Corporate Practices Research Articles

Developing Green Marketing Strategies: A Comprehensive Analysis of Consumer Behaviour and Business Practices

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between green marketing communication techniques, consumer behaviour patterns, and business organisations’ practices by employing both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. A hypothesized quantitative survey with 500 consumers and a qualitative case study of leading organisations to assess modern tendencies and approaches were carried out. The quantitative analysis shows that 70% of the consumers take environmental concern while purchasing products, but only 45% are ready to pay the premium price for green products. Moreover, there is a low level of confidence in green claims where only 30% of the consumers are confident that firms have sincere intentions about the statements they make. An analysis of Nike, Starbucks, and Toyota, Apple, and Microsoft organizations shows that they incorporate different strategies in supply chain management, carbon footprint, corporations’ responsibility, and customer relations. Some of these firms focus on the promotion of the company’s transparency, product sourcing based on an ethical approach, encouragement of the use of renewables, as well as community involvement in fulfilling sustainable objectives. Thus, the study also stresses the importance of clarity within communication channels and information reliability for the development of consumers’ trust. It defines factors like the cost and every person’s doubt or disbelief in what is green that prevents an extensive use of green products. Altogether, this research contributes useful knowledge for companies wanting to implement suitable green marketing initiatives that would be appealing to eco-aware consumers. It is clear that implementing corporate practice according to the customer expectation and practicing transparency would not only increase the brand value but also the customer loyalty and which in longer runs would also help in supporting and implementing sustainable development goals across the world.

The impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) rating disparities on corporate risk: The mediating role of financing constraints

As global concerns over climate change and sustainability grow, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors have become critical in evaluating corporate practices. In China, the increasing adoption of ESG ratings by investors has highlighted discrepancies in these ratings, which may impact corporate risk. While extensive research exists on ESG performance, the effects of ESG rating disparities on corporate risk, particularly in Chinese enterprises, remain underexplored, especially the mediating role of financing constraints. Utilizing data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2015 to 2022, this study examines the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) rating disparities on corporate risk, focusing on the mediating role of financing constraints. The findings indicate that discrepancies in ESG ratings significantly increase corporate risk, particularly in non-state-owned enterprises and heavily polluting industries, while having no significant impact on state-owned enterprises. Discrepancies in governance ratings exert the greatest impact on corporate risk, underscoring the critical role of corporate governance. Financing constraints further exacerbate the impact of rating discrepancies on corporate risk. These results provide new insights into enhancing the ESG rating system and mitigating corporate risk, offering a foundation for relevant policy-making.

Importancia de la formación docente: valoración de los estudiantes de los profesorados de una universidad pública

The initial training process aims to train professionals capable of performing in the workplace. The objective of the study was to describe the assessment of teacher training at a public university (Córdoba, Argentina) from the student perspective (N=254), of four teaching courses that involve artistic-corporal knowledge and practices. Using an ad-hoc questionnaire, some indicators of the training process were investigated, such as difficulties in taking the course and satisfaction with the training received. The level of difficulty of all training fields is rated as moderate, being higher in teaching practice. There is greater satisfaction with training practices than with theoretical and methodological teaching. The level of conformity seems to be linked to the reasons for choosing the course: personal taste and specific corporal practices. It is concluded that the assessment that students make of their training is positive in all courses.

Research Dynamics and Frontiers of Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure: Bibliometric Visual Analysis Based on CiteSpace

Abstract: With the increasing global attention on sustainable development and corporate social responsibility, studying the dynamics and frontiers of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure is of great significance to academia, corporate practice, and policy-making. This study employs CiteSpace for bibliometric visual analysis, utilizing methods such as keyword co-occurrence analysis, cluster analysis, and research theme evolution analysis to comparatively analyze the differences in ESG research between domestic and international contexts. The study reveals the hotspots, trends, and development directions of ESG disclosure research. The findings indicate a steady growth in the number of publications in the ESG disclosure research field, with research themes shifting from singular environmental information disclosure to a more comprehensive focus on social responsibility and governance structures. This study not only provides researchers with new perspectives, expanding and deepening the themes of ESG research, but also offers references for companies to enhance ESG disclosure and for policy-making, thus holding significant theoretical and practical implications.

Linking sustainability reporting and energy use through global reporting initiative standards and sustainable development goals

AbstractThis paper addresses the critical need for an integrated approach to sustainability reporting by examining the transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles within the automotive industry. By focusing on the top 8 highest-revenue global automakers in 2022, the study utilizes the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals to assess contributions to SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) and other pertinent indicators. A comprehensive content analysis and logistic regression analysis are employed to explore the correlation between energy use and compliance with GRI standards from 2018 to 2022. The findings reveal significant trends in sustainability reporting, with a noted decrease in quality in the final year analyzed. Specifically, GRI 302-3 (energy intensity) shows a significant negative relationship with energy consumption, indicating higher energy usage correlates with lower compliance. The study reinforces the necessity for more transparent and effective sustainability reporting frameworks to enhance corporate practices and drive progress toward sustainability goals. Graphical abstract

ESG risk management in banks – towards its measurement

The concept of sustainable development has been gaining importance and increasing society's awareness of the need to stop climate change, inequality, social exclusion, and inappropriate corporate practices. Banks increasingly integrate ESG objectives into their business activity. However, it is associated with their exposure to a new type of risk – the ESG risk. ESG risk management for banking institutions has now become not only a fashion and trend but an obligation that they have to fulfil. The main aim of the article is to identify ESG risk and methods of quantification, as well as to assess the exposure to ESG risk of commercial banks in Poland. That’s why the paper presents an in-depth literature review in the field of ESG concept and ESG risk in banks. Then, it describes the adopted methodology of the empirical research. The third section covers a presentation of the obtained results, which include the analysis of ESG risk exposure of the largest banks in the world and selected commercial banks in Poland, mainly based on the volume of the carbon footprint they generate and finally, ESG risk ratings for Polish banks. The following research methods were used in the article: literature studies, case study analysis, observation methods and synthesis methods. The empirical research that was conducted allowed the verification of the research hypothesis, stating that commercial banks in Poland are aware of the need to measure and monitor ESG risk increases. The research indicated that some of the banks in Poland are at an advanced stage of ESG risk management, while the rest of them are just starting their activities in this area. Currently, banks' involvement in ESG issues globally is one of the leading market trends. It becomes not only an option but an imperative for institutions wishing to maintain their market position. Therefore, commercial banks in Poland can and should participate in the implementation of sustainable development assumptions in the coming years.

Global Social Movements and the Governance of the Firm: Past, Present, and Future

ABSTRACTResearch Question/IssueThe objective of this special issue (SI) is to galvanize research that examines the impact of different kinds of global social movements (GSMs) on the practice of international corporate governance.Research Findings/InsightsThe articles included in this SI provide unique insights into how various GSMs, including the feminist, #blacklivesmatter, and climate movements, influence and are influenced by corporate governance actors and practices across different institutional contexts.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsExecutives and boards face increasing pressures to make corporate decisions that consider the demands emerging from different GSMs. This SI uncovers how and why some social movements weigh heavier in corporate decision‐making. This SI uncovers the implications of GSMs for corporate governance actors and processes in different institutional contexts.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsEquipped with the power of the internet, recent social movements have become more global in character. The rising power, reach, and prominence of large corporations have made them a common target of GSMs that aim to influence not only societal values but also corporate values. The articles in this SI provide useful insights into how GSMs engage with corporations and corporate actors and assess their impact on the governance of the firm in different countries.

Identifying Differences in the Application of HR Marketing Tools in Companies in the Secondary Sector – a Case Study of Mining, Construction, and Manufacturing Industries

HR marketing is a relatively new field in corporate practice. When implemented effectively and designed professionally, HR marketing can give companies a significant competitive advantage in the labour market. Increasingly, HR managers and executives focus on securing high-quality and skilled employees who are integral to building a strong brand and employer value. To date, no studies have specifically examined HR marketing within the secondary sector, which appears to be stagnating in economically developed countries. This study aims to identify differences in the application of HR marketing tools among companies operating in the secondary sector, particularly within the mining, construction, and manufacturing industries. The research was conducted in two stages: the first stage involved an analysis of HR marketing practices among a sample of 215 companies operating in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The second stage focused on a case study of 10 companies from the secondary sector, specifically three companies operating in the mining, construction, and manufacturing industries. This study offers a comparative analysis of HR marketing tool usage among companies within the secondary sector, including those in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The key findings address the research questions and hypotheses. The results indicate that companies in the secondary sector primarily use traditional HR marketing tools such as company websites, personnel agency services, and job portals. Mining and manufacturing companies employ a wider range of HR marketing tools to enhance employee loyalty than construction companies.

Comparing Sustainability Practices of Large US Corporations: Domestic vs. International Operations

Large US corporations are leading the way in reshaping business practices despite the absence of a national consensus regarding sustainability policies. This study highlights the commitment of some large US corporations to environmental, social, and corporate governance criteria and their widely employed sustainability practices compared with other global corporations. A survey of Fortune 500 corporations was conducted to identify their commitment to the nine major sustainability practices across domestic and international operations. Our findings indicate that several of the surveyed corporations exhibited significant adoption of these practices both domestically and internationally. Both hypotheses were rejected in favor of alternate hypotheses.

Historical and legal aspects of corporate governance in LLCs according to the legislation of Poland and Ukraine

The article provides a detailed examination of the evolution of corporate governance in Ukraine and Poland, focusing on the development of legislation in both countries. The author analyzes the historical development of corporate structures, tracing their evolution from antiquity and the Middle Ages to the present day, highlighting key stages and changes in legal norms regulating corporate governance in Poland and Ukraine. The article begins with a review of early forms of corporate structures in ancient civilizations and tracks their development through significant historical periods in Europe. The stages of corporate governance development in Poland and Ukraine during the 19th and 20th centuries are separately examined. In Ukraine, the formation of corporate governance was constrained by the legal norms of the Russian Empire, and only with the transition to a market economy in the 1990s a significant development of corporate forms was noticed, particularly it concerned limited liability companies (LLCs). In contrast, Poland’s development of corporate law was marked by intense changes, especially after the fall of the communist regime and accession to the European Union, which facilitated the eligibility of Polish corporate law according to European standards. The author provides a detailed analysis of the key stages of legal changes in both countries, including the codification of corporate law, adaptation to European norms, and the challenges encountered at each stage. The article also explores the impact of economic and political changes on the development of corporate governance in both countries, emphasizing that although the initial stages of corporate governance development in Ukraine and Poland were somehow similar due to geographical and historical closeness, their further development differed significantly. Poland went through stages of intensive reforming and EU integration, which substantially influenced the modernization of its corporate law. Meanwhile, significant changes in corporate governance in Ukraine began only in the 1990s and continue to modern days, facing certain challenges and obstacles on the way to full integration into European legal standards. The article reveals both common and different features of the evolution of corporate law in these countries. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the impact of historical and political factors on the formation of modern corporate practices and norms in both countries. The author concludes that despite the fact that both countries started moving into corporate governance from similar foundations, their subsequent development was significantly different because of the influence of both internal and external reasons. Poland has managed to successfully adapt its legislation according to European standards, while Ukraine is still in the process of transformation. This highlights the necessity for continued reforms in Ukraine, particularly for integration into the European legal space, which is critical for ensuring the stability and transparency of corporate governance in the country.

Advancing Toward Sustainability: A Systematic Review of Circular Economy Strategies in the Textile Industry

The textile industry, fueled by the “fast fashion” phenomenon, contributes significantly to environmental, social, and economic degradation through the rapid turnover of styles, leading to substantial waste as consumers frequently discard garments. This cycle of consumption and production is linked to the social demand added to purchase income, demonstrating the urgent need for sustainable interventions. The main objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review of the literature to identify and critically evaluate circular economy strategies implemented in the textile industry. This study conducted a systematic review of circular economy strategies in the textile industry using the PRISMA methodology. Our search spanned a ten-year period, examining 88 articles, from which 55 were selected as pertinent. The primary strategies identified include reuse, recycling, repair, and reduction, each of which is assessed through environmental, social, and economic lenses. Reuse is crucial for reducing impacts and waste, yet it is hampered by insufficient consumer incentives. Recycling shows promise but is hindered by technological and awareness barriers. Repair contributes to extending the lifespan of garments, thereby reducing the need for new production, although it encounters challenges in terms of service accessibility and consumer knowledge. The reduction involves the search for better and more sustainable materials, with the main barrier being the fast fashion. The findings suggest that reuse is not only economically viable but also capable of lessening social inequality. Recycling, however, necessitates substantial investments and the development of supportive policies. Repair, on the other hand, significantly lessens the environmental impact and can spur new economic opportunities and employment. Despite these hurdles, these strategies present viable pathways toward a more sustainable textile industry. However, achieving this requires a paradigm shift in both consumer behavior and corporate practices to embrace and optimize circular economy practices within the sector.

Development and Psychometric Properties of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Standards Perceived by Workers, Managers, and Executives

Purpose: Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) benchmarks, introduced in the early 2000s as a complement to corporate social responsibility (CSR), assess the environmental sustainability, societal impact, and ethical responsibility of organizational operations. Despite the growing importance of ESG and the development of various financial metrics, there remains a shortage of empirically validated scales to measure stakeholders' perceptions of these benchmarks. This study aims to develop and validate the ESG-Perception scale, focusing on internal stakeholders such as employees, managers, and executives. Method: The study sampled employees/workers (N = 300) with a mean age of 42.44 years (SD = 13.18) and managers and executives (N = 302) with a mean age of 37.93 years (SD = 10.38). There were more female employee/worker participants (n = 163, 54.5%) than male participants (n = 136, 45.5%), while there were more male manager and executive participants (n = 163, 54.2%) than female participants (n = 138, 45.8%). The majority of employees/workers identified as White/Caucasian (61%, n = 183), similar to the majority of managers and executives, who identified as White/Caucasian (62.3%, n = 188). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using employee/worker data was conducted to examine the factor structure of ESG-Perception, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models—including single-factor, first-order, and bi-factor models—were used with manager and executive data to validate the scale’s factor structure and dimensionality. Measurement invariance across gender and race was also tested to ensure the equivalence of the factor structure. The study further assessed the scale’s convergent and discriminant validity. Results: The ESG-Perception scale effectively captured internal stakeholders' perceptions of ESG benchmarks. A multidimensional, three-factor structure was identified, which aligned with the data. The factor structure was invariant across gender and race, allowing for comparisons of latent means across these groups. Convergent validity indicated that perceptions of diversity and inclusion, personality, leadership qualities, and styles influenced endorsement of ESG standards. With the exception of the Environmental and Governance constructs in the data for managers and executives, clear discriminant validity was observed for the scale’s constructs, demonstrating their distinct conceptual boundaries. However, the absence of discriminant validity between the Environmental and Governance constructs indicated overlapping conceptual dimensions, which is particularly indicative of industries where governance practices and environmental performance are closely linked. The bifactor models demonstrated both multidimensionality and unidimensionality for the scale. Conclusions: The ESG-Perception scale contributes to the body of knowledge on sustainability, corporate social responsibility, and ethical responsibility. It supports the application of Stakeholder and Upper Echelons theories and provides valuable insights into how internal stakeholders perceive ESG principles. Knowledge derived from its use can enhance ESG advocacy and help organizations develop effective strategies for adopting, implementing, and complying with ESG frameworks. This can promote transparency, sustainability, and improve corporate practices and outcomes. Despite exhibiting both unidimensional and multidimensional characteristics, the choice of whether to treat the scale as unidimensional or multidimensional will depend on the specific research goals and context.

Navigating Contradictory Demands: An Analysis of Corporate Responses to Regulatory Hardening

AbstractMandatory due diligence has become increasingly common to address the harmful impacts of corporations, forcing them to navigate hardened regulatory requirements. This article focuses on the responses of large Swedish companies to the European Commission’s proposal for a Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive. Drawing on critical theory, it aims to understand how companies navigate the contradictory dynamic between profitability and sustainability. The findings highlight that companies, for the most part, accept hardened demands for sustainability—but the closer to corporate practice their responses get, the more they oppose and reject these demands. The article discusses how these responses follow a neoliberal logic of regulation, and draw attention to the inherent instability of this logic, as companies struggle to find a position in which they can be both sustainable and profitable.

Nurses’ work in relation to patient health outcomes: an observational study comparing models of primary care

BackgroundMāori are over-represented in Aotearoa New Zealand morbidity and mortality statistics. Other populations with high health needs include Pacific peoples and those living with material deprivation. General practice has evolved into seven models of primary care: Traditional, Corporate, Health Care Home, Māori, Pacific, Trusts / Non-governmental organisations (Trust/NGOs) and District Health Board / Primary Care Organisations (DHB/PHO). We describe nurse work in relation to these models of care, populations with high health need and patient health outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study (at 30 September 2018) of data from national datasets and practices at patient level. Six primary outcome measures were selected because they could be improved by primary care: polypharmacy (≥ 65 years), glucose control testing in adults with diabetes, immunisations (at 6 months), ambulatory sensitive hospitalisations (0–14, 45–64 years) and emergency department attendances. Analysis adjusted for patient and practice characteristics.ResultsNurse clinical time, and combined nurse, nurse practitioner and general practitioner clinical time, were substantially higher in Trust/NGO, Māori, and Pacific practices than in other models. Increased patient clinical complexity was associated with more clinical input and higher scores on all outcome measures. The highest rates of preventative care by nurses (cervical screening, cardiovascular risk assessment, depression screening, glucose control testing) were in Māori, Trust/NGO and Pacific practices. There was an eightfold difference, across models of care, in percentage of depression screening undertaken by nurses and a fivefold difference in cervical screening and glucose control testing. The highest rates of nurse consultations afterhours and with unenrolled patients, improving access, were in PHO/DHB, Pacific, Trust/NGO and Māori practices. Work not attributed to nurses in the practice records meant nurse work was underestimated to an unknown degree.ConclusionsTransferring work to nurses in Traditional, Health Care Home, and Corporate practices, would release general practitioner clinical time for other work. Worse patient health outcomes were associated with higher patient need and higher clinical input. It is plausible that there is insufficient clinical input to meet the degree of patient need. More practitioner clinical time is required, especially in practices with high volumes of complex patients.

Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Policy on Customers' Appetite to Buy Environmental Friendly Products before and After COVID-19

Purpose: This research aims to thoroughly examine the diverse effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on consumer Appetite, specifically concentrating on consumers' inclination toward purchasing environmentally sustainable products. Notably, we investigate consumers' perceptions across different periods, scrutinizing behavioral shifts before and after the COVID-19 era. Design/Methodology/Approach: Employing a robust empirical strategy, our survey methodology involves a substantial sample of 815 respondents, focusing on the demographic of young consumers in Bangladesh-a dynamic developing nation. The data collection process encompasses a meticulously crafted questionnaire, and our analysis employs the sophisticated framework of structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: Our insights go beyond conventional observations, revealing a nuanced understanding of consumer priorities even in the wake of the pandemic. Consumers consistently prioritize corporate practices related to circular economy principles, the geographical aspects of cloth production, raw material origins, pollution control, workers' rights, and the responsible utilization of recycled materials. Originality/value: This study introduces an original model that significantly contributes to comprehending the impact of CSR on consumer behavior, highlighting its relevance for policymakers in Bangladesh. The implications extend beyond the immediate scope, influencing strategies for integrating eco-friendly products into the broader business environment. Consequences: The empirical findings in this study challenge existing assumptions, emphasizing the pivotal influence of environmental considerations on shaping positive consumer behavior. Beyond superficial observations, this research offers a more sophisticated view of the intricate processes, providing significant insights for academics, industry experts, and businesses.

The Effect of Cultural Norms on Group Decision-Making in Japanese Corporations

This paper explores the impact of cultural norms, particularly collectivism and social harmony, on group decision-making practices in Japanese corporations. Focusing on consensus-building mechanisms such as nemawashi and ringi-sho, the study examines how these practices foster inclusivity, mitigate conflict, and promote long-term organizational stability. It also highlights the challenges posed by slow decision-making processes and the risk of groupthink, which can stifle innovation and agility in a fast-paced global market. While consensus-building leads to more widely supported and risk-averse decisions, the paper suggests that balancing these traditional practices with more agile decision-making models is essential for Japanese corporations to remain competitive. The findings provide valuable insights into how Japanese firms might integrate global business practices while preserving their cultural identity.

Corporate Purpose and Sustainable Decision Making: Examples from Dutch Corporate Practice

In this contribution we examine the state of the art of purpose statements in Dutch corporate practice. We discuss the general debate on corporate purpose, explore differences between purpose and related terms such as mission and vision, and outline the legal qualification and effects of purpose statements. We also review the Dutch legal background against which purpose statements are used, present empirical findings on the use of these statements over the past decade, and reflect on their value for the sustainable future of companies in a Dutch and European corporate law setting.Overall, we identify that discussions on corporate purpose have influenced Dutch corporate practice. We demonstrate a notable increase in such statements over the past decade and show that they have become increasingly oriented towards sustainability and extrinsic aims. We do not, however, infer from these developments that purpose statements have had a standalone, positive effect on the sustainability of companies since they are often vaguely formulated, seldom included in articles of association, and are typically formulated as a voluntary act by the board. Ultimately, we conclude that the effectiveness of corporate purposes depends on how companies implement them within the regulatory context that is provided by society.

Enhancing the contribution of higher education institutions to sustainable development research: A focus on post‐2015 SDGs

AbstractSustainable development (SD) research is vital in providing a basis for progress in this rapidly growing field of inquiry. In this context, higher education institutions (HEIs) and leading top researchers belonging to them are playing a key role. Despite this being widely acknowledged by the academy, it is largely unclear how individual HEIs, and their researchers contribute to sustainability research efforts. Based on the need to unveil this landscape, our article reports on a study that identified the leading HEIs and researchers involved in sustainability research and how they contribute to moving the field forward. A bibliometric assessment of the literature (performance analysis) was conducted to identify the number of publications of leading authors and institutions. The results reveal some interesting trends. First, the co‐occurrence analysis technique revealed what the top 10 authors in SD are exploring. Also, the study identifies diverse thematic clusters, covering areas like technology, sustainability assessment, integrative education, and corporate practices. The paper advances SD theory by illustrating how these themes interconnect and complement each other. The article concludes with suggestions of how universities may engage further in sustainability research. The theoretical and practical implications of the research, as well as its limitations, are also addressed.

「사립학교법」과 「개인정보 보호법」의 괴리에 관한 고찰: 징계사유조사와 징계의결요구를 중심으로

Among the many challenges regarding the interpretation and application of the Personal Information Protection Act, we paid attention to the conflict between the Private School Act and the Personal Information Protection Act, which are facing in the self-audit practice of school corporations, and discussed solutions to them. Specifically, how to interpret Article 18 of the Personal Information Protection Act determines whether the audit is legal or illegal under the Private School Act, and there are cases in which audit personnel at school corporations are accused of criminal matters. Based on this awareness of the problem, this paper ① presented possible case, ② looked at the actual laws surrounding self-audit, ③ introduced the decisions of the Personal Information Protection Committee, ④ identified the application of the Personal Information Protection Act through in-depth interviews with investigative police officers, and ⑤ presented solutions to the case and promoted legislative suggestions. Investigative police officers who participated in the interview answered that they did not clearly understand the Personal Information Protection Act, and that the concept of the Personal Information Protection Act itself was ambiguous and faced considerable difficulties. As an improvement plan, it was suggested that Article 18 (2) of the Personal Information Protection Act should add “in the case of “audit” in public institutions (to which the Personal Information Protection Act applies) as a requirement for the use of personal information outside the purpose and provision of it to a third party, or include “school corporations and affiliated schools” in Article 2 (4) of the Public Audit Act.

Strategic Management Practices in Multinational Corporations: A Comparative Study

This paper explores strategic management practices within multinational corporations (MNCs) through a comparative study of different regional and industrial contexts. The research aims to identify key strategies that drive success and sustainability in a globalized business environment. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the study combines quantitative analysis of financial performance metrics with qualitative insights from interviews with senior executives. The findings highlight the significance of adaptive strategies, cultural intelligence, and robust risk management frameworks. Additionally, the study uncovers regional variations in strategic priorities, emphasizing the need for MNCs to tailor their approaches to local market conditions. The paper concludes with recommendations for practitioners to enhance strategic alignment and operational effectiveness across diverse geographical landscapes.