Corporate Risk Management Research Articles

Bankruptcy Prediction Models Based on Value Measures

In the existing studies devoted to predicting bankruptcy, the authors of such models only used book measures. Considering the fact that the evolution of corporate measure efficiency (in addition to book measures) brought into existence and exposed the importance of cash measures, market measures, and measures based on the economic profit concept, it is justified to carry out research into the possibility of using these measures as variables within the discriminant function. The studied dataset was divided into a training set and a testing set based on two variants of the sample division. The assessment of the statistical significance of the built discriminant functions as well as the diagnostic variables was conducted using the STATISTICA package. The research was conducted separately for each variant. In the first step, a total of 30 discriminant models were created. This enabled us to select 20 diagnostic variables that were considered within the two models that were characterised by the highest predictive abilities—one for each variant. The discriminant function that was estimated for the first variant was based on the use of eight diagnostic variables, and 13 diagnostic variables were used in the function that was estimated for the second variant. The conducted analysis has proven that shareholder value measures are a useful tool that can be applied for the needs of corporate risk management in the area of the assessment of a firm’s bankruptcy risk. Using two variants of the division of the research sample into the training and testing sets, it turned out that the division affects the predictive efficiency of the discriminant functions. At the same time, the obtained findings tend to claim that the presence of the value measures from all four of the studied groups in the output set of the diagnostic variables is necessary for possibly building the most efficient tool for the early warning signs of bankruptcy risk.

Pengaruh Modal Intelektual Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Dengan Manajemen Risiko Perusahaan Sebagai Moderasi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh modal intelektual terhadap kinerja perusahaan dengan manajemen risiko perusahaan sebagai variabel moderasi. Modal intelektual pada penelitian ini menggunakan Intellectual Capital Index, Manajemen Risiko Perusahaan menggunakan Enterprise Risk Management Disclosure Index dan Kinerja Perusahaan menggunakan profitabilitas yang diproksikan dengan ROA. Penelitian juga menggunakan variabel kontrol yaitu ukuran perusahaan. Populasi penelitian menggunakan perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2016-2018. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan menggunakan purposive sampling. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan laporan tahunan dan jenis data yang digunakan menggunakan data kuantitatif dengan persamaan regresi linear dan variabel moderasi. Pengujian hipotesis penelitian dilakukan dengan software E-Views. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa masa kini modal intelektual berpengaruh negatif terhadap kinerja perusahaan dan manajemen risiko perusahaan memoderasi hubungan modal intelektual terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Pada masa depan modal intelektual tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja perusahaan dan manajemen risiko perusahaan tidak memoderasi hubungan modal intelektual terhadap kinerja perusahaan.
 
 This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Intellectual Capital on company performance with Corporate Risk Management as a moderating variable. Intellectual Capital in this study uses the Intellectual Capital Index, Company Risk Management uses the Enterprise Risk Management Disclosure Index and Company Performance uses profitability proxied by ROA. The study also uses a control variable that is company size. The study population used manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2018. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data used in this study uses annual reports and types of data used using quantitative data with linear regression equations and moderating variables. The research hypothesis testing was carried out with E-Views software. The results showed that the current intellectual capital has a negative effect on company performance and corporate risk management moderates the relationship of intellectual capital to company performance. In the future intellectual capital has no effect on company performance and corporate risk management does not moderate the relationship of intellectual capital to company performance.

International approaches to organizing an internal control system at an enterprise in the digital era

The purpose of the study is to analyze the existing approaches to the organization of the internal control system used to effectively support the activities of enterprises in foreign countries and determine its influence and possible application in domestic practice. The study found that all elements of the internal control system are closely interconnected and ensure the effective functioning of the enterprise, providing management with reliable and impartial information on its status for management decisions. Thus, international approaches to the organization of the internal control system at the enterprise are based on the assessment of the control environment of the enterprise along with risk assessment and monitoring. Approaches to the organization of internal control of some international companies specializing in industrial engineering and the basic principles that guide them in the implementation of internal control are identified. Among the areas of increasing the efficiency of the internal control system, the possibility of using innovative technologies related to the introduction of cloud technologies, artificial intelligence, robotization of automated processes, the use of drones or blockchains is highlighted. It has been revealed that most companies abroad are focused on corporate risk management. The study determined that the internal control system should cover and organize financial and management accounting, strategic project management, operations, personnel, general management and should take into account the goals and objectives of the company. The authors found that the system of internal control in private companies differs in conditions of fierce competition.

Human Rights Due Diligence As Part Of Corporate Risk Management: Insights From The EU Policy Debate

Human Rights Due Diligence As Part Of Corporate Risk Management: Insights From The EU Policy Debate

Peran Internal Audit dalam Implementasi Enterprise Risk Management berupa Pelaporan Kerusakan Prosedur Risiko.

Implementation of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) by Internal Audit in an orga-nization or company becomes important because Internal Audit is expected to help the organization achieve its objectives by approaching systematic and discipline to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance process. As for which affects it is the involvement of internal auditors, the relation-ship of the audit committee with the internal auditor, and ERM.This study aims to analyze the involvement of Internal Audit in Enterprise Risk mana-gement implementation. Internal auditors should assist both management and audit committees in risk management responsibilities and supervisory roles by examining, evaluating, reporting and recommending improvements to the adequacy and effec-tiveness of risk management processes. An interesting issue is whether internal auditors involved in corporate risk management have a link to the willingness of internal auditors to report to the audit committee.The population in this study are the internal auditors and audit committees who working in companies manufacturing and financial services. The reason for determining the company is because the researcher wants to know how internal audit is involved in ERM implementation on that entity. The sample used in this research is internal auditor at private company and at Banking in this case internal auditor at local bank.The analytical method used is multiple regression analysis with SPSS version 23 pro-gram. The analysis technique used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis, classical assumption test, F-statistic hypothesis test to test influence together with 5% confidence level and use t-statistics to test partial regression coefficients. This re-search was conducted to analyze how much influence the role of Internal Audit in applying Enterprise Risk Management in the implementation of Audit.The result of this research is that the high level of internal auditor involvement in Enterprise Risk management implementation has no significant and significant im-pact on reporting of damage to risk management procedures. This indicates that the role of internal auditors in corporate risk management does not affect the reporting of damage to corporate risk management procedures. While the characteristics of strong relationships between internal auditors and audit committees positively and significantly influence the reporting of risk procedures, this indicates that internal audits that have strong internal audit-audit committee relationships strongly support internal auditors who have high involvement to report damage Greater risk procedures.

Yapım Firmalarının Kurumsal Risk Yönetimi Olgunluğunda Risk Yöneticisinin Rolü

Addressing the risk management process with a holistic approach, enterprise risk management (ERM) enables efficient business processes to be carried out. Achieving success in time, cost and quality factors for complex projects in the constantly evolving construction industry requires systematic and holistic management approaches. In the management process of the construction projects, managing the possible risks from a holistic perspective is critical to the success and efficiency of the construction projects. However, in the companies operating in the construction sector, the transition steps from project-level risk management to corporate risk management have just begun and the level of maturity has not yet been reached. In this context, the main purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of the existence of the risk manager and corporate risk managament structuring on the corporate risk management maturity level of the construction companies. For this purpose, six main factors (stability of the board and senior management, having corporate risk management, risk identification, analysis and response, integrating corporate risk management into business processes, setting targets, and sufficient resources) are obtained as a result of a comprehensive literature review and a survey field study was organized. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and ANOVA analysis methods. As a result of the study carried out, the effect of the presence of the risk manager on the maturity level of corporate risk management in the construction companies and the impact and importance levels of the basic factors on the maturity of ERM were determined and compared. This study shed light on future studies to be done by examining the conceptual framework regarding ERM maturity levels in production companies.

The CoViD-19 Pandemic and the End of Corporate Risk Management as we know it

Aim: The article is intended to contribute to a discussion on risks related to the CoViD-19 pandemic, which was started in the last issues of this journal.
 Findings: The article discusses the thesis that conventional risk management is reaching its limits in its application in companies, particularly with regard to low-probability but high-impact events its applications seems nor appropriate. In complex and tightly coupled systems like global supply chains, catastrophic events must be considered "normal". The risk of a global pandemic is well known, and at the end of 2019 the first signs of an impending outbreak were also evident. Nevertheless, the global pandemic and the gradual lockdown was surprising in that no precautionary measures were taken. Therefore, this paper argues for a change of perspective from traditional risk management to BCM and for increasing the resilience of supply chains.
 Keywords: CoViD-19, risk management, black swans, business continuity, supply chain resilience

The DOES ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT DISCLOSURE MODERATE THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON THE COMPANY VALUE?

This study aims to examine the ability of corporate risk management disclosures to moderate the effect of capital structure on firm value. The population in this study is all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with the criteria of non-financial companies that disclose enterprise risk management disclosure in 2018. The number of companies that meet the sample criteria is 386. The measurement of enterprise risk management disclosure uses checklists developed based on ISO 31000: 2009. An assessment of the extent of disclosure is made using content analysis methods. The independent variables in this research are capital structure, dependent variable is company value, and moderation variable is enterprise risk management disclosure. Data analysis using Partial Least Square (PLS) with Warp PLS 4.0 application. The result of research shows that capital structure has a positive and significant effect on company value. Enterprise risk management disclosure proved to moderate the effect of capital structure on company value.

Firm Ownership and Enterprise Risk Management Implementation: Evidence from the Nordic Region

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether firm ownership characteristics can explain demand for Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) implementation. Specifically, we examine the relationship between the presence of large shareholders, multiple blockholders and a dual-class share structure, and ERM implementation. To our knowledge we provide the first evidence on the effect of multiple blockholders and dual-class share structures on the implementation of ERM. ERM best practices can be considered as governance tools, used to monitor managerial discretion in risk management, ultimately reducing the agency cost of risk management. Accordingly, we analyze the demand for ERM in certain governance (e.g., ownership) settings. We use quantitative methods in our study: survey and regressions (tobit and logit models). Ownership data is hand-collected while ERM data comes from a survey conducted in the Nordic region. We find that ERM is implemented less frequently in firms where there are multiple blockholders, and where large controlling owners hold dual-class shares. These findings indicate that there is less demand for ERM’s monitoring role in firms that are associated with high agency costs. Given the increasing use of dual-class share structures, we believe further examination of ownership characteristics and corporate risk management is warranted.

Current trends in corporate risk management in the system for ensuring the economic sustainability of industrial enterprises

The results of research of risk management trends in the system for ensuring the economic sustainability of industrial enterprises have been presented in the article. The purpose of the study was to identify and analyse trends in corporate risk management of industrial enterprises. The study solved the following tasks: clarified the concepts of risk management and the main risks of the enterprise; determined the composition of corporate risks; disclosed the sources of risks that affect the economic stability of an industrial enterprise; investigated modern methodology of strategic corporate risk management. The necessity of identifying, assessing and determining priorities among risks with the further application of methods for their minimization, monitoring and control of risk events has been substantiated. The trends in corporate risk management in the field of intangible risk management have been analysed. As a result of the study, the author proposed the main elements of the risk management planning process, including: managing operational risks of an industrial enterprise that cannot be planned in advance; management of financial risks arising from the impact of various markets on the assets of an industrial enterprise; strategic risk management or longterm planning of the industrial enterprise. Measures to reduce the risk in industrial enterprises have been developed: abandonment of business processes with the highest risks; optimization, minimization and / or reduction of risks; transfer of risks to outsourcing or insurance; taking risks and creating a backup plan of action in the event of a risk event at an industrial enterprise. The revealed current trends in corporate risk management in the system for ensuring the economic sustainability of industrial enterprises have been summarized and systematized, including: achieving a balance between the realization of opportunities for making profit and minimizing losses; implementation of risk management practices based on GOST R ISO 31000-2019; application of relevant risk management strategies; development ofbusiness processes with adequate means to control and contain risks; audit of risks and timely adjustment of measures to reduce them; risk outsourcing to an external agency; risk avoidance; accounting for risk management of intangible assets.

Are external pressures always behind ERM implementation? Evidence from Spanish listed firms

The global financial crisis evidenced weaknesses in companies’ risk management systems and sparked interest on how corporate risk management should be practiced. Following the tenets of the stakeholder–agency theory, this research analyzes whether external pressures are the major driving force behind ERM implementation. Survey data were used to test the influence of five variables (quotation on the NYSE, industry membership, firm size, belonging to the IBEX-35 index and risk level) that may be associated with the extent to which Spanish listed firms face external pressures to implement ERM. Empirical evidence seems to suggest that external pressures, from stakeholders, could exert some influence on ERM implementation, but other factors may play a part in the firms’ decision to implement ERM. Opposed to previous research’s results, this study found a remarkable absence of evidence about the influence of firm size on ERM implementation. This study’s findings contribute to the understanding on the determinants of ERM implementation across different institutional contexts and could serve as a starting point for future research into this field focusing on other countries with economic or cultural characteristics similar to Spain. This study enriches the current knowledge about the drivers of ERM implementation by providing data from a context with characteristics distinct from most previously analyzed countries.

Artificial intelligence technologies in automation of corporate risk management

This research focuses on the application of BD technologies and artificial intelligence, implemented in the convergence of neural network bases and open libraries (BigData). The proposed solution in the form of a distributed analysis system and automated corporate risk management is created on the basis of deep learning algorithms. It is effectively integrated into management processes. In addition, it improves the quality and time of decisions made at all levels.

Enhancing corporate standing, shifting blame: An examination of Canada's Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act

Canada's Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act (ESTMA) is the culmination of a series of proposals and consultations with government, industry and civil society organizations to address conflict over Canadian extractive industry. Created in the context of a global call for extractive industry accountability, as well as increasing scrutiny of Canadian mining activities for alleged human rights and environmental abuses, the ESTMA aims to deter corruption via financial reporting requirements for Canadian extractive firms operating in Canada and abroad. By mandating that firms publicly disclose payments to various levels of government, however, the ESTMA is constructed atop global corruption discourse that identifies host states in the Global South as the source of social pathologies that facilitate corruption, largely excluding a critical analysis of extractive firms in the Global North. Drawing on interviews, document analysis of material related to the ESTMA and case studies of extractive firm financial reporting, this paper argues that under the ESTMA's financial reporting processes, corporate risk management trumps meaningful social regulation. While the Act does mandate disclosures useful to the advocacy community, limited oversight, a lack of standardized reporting and excluded activities under the Act mean that the ESTMA offers limited leverage to substantively address the human and ecological cost of Canada's extractive industry. As has resulted from transparency policies more broadly, however, the ESTMA provides firms a means to counter broader critique and, in complying with audit culture, promotes investment security.

İç Denetimde Yapısal Değişim ve Dönüşüm: İç Denetçilerin Farkındalığı ve Beklentileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Internal auditing is a process of auditing and administration which mainly involves doing audits internally and is directly affected by internal control and interacting with it, supporting external audit with its work and containing process of corporate risk management, governance and control at the same time. The matter of internal audit and expectations from that profession have changed and therefore the scope of internal auditing and responsibilites of internal auditors have broadened as a consequence of changes and developments in today’s world. In this study, the new role of internal auditing, new internal audit activities and new internal auditors have been considered and examined using a survey of perceptions and expectations of internal auditors regarding changes in internal auditing in historical processes.

How Risk Managers’ Psychological and Social Capital Promotes the Development of Risk-Management Capabilities

The purpose of this study is to investigate the roles of risk managers’ psychological and social capital in risk-management capabilities (technical, business processes, and external resources) and the relationship between risk-management capabilities and management performance. This study treated organizational culture as a moderating variable. The research subjects (n = 1000) included top managers, general managers, and managers in various industries. This study found that risk managers’ positive psychological and social capital play important roles in corporate risk-management capabilities. The investigation of the moderating effect of organizational culture also provides important guidelines for future studies. This study found that components of psychological capital (e.g., hope, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy) had a positive effect on substitute-risk-management capabilities (e.g., technology, business, and external management). Moreover, components of social capital (e.g., managerial tie utilization, trust, and solidarity) had a positive effect on substitute-risk-management capabilities (e.g., technology, business, and external management). The social and psychological capital of a company’s top management and managers are essential elements for strengthening the company’s capabilities for business and risk management. This study also found that the strength of the moderating effects on the relationship between psychological and social capital and risk-management capabilities differs according to the organizational culture. The implications of the study and limitations are discussed.

How Does Information Asymmetry Affect Corporate Risk Management? Evidence from a Natural Experiment

We revisit the unsettled question of the effects of information asymmetry on corporate hedging by testing three relevant theories. Exploiting mergers or closures of brokerage firms as plausibly exogenous information asymmetry events, we find that treatment firms significantly reduce derivative-based hedging, compared with matched control firms. Lower hedging is concentrated in firms that are ex ante subject to (1) lower collateral, more financial constraints and better growth opportunities or (2) lower collateral and a lower-quality CEO. Treatment firms that have a high-quality CEO and are not subject to collateral constraints increase hedging after the shock, consistent with the hypothesis that hedging signals superior managerial quality. Overall, our findings highlight the complex relationship between information asymmetry and corporate hedging.

How does Corporate Risk Management differ between Japan and U.S. ?

How does Corporate Risk Management differ between Japan and U.S. ?

The toolkit for financial risk management in financially unsustainable corporations

Subject. Financial risk management is a cornerstone for the strategic development of any corporation. This especially matters when the economy is volatile and the financial standing of the corporation is affected externally. In this case, it is important to find tools to manage financial risks during the unstable period of corporate operations. Objectives. The study aims to devise and substantiate tools for financial risk management by identifying them and striving to reduce the exposure of financial operations during the strategic period. Methods. To substantiate the above ideas, I apply a systems approach. Studying equity management, I use methods of logic and structural analyses, synthesis, induction, deduction, graphic interpretation, mapping of relationships. Results. The study was proved with the case of Coca-Cola HBC Russia. Following a step-by-step strategy, I identified risks, their causes, and the appropriateness of the strategy for their reduction as part of the full financial risk management process (ERM). Conclusions and Relevance. The study gave theoretical and practical results that contribute to the methodology for financial risk management. I specify what tools will work to evaluate financial risks, and find techniques for avoiding, preventing and eliminating their impact on corporate operations. I discover the dependence of factors, which influence the financial position and possibilities of eliminating adverse effects that cause the exposure of financial operations and financial wellbeing of corporations. The findings can be used by those responsible for corporate risk management in financial risk management. The findings can underlie further research into the identification, assessment and management of financial risk during the volatility of the economy.

The Role of Model Uncertainty in Corporate Risk Management

Current corporate risk management theories predict that young firms should hedge more than the established ones. However, the claim is not supported by empirical observations, which also present mixed evidence on whether hedging creates value. This paper attempts to address this puzzle by including model uncertainty as part of risk management process. We develop a dynamic model in which agents learn about a firm’s hedgeability, gauged by the correlation between its operating cash flow and underlying asset of hedging instruments, while weighing the costs and benefits of different risk management tools. The model predicts that resolving model uncertainty accelerates the process of building up hedging positions, but this is not necessarily accompanied with firm value creation. We conclude that dynamic information acquisition is an important determinant of corporate risk management.

INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND RISK MANAGEMENT FOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE TEHRAN STOCK EXCHANGE

The various working capital management strategies adopted by businesses influence their liquidity, risk, and return. This study investigates the relationship between working capital strategies and corporate risk management. The statistical population of this research consists of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the 2006–2012 interval. One hundred forty companies were studied from nine industries over a seven-year period using a screening method. Corporate data were collected from stock market statistics. Financial statements, including balance sheets, income statements, and explanatory notes of financial statements at the end of each fiscal year (March 19), were used as research tools. Moreover, descriptive statistics and model parameters for statistical analysis and inference were calculated using suitable tests (including Hausman and Pooling), EXCEL spreadsheets, and the EViews package. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between working capital management strategies (aggressive, hedging, conservative, and uncertain) and risk management. The results also indicated that only conservative strategy has a significant negative relationship with risk management.