a simultaneous effect on increasing corporate tax payer compliances. Keywords: Tax Auditor, Tax Collection, Corporate Tax payer Compliances

Analyzing the effect of public private partnership mode on sewage treatment in China

The public–private partnership (PPP) mode is one of the main ways to promote environmental governance through marketization in the sewage treatment industry. This mode is crucial for environmental protection and livelihood improvement. In order to investigate the impact of PPP mode on sewage treatment, the influence of financial development and the government–business relationship on the effectiveness of sewage treatment under PPP mode, and the role of government in this context, an empirical model is established. To achieve this, data from 284 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2009 to 2017 has been selected as research samples. The total amount of regional sewage treatment PPP projects is used as the proxy variable for participation in the PPP mode. The findings reveal that the PPP mode of sewage treatment effectively reduces the intensity and amount of sewage discharge. Moreover, the results indicate that a higher level of financial development and a more perfect financial system are associated with better sewage treatment effects under the PPP mode. Similarly, a more harmonious government–business relationship and a higher health index of this relationship correspond to improved sewage treatment effects under the PPP mode. The government should actively enhance government transparency, formulate appropriate corporate taxes and fees, clarify the responsibilities and obligations of the government and enterprises, and optimize the business environment in order to optimize the sewage treatment effect of the PPP mode.

МЕТОДИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ОБЛІКУ ТА ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ ОПЕРАЦІЙ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОГО ЗБЕРІГАННЯ ТА ОРЕНДИ

In today's conditions of a shortage of own financial resources in enterprises and the lack of the possibility of obtaining loans, the most affordable and effective way of financing the current needs in the organization of the enterprise's activities is the lease of fixed assets. Places for storing stocks and warehouses are needed by enterprises of almost any industry and field of activity. The easiest way to get such non-negotiable assets at your disposal to ensure your specialized activity is to enter into a lease relationship. On the other hand, in the current crisis conditions, for some enterprises and organizations, even the use of lease schemes of relationships can be a burdensome process that requires the diversion of resources to the maintenance of leased space. For a business whose activity is connected with certain material values, the need to organize the storage of its products or goods in a warehouse is extremely important. Renting or buying warehouse space in the short term may not be profitable for the enterprise. It is necessary to organize unloading and loading of goods or products, purchase warehouse equipment, install video surveillance and security alarms, hire staff. One of the work organization options is the outsourcing of warehouse processes and the use of a responsible storage service. This article examines the importance of leasing primary assets as a strategic mechanism to meet the current needs of businesses, especially in the context of limited credit opportunities and a deficit in their own financial resources. The authors thoroughly analyze various aspects and forms of leasing relationships, including full-service leasing, "pure" and "general" leasing, as well as their specific characteristics. A significant role in the study is the impact of modern information technologies on leasing relationships, particularly through the concept of "sharing". The issue of responsible storage as a key component of the logistical chain, which is of great importance for businesses, is separately highlighted. The authors propose new approaches to the methodology of reflecting costs for services of responsible storage and leasing, aimed at increasing the accuracy of calculations for the tax base of corporate income tax. The article makes a substantial contribution to the understanding of the complexity of leasing relationships and their impact on the financial stability of enterprises in modern economic conditions.

A Critical Analysis of the Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax

ABSTRACT The corporate alternative minimum tax, enacted as part of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, intends to impose a minimum level of taxation on profitable large corporations using financial statement income as a tax base. Although both alternative tax bases and the usage of financial statement income in taxes have a long history in the United States, the tax represents a substantial change in the current corporate tax law. Although the corporate alternative minimum tax is predicted to raise billions of dollars from a small subset of the largest corporations, its design raises concerns about long-term efficacy. In this article, we summarize the development of the corporate alternative minimum tax in light of its historical predecessors and compare its design against accepted standards of good tax policy, ultimately identifying multiple inadequacies in its construction and implementation. We conclude by making policy recommendations. JEL Classifications: H21; H25; K34.

Enterprise risk management and corporate tax planning

AbstractThis study examines the impact of enterprise risk management (ERM) programs on corporate tax planning. ERM is a holistic approach to managing an enterprise's entire portfolio of risks. We hand‐collect data on ERM adoption for a sample of Standard & Poor's 500 firms from 1993 to 2016. We empirically document that firms with ERM programs have lower cash effective tax rates than firms without ERM. Additionally, we find that the relation between ERM and tax avoidance is stronger among firms with more business segments. Finally, our results suggest ERM adoption offsets an increase in opacity and tax uncertainty typically associated with tax avoidance strategies. Overall, we provide evidence that ERM allows firms to exploit tax avoidance opportunities through enhanced coordination and communication.

Corporate social responsibility disclosure and corporate social irresponsibility in emerging economies: Does institutional quality matter?

AbstractThe Panama Papers (2016), Paradise Leaks (2017), and Pandora Papers (2021) have revealed the extensive practice of corporate tax avoidance. Yet, the tax behavior of companies claiming to be “socially responsible” has been less examined. This study examines the association between corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) and tax avoidance, particularly in developing economies, focusing on Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). By analyzing data from 600 firm‐year observations across 13 SSA countries using panel quantile regression, we found a negative relationship between CSRD, which includes ethical, social, and environmental dimensions, and tax avoidance. This aligns with legitimacy theory, indicating that firms are increasingly adopting CSR transparency to meet societal expectations and gain stakeholder trust, avoiding socially irresponsible behaviors. Furthermore, the quality of national governance significantly moderates the CSRD–tax avoidance relationship, supporting the concept of institutional isomorphism. This evidence is valuable for professionals and policymakers and encourages further research to deepen and broaden these findings.

Intangible assets, corporate tax credits and pharmaceutical establishments

Starting in the 1970s, the US government offered tax credits to US corporations doing business in Puerto Rico under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 936. Firms in the pharmaceutical industry accounted for 50% of tax credits and 20% of employment. The tax credit program was eliminated in 2006, creating a natural experiment on the impact of eliminating corporate tax credits on establishments with high levels of intangible assets such as pharmaceuticals and medical devices. We use panel data on establishments 1990–2017 and a difference in difference methodology to measure the impact of the elimination of the tax credit program. Probability of survival of all manufacturing establishments declined from 90% three years before the elimination of IRC Section 936 to close to 50% three years after. Survival rates of all manufacturing establishments declined during the phaseout and elimination of the tax credit program. Pharmaceutical and medical devices establishments experienced an additional 3.5 to 6.2% decline. Approximately two thirds of the 33% decline in pharmaceutical and medical devices establishments in Puerto Rico can be attributed to the elimination of the tax credit program.

A Bibliometric Examination of Studies on Corporate Tax Avoidance Utilizing Vosviewer Software

The field of corporate tax avoidance is dynamic, with new theories, methods, and empirical findings emerging over time. As tax laws evolve and corporate practices adapt, researchers continually seek to refine understanding of the drivers and consequences of tax avoidance. This research endeavors to systematically analyze and demonstrate bibliometric data using VOSViewer, providing a comprehensive guide for first-time users. By employing mapping tools within VOSViewer, the study examines the trends and evolution of corporate tax avoidance over five years (2018–2023). Utilizing qualitative descriptive methodology, the research presents a detailed network visualization of the subject matter. A search of relevant published journals yielded 1000 articles spanning from 2018 to 2023, categorized into five groups based on publication year. Analysis revealed a total of 180 articles focused on corporate tax avoidance during this timeframe. The study concludes that corporate tax avoidance is an interdisciplinary field ripe for exploration, offering numerous opportunities for innovative research. It is anticipated that this study will serve as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to delve into this topic and determine future research directions.

Economic policy uncertainty and tax avoidance: International evidence

In this study, we investigate how economic policy uncertainty (EPU) influences corporate tax avoidance using a dataset of listed firms from 22 countries spanning 1999 to 2019. Our findings align with the agency motive, showing that as EPU increases, firms tend to decrease their tax avoidance practices. Further analysis reveals that this negative relationship is particularly strong among unconstrained firms. We also observe that strong firm-level governance is associated with reduced tax avoidance during periods of heightened EPU. Furthermore, we investigate how institutional characteristics at the country level influence the relationship between EPU and firms' tax avoidance strategies. We find that firms in countries with strong governance, situated in developed economies, and adhering to stringent auditing standards are less inclined to engage in tax avoidance amid increasing EPU. Conversely, firms in countries with low GDP per capita, low governance scores, and located in emerging economies demonstrate a positive association between tax avoidance and EPU. Overall, our research highlights EPU as a key driver of corporate tax management, offering policymakers valuable insights into its potential impact on tax planning.

Tax Structure of India and Bangladesh: A Comparative Study

This study delves into the tax structures of India and Bangladesh, focusing on key indicators like tax-to-GDP ratio, overall tax payments, time to comply, number of tax payments, and total tax rate. India's total tax rate, though decreasing, still surpasses Bangladesh's, requiring competitiveness for economic growth. Corporate tax reductions aim to attract investments, yet increasing the tax-to-GDP ratio remains a challenge compared to South Asian counterparts. India must balance revenue collection, fairness, and economic growth to improve tax efficiency and support business development for global competitiveness.

Between export-led growth and administrative Keynesianism: Italy’s two-tiered growth regime

ABSTRACT Comparative political economy scholarship struggles to categorise Italy’s model of capitalism between a mixed-market economy and a hybrid, stagnant economic system. To enhance our understanding of the Italian political economy, this article employs the analytical framework of growth regimes to study Italy’s regional economic systems. Our analysis indicates that Italy can hardly be defined as a ‘national growth regime’ due to the presence of two diametrically opposed regional growth regimes: Northern regions conform to a manufacturing-based, export-led growth regime supported by competitiveness-enhancing territorial institutions; southern regions conform to a particular variety of the consumption-led growth regime, that is, an administrative Keynesianism regime, which we theorise to typify a regime where growth and employment are systematically dependent on the state’s role of employer of last resort, the state’s consumption-enhancing social policies and economic forbearance of labour and corporate tax regulations. The article suggests that studying regional growth regimes is desirable when marked internal diversity in economic outcomes or productive structures exists across regions within (generally larger) countries, and when subnational governments have powers to develop major own institutions/policies in support of regional growth regimes.

Exploration of Company Performance, Firm Growth, Profit Growth, Intellectual Capital, and Tax Justice

This research explores the interplay between corporate success, firm growth, profit growth, intellectual capital, and tax justice. The study aims to understand the factors contributing to company performance within this framework. Employing a qualitative approach, the research utilizes interviews and document analysis as primary data collection techniques. A purposive sampling method is employed to select participants from various industries, ensuring diverse perspectives. Data analysis involves thematic coding to identify patterns and themes. Preliminary findings suggest a complex relationship between intellectual capital, tax justice, and corporate success, with implications for firm growth and profit growth. The study provides insights into the intricate dynamics shaping contemporary corporate environments and underscores the importance of ethical considerations in achieving sustainable business outcomes.

The Influence of the Board of Commissioners, Management Compensation, and Independent Commissioners on Tax Management

This research aims to analyze the relationship between the board of commissioners, management compensation, and independent commissioners and tax management in companies. The research method used is an associative method by collecting data from public companies listed on the stock exchange. Statistical analysis was carried out using simple linear regression techniques to evaluate the relationship between the variables studied. The research results show that management compensation has a significant relationship with tax management practices, while the board of commissioners and independent commissioners also have a significant influence. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of corporate management and tax policy.

The effect of tax avoidance on earnings persistence: evidence from China

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings persistence in the light of a developing economy, with the main focus on China.Design/methodology/approachIn the analysis, the author conducts a survey on the tax avoidance situation of Chinese listed companies from 2012 to 2020. Then, a multivariate regression analysis is performed in order to analyse the relationship between corporate tax avoidance and earnings persistence.FindingsThe findings of the present study show that tax avoidance has a significant positive effect on earnings persistence. However, when the degree of tax avoidance is high, the “risk effect” of tax avoidance exceeds the “value effect”, and tax avoidance will reduce the persistence of earnings. This conclusion is even more prominent when the company is non-state-owned. Further research shows the increase of institutional investors’ shareholding ratio can improve “value effect” of tax avoidance, lessen “risk effect” of tax avoidance, and positively affect the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings persistence.Practical implicationsThis study provides evidence for investors to understand the dual effect of tax avoidance on earnings persistence. The results may have implications for regulatory bodies. They can provide a better understanding of the corporate governance role of institutional investors in curbing opportunistic tax avoidance.Originality/valueThis study enriches the research on tax avoidance effects by analysing the impact of tax avoidance on earnings persistence. This study also compensates for the shortcomings of analysing earnings persistence mainly from the perspective of tax differences in the past, and promotes the study of the corporate governance effects of institutional investors under different levels of tax avoidance.

Corporate income tax: Taxpayer risks

Subject. The article discusses the formation of financial resources of taxpayers. Objectives. The purpose is to analyze risks associated with corporate income tax assessment. Methods. The study rests on methods of logical analysis. Results. The paper established that the main risks for taxpayers are related to controversial issues of reflecting certain types of costs in tax accounting. Conclusions. The findings can be taken into account by government authorities when developing amendments to the tax legislation of Russia.