Corporate Earnings Research Articles

Risk Management in Student-Managed Funds: Earnings Announcements and the Collar Strategy

Student-managed investment funds typically pursue “plain vanilla” objectives that satisfy risk-adverse university administrators. We demonstrate the value of adding option strategies to reduce the risk of equity positions around earnings announcements. Such trading strategies enhance the pedagogical value of these classes in several ways. First, students learn how to implement risk reduction strategies. Second, the proper implementation of these strategies requires students to learn the complex mechanisms associated with corporate earnings dissemination and analyst coverage. This also provides an opportunity to study earnings drift, which is a persistent and economically significant financial anomaly. We document how students have successfully utilized collar strategies to immunize risk in the fund at the University of Denver.

Information Dispersion Across Employees and Stock Returns

Rank-and-file employees are becoming increasingly critical for many firms, yet we know little about how their employment dynamics matter for stock prices. We analyze new data from the individual CV’s of public company employees, and find that rank-and-file labor flows can be used to predict abnormal stock returns. Accounting data and survey evidence indicate that workers’ labor market decisions reflect information about future corporate earnings. Investors, however, do not appear to fully incorporate this information into their earnings expectations. The findings support the hypothesis that rank-and-file employees’ entry and exit decisions convey valuable insight into their employers’ future stock performance.

Analisis Perubahan Laba Kotor (Gross Profit) pada P.R. Kembang Jati Kudus

The company's performance usually seen from the financial aspect is generated by analyzing the financial statements of the income statement. Analyzing the income statement aims to determine the extent to which the corporate earnings to the owner for a certain period. Analyzing the income statement can be carried out by analyzing changes in gross profit. This analysis is useful to determine the level of efficient and effective company in business. The lower gross profit continuously can be caused by changes in the selling prices of products, changes in the price of production and other costs to be incurred by the company every year, causing a decrease in gross profit, which in turn lead to acceptance of the company's profits are reduced or even loss. Income is mainly influenced by three factors are interrelated to one another, namely sales volume, sales prices, and production costs. The research objective is to analyze the changes in gross profit (Gross Porfit), to assess the factors causing the change in gross profit PR Kembang Jati and search efforts to maintain the increase in gross profit to the company's performance can be improved.

“好公民”还是“好演员”：企业社会责任行为异象研究—基于企业业绩预告视角

履行社会责任的公司究竟是真心实意的“好公民”还是表里不一的“好演员”？文章基于业绩预告视角，研究了企业社会责任声誉与行为背离的异象。研究发现，企业履行社会责任越佳，发布业绩预告的概率越低，初步表明我国很可能存在企业社会责任背离的“好演员”。进一步的实证表明，在发布业绩预告的企业中，企业社会责任评分越高，业绩预告的准确性和精确性也越高。这表明发布业绩预告且履行社会责任好的企业是真心实意的“好公民”。文章的研究表明，业绩预告行为有助于利益相关者甄别履行社会责任好的企业是“好公民”还是“好演员”，也有利于投资者做出投资决策和缓解市场信息不对称。

Concealing social responsibility? Investigating the relationship between CSR, earnings management and the effect of industry through quantitative analysis

The relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and earnings management (EM) has only emerged recently as a topic of academic research. Literature suggests that firms may strategically use CSR to compensate for EM or to deflect stakeholder attention from EM. Studies on the EM-CSR relationships have so far yielded contradictory results. Additionally, research has largely neglected the influence of industry on this relationship. As scholars of both CSR and EM have suggested that industry effects may play a role, this study examines the relationship between the level of CSR performance of companies, the extent of EM firms are practising and the effect of industry (high vs. low environmental impact as a proxy for experienced stakeholder pressure). Using the Modified Jones model, discretionary accruals are estimated and used as a proxy for EM (accrual-based EM). Firm CSR performance is captured by using the Kinder, Lydenberg, Domino (KLD) database. Using a sample consisting of 5494 observations of US listed companies for the fiscal years 2003 until 2009, this study (1) finds no relationship between EM and CSR and (2) finds that the firms in the category high environmental impact do not seem to practice EM but do display higher levels of CSR performance. Finally, the article reflects critically on the concepts used in studying the EM-CSR relationship and its contribution to the literature.

The Effects of the Previous Corporation Internal Reservation on the Current Wage after Implementing Corporate Earnings Reflux Tax

The Effects of the Previous Corporation Internal Reservation on the Current Wage after Implementing Corporate Earnings Reflux Tax

An exploratory analysis of earnings management practices in Australia and New Zealand

PurposeThis study aims to explore corporate earnings management practices in Australia and New Zealand before and after the regulatory changes and corporate governance reforms. The study argues that the effectiveness of regulatory reforms has to be reflected in constraining earnings management in post-reform period as compared to pre-reform period.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 3,966 firm-year observations, including all ASX and NZX listed firms for the period 2001-2006, the study examines earnings management practices in both countries in pre- and post-reform periods with appropriate statistical methods.FindingsThe results indicate some interesting phenomenon: the magnitude of earnings management did not decline after the governance reform as a positive time trend is observed in the entire sample as well as in Australian and New Zealand sub-samples, suggesting that earnings management has been growing over time. Additional test indicates no structural change has occurred before and after the new regulations. The shifting from decreasing earnings management to increasing earnings management can be interpreted as an evidence that earnings become more ‘informative’ in a more transparent disclosure regime to capture short-run benefits from regulator reforms.Research limitations/implicationsThe shifting of earnings management behaviour from decreasing to increasing income can be interpreted as the outcome of more “informative”, rather than “deliberate”, earnings management in a more transparent disclosure regime to capture short-run benefits of regulatory reforms, which is worth further investigation. The findings of the study can lead regulatory authorities taking appropriate measures to promote earnings quality in corporate financial reporting from a long-run decision usefulness context. Any future reforms should be directed to protecting the interest of stakeholders as well as ensuring benefits outweighing costs for them.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study can lead regulatory authorities in taking appropriate measures to promote earnings quality in corporate financial reporting from a long-run decision usefulness context.Originality/valueThe study adds value to the existing earnings management literature as well as effectiveness of regulations for the benefit of wider stakeholder groups.

ANALISIS PENILAIAN TINGKAT KESEHATAN BANK SYARIAH BERDASARKAN METODE RGEC TAHUN 2012 - 2016

The purpose of this research is to know the level of health of Islamic banking in Indonesia using RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earnings, and Capital) in the period 2012 – 2016. Research methods used include quantitative and qualitative methods. On quantitative method describes the Risk Profile using NPF financial ratios (Non Performing Financing), and FDR (Financing the Deposit Ratio), using Earnings ratio ROA (return on assets), ROE (return on equity), BOPO (Cost to Income Ratio), and Capital used CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio). On the qualitative method describes the Good Corporate Governance. Types of data used are secondary data in the form of annual reports and publications reports published on the website that is managed per Islamic banking in Indonesia. The results of the research show that there are some health conditions in Islamic banking by category very healthy is Panin Bank Syariah, healthy category i.e, BCA Bank Syariah, BNI Bank Syariah, BRI Bank Syariah, Bukopin Bank, Mandiri Bank Syariah, Mega Bank Syariah, Muamalat Bank Syariah, and Victoria Bank Syariah. Categories less healthy are MayBank Syariah.

Measuring the Behavioural Component of the S&P 500 and its Relationship to Financial Stress and Aggregated Earnings Surprises

AbstractScholars in management and economics have shown increasing interest in isolating the behavioural dimension of market evolution. Indeed, by improving forecast accuracy and precision, this exercise would certainly help firms to anticipate economic fluctuations, thus leading to more profitable business and investment strategies. Yet, how to extract the behavioural component from real market data remains an open question. By using monthly data on the returns of the constituents of the S&P 500 index, we propose a Bayesian methodology to measure the extent to which market data conform to what is predicted by prospect theory (the behavioural perspective), relative to the (standard) subjective expected utility theory baseline. We document a significant behavioural component that reaches its peaks during recession periods and is correlated to measures of financial volatility, market sentiment and financial stress with expected sign. Moreover, the behavioural component decreases around macroeconomic corporate earnings news, while it reacts positively to the number of surprising announcements.

Are Controlling Shareholders Influencing the Relationship Between CSR and Earnings Quality? Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies

ABSTRACTThis article examines how controlling shareholders may affect the relationship between the level of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and earnings quality. We find that controlling shareholders have a significant impact on the relationship between the level of CSR and earnings quality; the relationship between the level of CSR and earnings quality is significantly positive in privately owned enterprises but not state-owned enterprises; and, among state-owned enterprises, the relationship is weaker at enterprises controlled by the central government than at those controlled by local governments. Our article highlights the differential impacts of controlling shareholders on the relationship between CSR and earnings quality.

The Strategic Responses from Sophisticated Investors to Inaccurate Forecast of Financial Analysts

We examine whether there are more information based trading activities that are generated around the time of earnings announcements. We distinguish between the influence of information based traders, especially short sellers, and market information quality through the reaction of participants to new information derived from corporate earnings announcements. We find that informed traders do take advantage of overpriced stocks, and do short stocks before the confirmation of past expectations of future cash flows from corporates. We apply Standardized Unexpected Earnings (SUE) in the method and our result indicates that informed traders are more likely to take advantage of overpriced stocks, using a tool (shorting) that is not traditionally used by unsophisticated investors. We also demonstrate an unique finding that informed traders follow stock analysts not for investing advice, but to take advantage of those unsophisticated investors that buy in to the rhetoric expressed by financial analysts.

Impact of Strategic Short Term Financial Management on Corporate Earnings

Impact of Strategic Short Term Financial Management on Corporate Earnings

A review of the characteristics of corporate and Shariah governance mechanisms and earnings quality

This paper aims to present a review of past literature on Shariah governance's regulatory frameworks, characteristics of mechanisms and relationship with financial reporting quality focusing on earnings quality. This paper specifically examines cross-country empirical studies. The different types of Shariah governance regulatory frameworks in various countries that operate Islamic banking were identified. A synthesis of empirical findings demonstrated that characteristics of corporate and Shariah governance in Islamic banking have been examined in relation to performance, efficiency, risk behaviour and earnings quality. The board of directors (BOD) and Shariah supervisory board (SSB) are the most examined mechanisms. Besides, the measurements of earnings quality have been proxied by discretionary accrual, loan loss provision and earnings loss avoidance. It is concluded that the presence of Shariah governance have impacted the managerial behaviour and quality of financial reporting of Islamic banks.

A review of the characteristics of corporate and Shariah governance mechanisms and earnings quality

A review of the characteristics of corporate and Shariah governance mechanisms and earnings quality

Peer Pressure in Corporate Earnings Management

Peer Pressure in Corporate Earnings Management

Employee Turnover Likelihood and Earnings Management: Evidence from the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine

We present evidence that managers consider employee turnover likelihood in their accounting choices. Our tests exploit U.S. state courts’ staggered recognition of the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine (IDD), which reduces employees’ ability to switch employers. We find a significant decrease in upward earnings management for firms headquartered in states that recognize the IDD relative to firms headquartered elsewhere. The effect of the IDD is stronger for firms relying more on human capital and for firms whose employees have higher ex-ante turnover likelihood, confirming the employee retention channel. Overall, our results support the view that retaining employees is an important motive for corporate earnings management.

Interest rate volatility, the yield curve, and the macroeconomy

This paper provides theory and evidence that a low-dimensional term structure model can simultaneously price bonds and related options. It shows that a component of volatility risk largely unrelated to the shape of the yield curve is a determinant of expected excess returns for holding long maturity bonds. It also finds evidence for this return relationship both in the model and directly in the data through regression analysis. The paper also identifies a link between corporate earnings performance and interest rate volatility, providing a channel driving interest rate volatility. The structure of risk in the model that gives rise to these features of volatility is distinct from that inherent in recent models with unspanned stochastic volatility.

The governance effect or entrenchment effect? social responsibility and earnings management in chemical industry

Chemical industry is the industrial foundation of our country. The corporate social responsibility and earnings management are the hot topics in the field of chemical industry and accounting. This paper takes the A-share listed companies in the chemical industry disclosing social responsibility reports in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets in China during 2009-2015 as samples, and uses the statistical regression method to carry out empirical analysis on the effects of corporate social responsibility on earnings management. The results show that the social responsibility of the listed companies in China's chemical industry plays a governance effect on real earnings management.

Improving the Treatment of Holding Gains and Default Losses in National Accounts

Holding gains and losses and default losses play key roles in the operations and reported income of financial intermediaries and other businesses, but are excluded from the national accounts definition of income. Measures that combine income and holding gains/losses and that adjust the income of lenders for predictable default losses are needed to understand the operating results of businesses and the resources available to households, and should be presented in supplementary accounts. Changing the national accounts treatment of retained earnings of corporations to include retained earnings in the income of shareholders would provide improved insight into the roles of holding gains and saving in changes in the wealth of households and governments. To measure output properly in the core national accounts, apparent holding gains that are really payments for services must be distinguished from true holding gains, and expected default losses must be excluded from FISIM on loans.

Can Investors Profit from Information Diversity?

There is heterogeneity in individual forecasts of any variable — inflation, corporate earnings, etc. The standard consensus estimate takes a simple average of individual forecasts, implicitly treating each forecast as a common signal plus noise. If some individuals know more than others, then a consensus estimate is not necessarily the optimal way to combine forecasts. I show how a recently developed statistical technique can infer overlap in information across agents and I apply it to stock recommendations of sell-side analysts. I find a trading strategy that delivers an alpha of 2-3% on an annualized basis, net of transaction costs, suggesting that information diversity is prevalent, economically significant, and tradable.