Corporate Existence Research Articles

Social Movements and National Security in Nigeria: A Study of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB)

Nigeria has been engulfed in crises of national question regarding its corporate existence as a sovereign state entity by the emergence and agitators of groups such as the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB). The ability of the separatist movement to mobilise actions has increased the volatility of insecurity in Nigeria’s South East/South-South zones. The study aims to examine the nexus between IPOB threat and national security so as to identify the factors behind IPOB movement. Based on the descriptive study design, the study adopted the opportunity structure perspective as its theoretical framework. The literature is descriptive in nature and adopted secondary method of data collection. The data was collected from secondary sources such as internal publications, newspaper reports, journal articles, official reports documentations and documentaries, and textbooks and commentaries. The findings of the study revealed that although the IPOB movement is fueled by a feeling of victimisation and marginalisation among the Igbos, the movement constitutes a threat to national security. In conclusion, the study recommends the need to engage the genuine IPOB agitators in meaningful dialogue and also fish out the criminal elements whose activities threaten national security.

Merger & Acquisition - A Win-win Situation or a Paradox

This quote would definitely now have two schools of thought. With the world witnessing such a variety of mergers and acquisitions, this dissertation is aimed at showcasing different types of mergers and acquisitions, their synergies, and what led to their success or led them into a deeper mess. The chapters would be containing detailed case studies that show how a few factors play a major role in the success or failure of mergers and acquisitions. A merger is defined as the combination of two or more companies into a single company where one survives and the other loses its corporate existence. The survivor acquires the assets as well as liabilities of the merged company or companies. Whereas, Acquisition/ Takeover refers to purchase of majority stake (controlling interest) in the share capital of an existing company by another company. It may be noted that in the case of takeover although there is change in management, both the companies retain their separate legal identity. A merger occurs when two separate entities combine forces to create a new, joint organization. Meanwhile, an acquisition refers to the takeover of one entity by another. Considering the above background, the present study is watchfully carried out to appraise the significance of how a merger and acquisition could either do wonders or lead to the very end of the company. In this report I’ll be covering the Basics of Mergers and Acquisition right from the meaning to the various types of Mergers and Acquisition available in the market. The need for Mergers and Acquisition, the aftermath and the case studies of a variety of Mergers and Acquisition.

Armed Banditry and Challenges of National Development : Is Nigeria’s Governance System Failing?

The incessant bandits’ activities vis-à-vis kidnapping of people for ransom, robbing them of their possessions, raping and even killing them at will by groups of people officially described as bandits in parts of Nigeria is worrisome. The study examines the nexus between governance and armed bandits’ activities, as well as its effects on the people and national development. The study relies on researchers’ observation of unfolding events in the study areas and secondary data. The study revealed that the poor quality of governance offered by the successive political leaders of Nigeria was the major inducing factor of these bandits’ activities. Other factors include political and economic reasons, a high unemployment rate, and a high level of poverty. The study concluded that bandits’ activities, if not quickly nipped in the bud will continue to inhibit the political, social, and economic development of the country, also, the activities are capable of truncating the evolving democratic governance and the corporate existence of Nigeria.

Negative Political Characters in Nigeria: Effects on Political Behaviours

Character is key to the success or otherwise of individual, community and the society in general. Character becomes more significance for us as a social being. Social being needs to relate and interact with other people of diverse culture and tradition, religions, historical background, languages and so on. Hence, the character that is display or exhibited as social being in different circles goes a long way to determine the kind of responses and reactions such a person would receive in such circles. For a pluralistic and diverse society such as Nigeria, with over 250 ethnic groups and over 300 languages, there is dire need for proper, adequate and acceptable political character in the country. The failure of any of the ethnic groups to exhibit acceptable character in the country may serve as a threat to the political stability and social cohesion of the country. This becomes germane, as the negative characters may lead to negative voters’ behavior which may subsequently threaten the corporate existence of the country as more and more voter shows apathy towards voting in particular and political participation in general. The aim of this paper is to examine the negative political characters in Nigeria vis-à-vis its effects on voter’s behavior in Nigeria. Purely a qualitative paper, hence secondary data will be put to use. Some major negative political behavior identified by this paper are corruption, political violence and lack of accountability. The paper therefore suggested good governance and social inclusiveness as some of the solutions to these problems. Keywords: Negative characters, political behavior, Nigeria, corruption, apolitical

State responses to herder–farmers conflict and peace-building in rural grazing areas of Nigeria

PurposeConflicts between herders and farmers in Nigeria in the last five years have been destructive to the corporate existence of Nigerian society and the Nigerian State, especially in Northcentral, Northwestern and Southern Nigeria. This paper aims to investigate the relationships between state responses and peace-building in rural grazing communities in Nigeria using a National Survey on Peace-building in Nigeria conducted by this team using a cross-sectional survey of 1,711 farmers and herders.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted the political economy of the herder–farmers conflict in Africa to contextualise the problem. Data generated from the study were analysed using chi-square test and binary logistic regression model.FindingsThe results showed that protection of victims of herder–farmers conflict (P = 0.024), blockage of sources of illicit weapons (P = 0.000), arrest of leaders (P = 0.043), provision of shelter (P = 0.030), provision of food (P = 0.037), protection of women from sexual exploitation and abuse (P = 0.019) and use of the media were positively related to peace-building in the rural grazing areas. The study further found that when the Federal Government (ß= 0.452, P = 0.018), State Government (ß= 0.522, P = 0.018), private individuals (ß = 0.855, P = 0.000) and cooperative societies (ß = 0.744, P = 0.021) established ranches, peace was likely to be guaranteed as opposed to where herders (ß= –0.355, P= 0.029) were allowed to establish ranches in the rural grazing communities in Nigeria implying that the Federal and State Government must be cautious in the implementation of the Livestock Transformation Plans not to create an impression that it is designed to favour the herders.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is original and the paper has not been submitted to any journal.

Integrating Peace Education into Senior Secondary School Science and Technological Curriculum for Sustainable National Unity and Development

The paper presents an overview of peace education and the need for its integration into the senior secondary science and technology curriculum for sustainable national unity and development. It argues that many changes in the society coupled with the increasing scientific and technological innovations have brought a lot of unimaginable challenges such as intergroup tensions, civil unrest, ethnic agitations, insecurity, cultism, kidnapping, arm robbery, cybercrimes, banditry, child trafficking etc. all of which have greatly threatened the corporate existence of our nation Nigeria. The paper therefore posits that integration of Peace Education into the secondary school science and technology curriculum could help senior secondary school students gain effective and relevant skills required the resolution of non-violent conflicts. These skills are also expected to be reinforced to facilitate the growth and development of peaceful values in the society.

Legal and Cultural Construction of the Maori Corporate Person

Our understandings of what corporations are—narratives of why they exist, who they serve, and their basic ontological status—matter for the way in which legal and ethical responsibilities become imputed to them. Interactions between the law of corporations and ordinary peoples’ thinking about themselves (as agents, as owners, and as responsible, or not, for an organization’s adherence to social mores) contribute to the way in which they imagine the corporation to be. Beyond the question of personhood, then, is the question of how the jurisprudence of the corporation is (en)cultured. To tease apart the multiple layers of this inquiry—to make the anthropologist’s move of rendering the familiar strange—it is useful to shift our attention to less typically encountered uses of the corporate form; here, a look at Indigenously owned corporations provides that new perspective. This slant view makes apparent new intersections between understandings of the reasons for corporate existence and the rights that the corporation might properly claim, suggesting the crucial role that these intersections might play in theorizing the corporation.

Envisioning Global Security for Sustainable National Development in Nigeria: The Role of Science and Technology Education

Security is an imperative for every nation of the world. This is even more vital for a developing nation like Nigeria. Existing studies revealed that scientific and technological advancements in many developing nations have in no small measure help in reshaping their security capabilities which inturn has tremendously mitigated the impact of security threats. Drawing from this background this paper therefore x-rays some security threats in Nigeria that reveal that the country as a nation requires transformation in science and technology education to tackle the increasing insecurity level that has hitherto destroyed the corporate existence of the nation. The meanings of science and technology as well as the concept of global security are explained. The interactions of these are explored and the implications to the Nigeria science and technology education are drawn. The paper concludes with some suggestions among which is that Nigeria Government should invest not only in science and technology education but should also use the right policy framework to develop appropriate labour force through science and technology education.

Proposed a Design Company Performance Management System by Using Balanced Scorecard in a Nickel Mining Company (Case: PT Gema Kreasi Perdana)

Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest nickel reserves in the world. In the Asian region, Indonesia’s nickel laterite reserves are in the third position. Indonesia’s nickel reserves are around 800 thousand tons or about 30% of the world’s total nickel production, so that Indonesia has the potential to enjoy the demand for this stainless metal [7]. One of the companies that carry out nickel mining in Southeast Sulawesi Province is PT Gema Kreasi Perdana (GKP). As a newly established company, a variety of strategies are implemented to survive and maintain its corporate existence in the mining industry. The company needs a method for measuring performance in order to monitor and analyze company performance. Implementing a Performance Management System is one way that can be used (PMS). Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is the employed PMS in this investigation. BSC is a method for measuring the performance of a firm by bridging the gap between strategy and execution. Based on a literature review, focus group discussions (FGD), and interviews with expert practitioners in their respective fields, objective strategies are determined for each perspective. The aims and initiatives for key performance indicators (KPIs) are determined based on benchmarking with other businesses and company interviews. Data analysis and weighting from each perspective will be carried out using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. In addition to using goal strategies, the researchers cascaded the process from the Business Unit Level to the Individual Level and limited in the HRGA (Human Resource and General Affair) and Strategic Affair Division of PT Gema Kreasi Perdana. The cascading process is believed important to ensure that the company’s vision, mission, and strategy are communicated clearly to all employees. The cascading process is regarded important to ensure that the company’s vision, goal, and strategy are communicated clearly to each employee. This cascading produced multiple objective strategies and KPIs for HRGA and Strategic Affair Division of PT GKP. As suggestions for future research, it would be preferable for the research to cascade to all levels within each division in the company.

A Critical Assessment of Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Nigeria Relations during the Period of Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970

The paper examines Nigeria and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Relations during the Nigerian Civil War. It discusses the role of USA, Britain and France in the Nigerian Civil war. It analyzes the timely intervention of USSR which supplied military weapons and technical personnel to Nigeria when Britain and USA declined. The researcher obtains data from primary and secondary sources. Oral interviews serve as primary sources. Books, journals, articles, newspapers, projects, theses dissertations were used as secondary sources. It was found that the relationship between Nigeria- USSR in the Pre-civil war period was Lukewarm, non-chalant and sad. It was found that France openly supported the Republic of Biafra while Britain and USA refused Nigeria’s request for weapons to execute the war. It was demonstrated that Nigeria needed weapons to stop the Biafran forces from succeeding and initially relied on Britain and USA to supply the weapons but they were not willing to provide the military assistance. Hence, the federal Government directed their attention to USSR for assistance which the Soviets gradually accepted. In conclusion, it was found that the continuous corporate existence of Nigeria as a sovereign state owns much to the timely assistance provided by USSR during the Nigeria’s trying period.

A Farewell to All That

Like a love affair that has grown cold, Bruce Marshall has lost his affection and loyalty to Karl Barth. The reasons are complex, intellectual, and personal, and certainly, exceed the reasons proposed in this essay. Several are proposed all the same: that Marshall considers proper Nicene theology to consist in answers; that the reading of Holy Scripture that inspired Barth is not plausible or consistent with Marshall's doctrinal commitments; and that the Doctrines of God and of Salvation do not readily cohere with Catholic magisterial teaching. Barth can however be defended against these charges, drawing on his Doctrine of Justification as an epistemic as well as Soteriological teaching, and his strong notion of corporate existence in the redeeming work of Christ.

Restructuring: A Catholicon for the Stability of Nigerian Federalism

Nigeria has, over the last three decades, observed threats to its corporate existence as a federation due to the dissatisfaction of the various ethnic nationalities. This dissatisfaction has necessitated the growth of ethnic and micro-nationalistic groups requesting that the country be restructured. Hence the clamour for “restructuring” is high more than ever in the country, with the different ethnic groups advocating for one form of restructuring of the other; while others are threatening to secede from the union. Successive governments have made efforts to pacify the different ethnic nationalities to keep fate with the Nigerian federation with little success, as the agitations for restructuring and threats to disintegrate remain all times high. Consequently, there is strong political rivalry, among the different ethnic groups, which has substantially created political instability in the nation. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that genuine and sincere restructuring of the Nigerian State will to a large extent dowse the threats to Nigerian federalism. The study adopted the Cooperative Federalism strand of the Modern Approach of Federalism, which is anchored on cooperation and interdependence among component units of governments, to explain the necessity for restructuring the Nigerian State. The study used mainly secondary data related to federalism, restructuring and political stability. The study revealed that there has not been a sincere effort at restructuring the Nigerian State since the collapse of the First Republic through a coup d’état, which to a large extent made the country operate as a unitary state and this has fueled ethnic rivalry as well as underdevelopment in the country. The paper concluded that for Nigerian federalism to be substantially free from stress and strains there must be a concerted effort at sincerely restructuring the polity. The study recommended among other things, that government should expedite action to restructure the Nigerian State, engage the dissatisfied and agitating groups clamouring for self-determination, grant greater autonomy to the sub-units, and allow the states to explore and exploit mineral resources in their domain for maximum productivity and development.

A Discourse Analysis of Online Readers’ Comments on Political Discourse in Nigeria Abubakar Jibril, Sabiu Idris, and Adamu Mohammed

The internet has liberalized political discussion in Nigeria, and enhanced public debates on trending social, economic, religious, and political issues on the various platforms it harbours, such as the social media, online news sites and blogs among others. Online comments sections of news sites enable readers for instance, to discuss issues raised in the news from their individual points of view. This development facilitates interaction among news producers and consumers, and serves as effective feedback mechanism. However, previous researches have established disturbing trends on the platforms, bordering on a seaming inclination of discourse to ethnic, religious and regional schmaltziness. This portends damning implications on the age-long unity in diversity question in Nigeria. This study, therefore, undertakes a qualitative discourse analysis of comments on the various online news platforms vis-à-vis this ‘all important’ unity in diversity question. Specific attention was paid to the ideological leanings of the comments in terms of regional, ethnic and religious affiliations of commentators, with the aim to interrogate how these divides are forced into discourse on the platforms, and the implications on the unity and continuous corporate existence of the multicultural Nigeria.

Combating the Menace of Fake News and Hoaxes in Nigeria for National Security: Intervention of the Information professionals

Misinformation and disinformation, popularly known as ‘fake news’ have assumed a disturbing dimension in recent times. Its damaging implications cut across every fiber of a people’s communal life; from politics to religion, from business to social life. Perhaps, the most pronounced area of concern over fake news, particularly in Nigeria is national security, which unarguably is, the greatest challenge of the country at the moment. National security is a sine qua non for economic development and the total wellbeing of a nation. This paper therefore adopted a conceptual framework to basically examine the implications of the menace of fake news for national security. Effort was made to x-ray the conceptual overview and historical evolution of fake news, the strategies for curbing fake news as a way of promoting national security and consequently national economic development. Tips on how to identify fake news were equally suggested. The paper submitted that, fake news is fueling electoral violence, ethno-religious conflicts, leadership mistrust, jungle justice, among others. Consequently, the paper recommends that, efforts must be made by all relevant stakeholders to ensure that Nigerians are sensitize to understand the dangers posed by fake news as it threatens not only the peace and security, but the very corporate existence of the country.

SOCIAL-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF TRANS-BORDER CRIMES IN NIGERIA: 2015-2019

The continuous surge in threats to global security especially orchestrated by trans-border - crimes such as money laundering, arms trafficking, drug trafficking and human trafficking, has given rise to a series of new discussions and strategic thinking among scholars and security experts. Nigeria is not an exception to these threats as it has, lately, been witnessing a handful of these palpable security challenges threatening its peaceful corporate existence and economic prosperity. This paper thus examined the dimensions of trans-border crimes and its socio-economic implications for Nigeria. The paper employed qualitative methodology, secondary data collection and descriptive method of analysis. The paper argues that global interconnectedness facilitates increase in trans-border crimes, especially in Nigeria where the unofficial/unmanned borders surpass the official/manned borders. Therefore, it is found that drug trafficking, arms trafficking, trafficking of persons, car smuggling and internet fraud are prevalent trans-border crimes in Nigeria. The socio-economic implications of trans-border crimes are mostly felt in fueling corruption, infiltrating businesses, hindering development and endangering lives and national security. Identifiable causes of increased trans-border crimes in Nigeria include porous borders, political corruption, and compromised security system. It is concluded that trans-border crimes pose serious national challenges that require multi track strategies and coordinated responses from the government, its agencies, transnational agencies, neighbouring governments and the citizens, to address. The paper, thus, recommended that to significantly minimize the menace of trans-border crimes in Nigeria, the government should adequately police the borders while the appropriate law enforcement officers must be well mobilized and equipped to so do.

Educational and political leadership challenges: Exploring implications on security in Nigeria

Fraught with insecurity in recent years, lack of political and educational leaders’ adoption of sound approach to governance in the state is revealed. This manifest in serious humanitarian crises: a threat to national security and the corporate existence of the country. It is against this background that the paper within the framework of systems theory examined the relationship between leadership and security challenges in Nigeria and how it has turned Nigeria into a fragile system. The universal content analysis and qualitative research design were adopted for the study, and secondary sources of data explored to collect facts. The study unveils and traces insecurity in Nigeria to bad political and educational leadership. There is no sound execution of mutual roles by the executive, legislative and judicial arms of the government. Checks and balances as well oversight functions, including rule of law are flouted. The universities have not achieved their goal of moral and mental transformation of the graduates to desist from assisting bad political leaders as thugs. Incessant Academic Staff Union of Universities' strike action caused by bad leadership also undermines sound education. The populace and leaders alike lack knowledge of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4 target 4.7 on promotion of non-violence and peace, world citizenship, and cultural differences acceptance, which explains sound governance approach. Based on this, the study recommended among others, revitalisation of roles of the three arms of government, reformation of educational governance, and reorientation of both leaders and the led on sound governance and SDGs prescriptions.

Drowning Security Apparatus; the Nexus of a Failing State of Nigeria, Threats to Lives and Properties in Anambra State in Perspective

Anambra State, Nigeria has become a hotbed of activities aggravated in the main by kidnappers, unknown-gunmen, cult related killings etc. The effects of these activities necessitate the problematic, as the state has become a flashpoint of incessant kidnaping, killings, loss of businesses and government owned properties and infrastructures worth several billions of Naira, if not in dollars within the space of one year. The above stances necessitated the need to x-ray Nigeria visa a viz Anambra state as a failing state. In the face of the current and numerous killings, hostage takings, destruction and burning of government owned properties etc, security presence notwithstanding. Hence the capacity of the state to exercise its constitutional assigned responsibility of protection of lives and properties of her citizenry remains in doubt. As the Nigerian security architect hardly secure and protect themselves in the face of these upheavals not to talk of her populace. In a bid to see the state of Nigeria which we proclaim, the Nigerian security forces are non-negotiable tools and agent of societal change and transformation, who can further be manipulated in the face of uncertainty against the state. It is in the light of the above that this paper employs a survey design, using secondary sources of data. It further engaged the combination of System and Structural Functionalism as its framework of analysis to reconnoiter the problematic. The paper concludes with a finding that sometimes the security agents are syndicates to the criminal elements that tear the corporate existence of Nigerian state in general, and Anambra state in particular. Thus recommends among others that grass root communication should be encouraged among the local people, and also re-orientation of the Anambra state security architecture on the oath of allegiance to their operational mechanism, even in the face of threat to lives and properties.

Essays in Human Side of the Enterprise: Management Systems, Financial Planning and Employees’ Reactions in a Developing Economy of the 21st Century

An enterprise's survival and goal achievement to a greater extent depend on its management system, financial planning strategies and employees’ reactions. The management system (authoritarian or humanistic) portrays the firm as a composite entity of a goal-setting machine (top management) and a goal-achieving machine (subordinates and employees) in an organisational context. The type of management system and its associated financial planning strategy are admittedly of significant effect in the life of any firm. This is because the goal of the organisation (for the period the financial plan covers) is contained in the financial plan. Goals must not only be set but strategies must be evolved to achieve the goals contained in the financial plan. Financial plans (autocratic or participatory) express the expectations of the enterprise from its members and specifies the employees’ duties and rights (if any) for that period. Financial plan, therefore, is an important instrument for enterprise goal achievement. This paper was necessitated by the unconcerned attitude of enterprise management with current researches in financial planning theory and practice. Available Accounting, finance and Business literature support the assertion that authoritarian management systems and their associated financial planning strategy do not always work. Rather than bringing improved performance, such a system generates anxiety, mistrust, interdepartmental strifes, quarrel with finance staff, demotivation, corrupt activities, poor productivity and other dysfunctional attitudes and behaviour which are inimical to enterprise growth and survival. On the contrary, a humanistic management system relative to its financial planning strategy triggers employees’ morale, motivation and productivity. Such a system boosts corporate existence and enhances continued goal achievement. This system is believed to serve as a panacea: a cure for all the many ills associated with the authoritarian management system and its related autocratic financial planning strategy.

Fostering Ecosystem Services for Mitigating Climate Change and Sustaining Food Production Systems in Developing Economies

Among the greatest challenges of the 21st century is maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services (ESs) to sustainably feed the projected 9–10 billion people of the world by 2050. Presently, incentives to preserve ESs in developing economies are limited, implying that there are no direct market mechanisms to signal the scarcity or degradation of a service until it fails. ESs are public goods with no direct owners. Hence, payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a voluntary transaction that aims at filling this gap by creating a new market for services, including carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, watershed protection and landscape values. Emerging PES has challenged the culture of natural resource depletion without consideration of sustainability. Sustainability is core of climate change vortex, and developing economies are worst hit. Food insecurity and failing agricultural systems will further endanger the fragile balance of life in the region. Until the right approaches to de-risking ecosystem sustainability emerge, the perpetrators of climate change will keep getting away with the harmful effects to our corporate existence. This treatise critically examined how ESs can foster sustainable food production given their holistic inter-relatedness to the subject of climate change mitigation, in the light of global development goals.

Nigeria and ‘Negotiated Elections’: Examining the Impact of Rotational Presidency on Peace, the National Question, and Development

Nigeria is a country consistently tilting towards one violent situation or another. Since its independence in 1960, Nigeria has witnessed numerous ethnoreligious conflicts that have threatened its corporate existence. For example, age-long feelings of relative deprivation by certain sections of the country, have given rise to the continuous reference to a need to address the national question: a phenomenon that describes the aggregation of concerns by the different nationalities on how they can or should cohabit in the same federation. However, elections, and the entire electoral process, often serve as precipitates of ethnoreligious conflicts in Nigeria. Aside from the tensions that always sprout about who becomes what, there is a more prominent challenge of where the candidate comes from. Thus, elections in Nigeria often get reduced to geographical linings of candidates, rather than their competence or political ideology. This is often festered by the need to provide opportunities for all geographical sections of the country to produce the President, thus giving rise to the idea of a rotational presidency as a negotiated approach. The article examined the rotational presidency, vis-à-vis its implication for inclusiveness, peace, the national question, and development in Nigeria. The study utilised historical materials, elite theory, and the consociational model of power sharing to explore how the political activities towards elections have shifted the attention of the populace away from the pedigree and the leadership potentials of the aspirants/candidates to their ethnic and religious backgrounds. The study suggests how good leaders can emerge without jettisoning inclusiveness.