Corporate Form Research Articles

Проблемы и перспективы цифровизации Российской экономики в сложившийся геополитической ситуации

The article is devoted to issues concerning the prospects of development in the field of digitalization of the economy. Various points of view on the nature of problems in the field of digitalization of the Russian economy are considered. Statistical data concerning quantitative indicators of the use of personal computers by organizations, special software and having websites on the Internet are analyzed. The complex of measures aimed at supporting the IT industry is analyzed and the issues of the effectiveness of their application are considered. According to the results of the study, the need for the formation of a digital infrastructure that allows combining a number of institutions, subsequently forming a system aimed at the development of competitive industries based on digitalization, is proved. An assumption has been formed about the creation of a single coordination center in the form of a state corporation to address the issues of digitalization of the branches of the national economy of the Russian Federation, which allows managing investment flows more efficiently and based on the specifics of the functioning of the IT sphere.

ORGANIZATION OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS IN EXTRACURRICULAR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE END OF THE XX - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XXI CENTURY

The article considers the organizational aspects of leisure activities for children with special educational needs in extracurricular educational institutions during the independence of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of legal documents, review of scientific works of this period, practical experience of activities in the field of extracurricular education, a vision of the content, forms and types of work with the younger generation is formulated. The content of the organization of leisure activities is revealed through a set of principles and functions. The most important principles of organization are the principles of consistency; systematicity; voluntariness; differentiation; availability and quality of leisure services; compliance of leisure services with local conditions; interest; unity of reaction and cognition; common activities; individualization; interdisciplinarity; practicality; visualizations, etc. The main functions of the organization of leisure activities are recreational and entertainment; cognitive and developmental; socially adaptive; communicative; information and educational; game; educational; value-oriented; creative, etc. The characteristics of the organizational structure of management and state regulation of the system of extracurricular educational institutions at different levels of government and taking into account industry characteristics and types of institutions are given. Some extracurricular educational institutions include education, culture and art, physical education and sports, tourism and local lore, health and recreation. It is revealed that the interaction of institutions and establishments of different levels of management of extracurricular education, pupils, parents, pedagogical collectives, separate teachers-organizers is carried out on the basis of partnership. The draft Law of Ukraine on Amendments to Some Laws of Ukraine of April 29, 2021, which proposes a corporate form of ownership, which provides for the conclusion of an agreement between several founders of different forms of ownership on the basis of public-private partnership. It was found that the corporate form of ownership will be able to increase funding for extracurricular educational institutions and improve their resources. It is concluded that the modern system of leisure work in extracurricular education includes extracurricular and extracurricular activities in educational institutions, palaces, centers, houses, libraries, stadiums, theaters, museums, which have permanent clubs, groups, sections, clubs, studios and others. creative associations.

Federal Taxation: Comprehensive Topics

Federal Taxation: Comprehensive Topics

Summaries of Papers In This Issue

Summaries of Papers In This Issue

Analysis of the Practice and Risks of Using Infrastructure Bonds in the Project Financing Market

The article discusses the role and features of project financing of facilities, the need for new instruments and forms of attracting investments that would allow linking debt obligations with the project being implemented. Financial sources of construction of facilities within the framework of public-private partnership are investigated. It has been established that the relevance of the use of infrastructure bonds is confirmed by the lack of financial resources for infrastructure projects, as well as the growing market for non-mandatory pension insurance. It is noted that only the conditions necessary for the targeted use of funds received from the sale of infrastructure bonds and the rules for financing the construction and reconstruction of infrastructure facilities using SOPF bonds are fixed at the legislative level. The goals of creating infrastructure bonds have been determined. The analysis of the ratio of the application of loans and bonds in project financing was carried out, the stages of project financing are considered. Municipal targeted and corporate forms of issuing infrastructure bonds were identified and the main conditions for financing infrastructure projects were formulated. It is noted that despite the fact that infrastructure bonds are reliable, it is necessary to increase their protection against inflation and indicate a competitive yield on securities compared to federal loan bonds. Additional measures are proposed to increase the attractiveness of the infrastructure project. It is noted that an important condition for the completion of infrastructure projects is the effective distribution of risks and effective management of them. Financial, political and project assessment risks were identified as the main risks. The latter are classified as mandatory monitoring and control, since they affect the incompleteness of the project. The advantages and disadvantages of this project financing mechanism are formulated.

KUALITAS SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING DALAM RISET PELAPORAN KORPORAT

The Sustainability Reporting (SR) quality had questioned because there is no standard in preparing SR enforced by standard setters in Indonesia. The SR quality had anticipated by reviewing corporate reporting research. Therefore, this study investigates the quality of SR in corporate reporting research. This study uses a systematic literature review from 2007-2020 through articles based on selected databases. The results showed that the measurement of the SR quality had dominated by the use of codification from the Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI). The accountability of corporate reporting, especially SR, cannot only be reviewed through GRI. The quality of SR in corporate reporting research shows that the codification proposed by other researchers besides GRI can be an alternative as a form of corporate reporting accountability. SR quality as an indicator of accountability for the implementation of the company's sustainability activities. The sustainability reporting quality is not a goal, only a tool to assess the sustainability of activities that an entity has carried out.

Multiplicity, the corporation and human rights in global value chains

Human rights in global value chains have become a key field of study in international law and corporate governance. The analysis often starts with a gap – a ‘governance gap’ in human rights protection. This pragmatic starting point calls for pragmatic solutions: better corporate compliance and more accountability. While this goes a long way in addressing corporate misconduct, the global corporate form, its power and legitimation in transnationally generating and appropriating value tend to become naturalized phenomena. Moreover, the effects of accountability agendas on corporate power and legitimation are hardly considered. Instead, I propose to address the ‘human rights problem’ by understanding the corporation and its networks as consequences of international politics – conceptualized as inter-societal multiplicity. The multiplicity lens offers a possibility to replace the governance gap with a productive conception of inter-societal conditions and can complement the focus on accountability and compliance. I conclude the article by tentatively sketching three important consequences of such a starting point for defining the problem of human rights in global value chains: the international dimensions of the division of labour under competitive conditions, the legitimation of corporate practices and the production of knowledge for their regulation.

The r/wallstreetbets ‘war machine’: Explicating dynamics of consumer resistance and capture

Following the recent #GameStop ‘market disruption’ where r/wallstreetbets ‘rogue’ traders were able to momentarily topple billion dollar hedge funds, we employ Deleuze and Guattari’s ‘war machine’ concept in order to comment on the potential of consumer resistance when matched up against global financial markets. While most extant theory follows the Foucauldian tradition in asserting that consumer resistance is a reaction to power, we use Deleuze and Guattari’s immanent theorisation of desire to make the case for thinking of resistance as primary. Far from a hagiography of affective affirmation, our immanent perspective draws attention to how state and corporate forms are readily able to co-opt consumer resistance. Ultimately, we make the case for reorienting consumer resistance research away from seeking out ruptures and breaks in stable structures of power to asking a more difficult question: how can resistance be organised to avoid capture?

Youth and Women Participation in Extractive Industries: A Cooperatives Approach to Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM)

Small scale mining largely remains an informal and unexplored economic sector. Mining is generally dominated by big players in the form of multinational corporations (MNCs) who are characterised by large scale for profit production at the expense of smaller players. In particular, the participation of youth and women in extractive industries is usually restricted to either illegal or small-scale mining. Whilst artisanal and smallscale mining (ASM) is promising and has a potential in terms of employment creation and enterprise development, this sector remains at the periphery of options and is deemed the sector of last resort for most youth and women. The sector is marked by lack of government regulation and neglect with regards to issues of safety, health and environmental protection. Observations from across the African continent and the rest of the developing world indicate that ASM is a formidable source of employment and economic development for poor communities. It could therefore be argued that for youth and women on the continent ASM proffers opportunities and thus needs to be formalised and promoted as a viable option for economic participation especially within poor communities. Using secondary data sources, this paper foregrounds the cooperatives approach, as championed across sectors in South Africa, as a tried and tested model that could be replicated across the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region to complement existing policy instruments such as the SADC mining protocol and the African Union (AU) Mining Vision. This paper contends that cooperatives offer a low entrance barrier type of formalisation of ASM initiatives for youth and women whereby legal entities within the extractive industries could be established.

Religion in the Twenty-First Century

Religion in the Twenty-First Century

Science and Business Developments

Science and Business Developments

Kontrak Kerja Sama Usaha Di Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam

The existence of varied form of corporation contract in Indonesia cannot be separated from the existence of corporation forms regulated in the constitution. The forms of corporation as like companies, firms, commanditer companies, PT, and cooperation which come from the constitution of colonial Netherland are surely influenced by the capitalist of western economic system. Meanwhile, in Islamic law there are mechanism of corporations in every sector, like al-Shirkah, al-Mudharabah, al-Muzaro’ah, and al-Musaqoh. This research discusses various mechanisms of corporation that are regulated in the constitution in Indonesia and in Islamic law, and the comparison between both of them. By using qualitative research design through library research in each law product, analyzing the content and comparative analysis, it can be concluded that the various forms of corporation in Indonesia can be made same with (al-Qiyas al-Musawi) the various forms of corporation in Islamic law. This similarity can be seen from the agreement, the goal, the right, the true effort, the important of the agreement, the authority of the people, and the separation aspect. However, there is exception in the law of obligation. The obligation law in the mechanism of the corporation contract cannot be true (haram) since it is not in line with al-Qur’an and the rules in the various forms of corporation contract in Islamic law.

Virtual Borders: International Law and the Elusive Inequalities of Algorithmic Association

Abstract The use of algorithmic tools by international public authorities is changing how norms are made and enacted. This seismic shift in global governance has important distributive consequences: the digital turn not only empowers specific corporate actors and forms of expertise but also entails new modes of social sorting based on the placement of people in patterns of data. This article focuses on the emergent inequalities that machine learning and data analytics thereby import in the domain of global governance. In line with the symposium’s theme, I thereby frame the importance of computational decision-making processes from a distributional, and not a procedural, perspective – from a perspective of inequality and not privacy, data protection or transparency. The empirical site for the assessment of these emergent inequalities is the ‘virtual border’. By focusing on the technological tools of data extraction and algorithmic risk assessment that are reshaping practices of border control, the article makes a dual contribution: it reveals the social hierarchies engendered by these data-driven forms of grouping and grading – captured in the novel concept of ‘associative inequality’ – and highlights the difficulty of registering or counteracting this mode of subject-making in existing legal terms. This intervention both traces the particular distributive effects of data-driven governance and signals the challenges it poses to the prospects and emancipatory promises of collectivity, solidarity and equality entertained in modernist ideals of international law. In resisting the logic of algorithmic governance, I suggest, we should strive not for transparency but for opacity, not inclusion but incomparability, not privacy but open-ended and defiant commonality.

Partnership Securities

The convergence of the individual and corporate tax rates and the repeal of the General Utilities doctrine have increased the cost of doing business in corporate form and the attractiveness of operating a business as a partnership. That attractiveness has been reinforced by the growing availability of limited liability companies. The proliferation of partnerships has increased the interest in partnerships' issuing securities similar to those issued by corporations-capital interests, options and profits interests that are the partnership equivalent of "stock appreciation rights." However, there has been little discussion of the tax consequences of partnerships issuing securities apart from the long-standing debate as to whether the recipient of a partnership profits interest for services should be subject to tax. That debate has been resolved, as a practical matter, by Revenue Procedure 93-27, in which the Internal Revenue Service ruled that, subject to certain exceptions, the receipt of profits interests for services is not taxable. This resolution makes timely an analysis of the consequences to the partnership and other partners of a partnership's issuance of partnership securities.This article, through a series of examples, considers the possible consequences under current law of the receipt by a partner of a capital interest, an option and a profits interest for either cash or services. These consequences differ depending on whether a partnership is viewed as an entity or aggregate. The article recommends the adoption of an entity approach that permits the consequences of a partnership's issuance of securities to resemble those of corporate issuances. This recommendation requires reconsidering the accepted view of the tax consequences of a partnership's issuing a capital interest for services.

Corporatization of public services

AbstractThe corporatization of public services by moving services previously provided in‐house into various types of arms‐length corporate forms of organization is becoming an important trend at multiple levels of government. Although the use of such corporate forms to deliver public services is not a new phenomenon, evidence on the impact of corporatization on public services provision is only slowly emerging. In this symposium, we aim to advance our understanding of the theoretical and practical implications of corporatization through empirical analyses of its dynamics in a range of different settings. In this introductory article, we begin by explaining what is meant by the corporatization of public services and the different forms that it can take, before summarizing the existing evidence on the governance, accountability, and performance of corporatized public services. We then describe the articles included in the symposium and conclude by outlining a future research agenda for studying corporatization.

The Origins and Evolution of Consumer Capitalism: The Paradoxes Posed by Continuous Mass Production

Continuous-mass production technology, widely adopted in the late nineteenth, early twentieth centuries, enabled businesses to vastly increase output. Thorstein Veblen was among the first to observe the business response: how to prevent production from exceeding what the market could profitably absorb? How to prevent losses? How to increase profits? Continuous-mass production introduced consumer capitalism, applying the technology to consumer goods, creating the necessity of increasing consumer demand, making imperative adopting the corporate form of business enterprise. Continuous-mass production has accentuated a number of paradoxes, some of which were addressed by Veblen, Polanyi, and Keynes. Those paradoxes include the prospect of depression, the rise of dynastic ambitions channeling the increased output into militarism, financial innovations involving identifying and liquefying consumer assets to provide credit and expand demand, laying the foundation for the financialization of the economy. Financialization culminated in the Great Financial Crisis (GFC), requiring massive government intervention. The GFC gave rise to Modern Monetary theory, overcoming the limits of the market economy. And the environmental crisis resulting from the commodification of everything, accentuated by applying continuous mass production to the extraction and burning of fossil fuels, combined with a belief in infinite growth.

Conservation in conflict: Corporations, capitalism and sustainable development

In recent times arguments for conservation allying with corporations have been prominent and not least in the advocacy of ‘new conservation’. This has set up a false dichotomy between traditional conservation and concern for humanity. The supposed intrinsic/instrumental, human/non-human conflict in conservation appears as a diversion from the actual problem which is the modern organisation of society as a capital accumulating machine based on competition and shifting costs on to others. This is particularly evident in the corporate and financial forms of capitalism which have been taking over conservation, and more broadly environmental policy debates. Pragmatism in the form of ‘new conservation’ is argued to involve contradictions going back to Pinchot and encapsulated in modern ideas of sustainable development. This has accelerated environmental destruction and social inequity, exploitation and injustice. The loss of biodiversity will accelerate with the financialisation of Nature via a range of new instruments (e.g. biodiversity banking, trading, offsetting, green/blue bonds, species credits, extinction futures markets and climate catastrophe bonds) that are being promoted by major conservation NGOs (e.g. WWF, TNC). Preserving, empowering and developing alternative social-ecological forms of running economies is then seen as the central issue for protecting both humans and non-humans alike. Divisions in conservation are argued to be real conflicts over the form and function of economic systems and the currently dominant role of capitalism in its corporate and financial forms.

What drives and curbs brownwashing?

AbstractNumerous studies have investigated the factors that drive or curb greenwashing activities, but few have discussed the other side of the coin, brownwashing, the underreporting of environmental achievements, another form of corporate decoupling that is harmful for stakeholders. Using a sample of 5459 firm–year observations over the period 2007–2017, this study tests and finds that industry leaders brownwash their environmental performance to avoid peer pressure and excessive stakeholder attention, and to preserve their firm's leadership. Consequently, legitimate firms tend to converge toward informal industry standards that engender standardized environmental disclosures. Nevertheless, this phenomenon can be curbed by adopting sound environmental governance mechanisms aimed at improving corporate transparency and environmental practices.

The Effect of Web Based Corporate Reporting on Company Value

Very fast developments in technology have encouraged companies in the world to convey and disseminate corporate information globally in the form of web-based corporate reporting. Based on data from internet users, Indonesia is the fourth largest country in the world as internet users, and the majority of internet users in Indonesia are entrepreneurs. This shows that the company conducts web-based corporate reporting with the aim of attracting potential investors. Web-based corporate reporting is carried out by the company as a form of information disclosure and this will affect the value of the company. This study examines the effect of the level of web-based corporate reporting on firm value, and examines what information is needed by investors in making decisions to invest in a company. This study focuses on banking companies as a tertiary sector and uses multiple regression analysis in the test. This study found that the information disclosed on the company's website, especially related to stock information, had a significant positive effect on firm value.

The Effect of Web Based Corporate Reporting on Company Value

Very fast developments in technology have encouraged companies in the world to convey and disseminate corporate information globally in the form of web-based corporate reporting. Based on data from internet users, Indonesia is the fourth largest country in the world as internet users, and the majority of internet users in Indonesia are entrepreneurs. This shows that the company conducts web-based corporate reporting with the aim of attracting potential investors. Web-based corporate reporting is carried out by the company as a form of information disclosure and this will affect the value of the company. This study examines the effect of the level of web-based corporate reporting on firm value, and examines what information is needed by investors in making decisions to invest in a company. This study focuses on banking companies as a tertiary sector and uses multiple regression analysis in the test. This study found that the information disclosed on the company's website, especially related to stock information, had a significant positive effect on firm value.