Coronoid Height Research Articles

Mandibular parameters as a predictor of sex: A digital orthopantomogram study

Background: The determination of age and sex is required for forensic practice and medicolegal purposes. Because the mandible is typically recovered intact, it plays a crucial role in determining sex. Orthopantomogram X-rays can be used to thoroughly examine the mandible. The availability of a large number of antemortem orthopantomograms could be extremely beneficial in terms of evaluating and developing population-specific sex determination standards. Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of the mandibular ramus in sex determination by evaluating linear and angular measurements of the mandibular ramus on digital panoramic radiographs. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 216 digital orthopantomogram from March 2021 to June 2021 in Kantipur Dental College. A convenient sampling technique was used to collect the radiographs. Mandibular parameters were traced using Image J Software, and angular and linear parameters were calculated. Radiographs with high image quality and sharpness of patients with full permanent dentition, no radiographic evidence of trauma were included in the study. Descriptive analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). The measures were compared using an Independent t-test, and the results were subjected to discriminant function analysis. Results: The male’s vertical parameters were found to be greater than the female’s. The coronoid height was shown to be the most dimorphic using discriminant analysis. The overall accuracy of the mandibular parameters was 63.4%. Conclusion: Mandible can be used as an adjunct in sex determination.

Orthopantomography and use of Mandibular Indices for the Evaluation of Gender Distribution in Navi Mumbai Population - A Retrospective, Single Blind Study

Introduction: The study of forensic sciences often leaves the forensic expert to draw conclusions from any and every material available in determining the identity of the deceased. The initial step in identifying a person is to determine their gender based on their adult skeleton. The human skeleton displays sexual dimorphism, of which the skull is most dimorphic providing an accurateness of 92%. However, in certain situations where the skull may not be found intact, the mandible plays a vital role. The mandible's thick covering of compact bone helps keep it from exploding during a mass tragedy. Dimorphism in the mandible is gender specific and is mainly reflected in its shape and size. The mandible is also easily radiographed and specific linear measurements of the mandibular rami as seen on an OPG are useful indices for gender determination. 
 Aims: To examine the efficacy of mandibular rami measures such as maximum ramus breadth, maximum ramus height, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height, coronoid height, mandibular body length and gonial angles on the right and left side of an OPG in determining gender.
 Materials and methods: 110 digital OPG’s (55 males, 55 females) of a Navi Mumbai population were obtained retrospectively from a reputed dental college and hospital. The OPG’s were taken using Xtropan 2000 OPG machine, 10x12 PSP plates, exposure parameters of 75 Kvp, 8 mas, 13 sec, and KODAK CR 7400 digitizer. Master View 3.0 software was used on the desktop computer to measure the mandibular ramus's width and thickness. Maximum ramus breadth, Maximum Ramus height and lowest ramus breadth of the mandibular rami, as well as the height of the condyle and the coronoid bone, and the length of the mandibular body and gonial angles on the right and left sides of the mouth, were all measured. Using a statistical formula, the measurements were substituted and gender was estimated.
 Result: We used the IBM SPSS v 21.0 statistical software for social sciences to do our statistical study. p0.05 was deemed statistically significant, with a 5% margin of error and a 20% margin of error, giving the study an 80 percent power. In the study group, 51 of the 55 men were expected to be males, while 49 of the 55 females were anticipated to be females, while 6 of the 55 females were predicted to be males.
 Conclusion: This research shows that the mandibular ramus is a useful tool for determining gender, and digital panoramic imaging yielded the best accurate linear measures. There was considerable sexual dimorphism in the mandibular ramus in the chosen Navi – Mumbai subpopulation, and the combination of 8 factors demonstrated an accuracy of 91.81 percent and was helpful for gender determination.

ANALYSIS OF RADIOMORPHOMETRIC INDICES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROSIS: CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Objectives. The aim of this case report is to present a single patient case superimposed on the literature knowledge in regard to mophometric mandibular variations observed on dental panoramic radiography and used to identify patients with low bone mass density (BMD). Case presentation. A 62 years old female patient reported to the Blident Help Dental Clinic, for specific visits and treatments, 3 years apart. Based on the digital panoramic radiography and DXA measurement, an osteoporosis evaluation with radiomorphometric indices was performed. Values for maximum condylar height, maximum coronoid height, projective height of the mandibular ramus, minimum ramus breadth and antegonial angle are higher on both sides. the values decreased for gonial angle, gonial index, mandible cortical width (MCW), superior and inferior mental height and panoramic mandibular indices on both sides. Bigonial distance also dicreased and the mandibular cortical index (MCI) changed from C2 category in 2017 to C3 category in 2020. Discussions. This postmenopausal pacient had a decline in MCW values which were lower than 3 mm (threshold to differentiate normal) on panoramic radiographs of women with low BMD. Antegonial Index had a decreased value and could be used as a prediction index for osteoporosis. MCI index changed from C2 to C3 in correlation with the changes of bone mass density in lumbar spine. Conclusions. MCI, MCW, antegonial index and bone density played an important role in determining significance of effects of lower BMD at postmenopausal on the mandibular ramus region.

Mandibular Ramus as a Strong Expressor of Sex Determinations: A Digital Radiographic Study

Background:This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of mandibular ramus in gender identification in Haryana population.Materials and Methods:One hundred patients were assessed. Panoramic radiological examination was done. Following parameters were recorded: MAX. RM. WDTH (Maximum ramus breadth), MIN. RM. WDTH (Minimum ramus breadth), CND. HGT. RM (Condylar height), PRJ. HGT. RM (Projective height of the ramus), and CRND. HGT. RM (Coronoid height). All the results were recorded in Microsoft excel sheet and were analyzed by SPSS software version 16.0.Results:There is significant difference found in males and females in maximum ramus width, minimum ramus width, condylar height, and coronoid height and between male and females in condylar height and coronoid height. Furthermore, there was statistical significant difference between male and females in coronoid height.Conclusion:Mandibular ramus can be used for gender assessment as a part of forensic investigation.

Role of Three Dimensional Computed Tomography in Age Estimation from Mandible of a Sample of Libyan Population in Tripoli

Age estimation is fundamental in forensic examinations, either in legal conditions that including living people or to identify skeletal remains. The mandible gives better growth than the other facial bones and presents morphological alterations that relate to size and remodeling during human growth. Previous studies have reported the use of facial reconstruction by three dimensional computed tomography (3D‑CT) for individual identification. The aim of this study was to investigate role of 3D CT in age estimation from mandible of a sample of Libyan Population in Tripoli. This study was conducted in National Cancer Institute, Tripoli, Libya on 200 adults for 6 months (from the beginning of January to the end of June, 2020). All subjects were subjected to 3D-CT scan to assess seven mandibular parameters which were gonial angle, ramus length, minimal ramus breadth, coronoid height, gonion-gnathion length, bicondylar breadth and bigonial length. The results showed significant positive correlation between gonial angle, gonion-gnathion length and age. While, there was significant negative correlation between ramus length, bigonial length and age either in total, male and female samples. By simple linear regression equations, age can be estimated from mandibular parameters proven to be statistically significant with highest R2 (coefficient of determination) were gonial angle and ramus length either in total, male and female samples. Additionally, there were no significant differences between actual age and estimated age by gonial angle and ramus length either in total, male and female samples. It can be concluded that age can be estimated from mandibular metric parameters measured by 3D-CT with high degree of accuracy.

Sex Determination of Dry Human Mandible Using Metrical Parameters in Mahakaushal Region of Madhya Pradesh, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Determination of sex and age from skeletal remains is not only important for forensic science but also for Anatomy, Forensic Odontology, Anthropology and Palaeontology examination. Mandible next to the pelvis in human remains help us in the identification of age, sex, and race. Aim: To determine sex by using metrical parameters in dry human mandible. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study contained 104 dry human mandibles of undetermined age and unknown sex (as they were not recorded at the time of acquisition) belonging to the Indian population was obtained from NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. All adult (mandible with presence of bilateral molar teeth; prominent alveolar sockets; intact condylar and coronoid processes; well- developed bone), intact and well-formed mandible were taken and broken, deformed, pathological bones were excluded. Statistically analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 16.0. results: Out of the 13 parameters studied statistically highly significant difference in sex was observed in bicondylar breadth, bigonial breadth, coronoid breadth, angle of mandible, mandibular length, diagonal length and coronoid height, length of lower jaw. conclusion: The present study utilises the 13 different metrical parameters. The application of these 13 metrical parameters along with morphological features could be a useful tool for sex determination of the mandible.

A retrospective comparative analysis of mandibular ramus and mental foramenin sex determination among the population of Kanyakumari district

Background and Objectives Personnel identification is of utmost importance at the site of mass disasters and crimes where the hard tissue is often the available sample. This study proposed to evaluate the measurements of mandibular ramus along with the mental foramen as observed on panoramic radiographs for sex determination among the population of Kanyakumari district.Methodology This cross-sectional study recruited a total sample size of 250 individuals with sex equally distributed. Measurements of the mandibular ramus Maximum ramus breadth MxRB Minimum ramus breadth MnRB Condylar height CnH Projective height of ramus PR and Coronoid height CrH and the measurements of the distance from mental foramen superior S-L and inferior border I-L to the lower border of the mandible were made bilaterally the average values were tabulated and statistically analysed by Chi-Square test with plt0.05 set as statistically significant.Results MxRB was 35.92plusmn2.78 mm in males and 33.78plusmn3.56 mm in females MnRB was 28.00plusmn2.19 mm in males and 25.80 plusmn1.93 mm in females CnH was 66.83plusmn4.90 mm in males and 61.03plusmn4.67 mm in females PR in males was 65.84plusmn5.18 mm and 59.79plusmn4.34 mm in females CrH was 56.76plusmn4.34 mm in males and 52.97plusmn3.78 mm in females. S-L was 14.77plusmn2.67 mm in males and 12.57plusmn1.54 mm in females I-L was 11.51plusmn2.19 mm in males and 9.55plusmn1.64 mm in females.Conclusion Mandibular ramus measurements and mental foramen parameters showed significant sexual dimorphism with higher measurements in males in this population. Coronoid height of the ramus was the most reliable indicator of sex.

Determination of age and gender using condylar height and coronoid height- An orthopantomographic study

Introduction: The determination of age and gender in remnants of skull is important for medico-legal cases, especially where the bodies have been injured beyond identification as seen usually in cases of mass disaster. Panoramic radiographs are frequently used in routine dental practice to visualize the complete maxillo-mandibular region, temporo-mandibular joint and bilateral vital structures which are recorded on a single film. Hence, using digital panoramic radiographs this study was conducted in Telangana population to evaluate the usefulness of different linear measurements of ramus in determination of age and gender. Materials and Methods: 150 panoramic images of dentate subjects with an age ranging from 20-70yrs old were selected for the present study. For every panoramic image measurements were performed bilaterally resulting in a total of 300 rami being assessed. The digital panoramic images were saved in JPEG. File format and exported to the Care stream dental imaging software where the linear measurements were performed. The measurements were made using condylar-ramus and coronoid-ramus height. These measurements were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: It was seen that the Condyle to Gonion (CG) and Coronoid to Gonion (CoG) values is greater in males than in females with high significance. On comparison of the mean values of CG and CoG amongst the 3 age groups there was a significant difference in the mean CG values but not in the mean CoG values. Conclusion: The ramus height measurements on digital panoramic radiogrpahs can be used in the determination of age and gender. Keywords: Age determination, Gender determination, Orthopantomograph, Condylar height, Coronoid height.

Injuries to the Coronoid Process of the Ulna with Involvement of the Lesser Sigmoid Notch.

This study aimed to describe the involvement of the lesser sigmoid notch in fractures to the coronoid process. We hypothesized that injuries to the lateral aspect of the coronoid process regularly involve the annular ligament insertion at the anterior lesser sigmoid notch. Patients treated for a coronoid process fracture at our institution between 06/2011 and 07/2018 were included. We excluded patients < 18 years, patients with arthritic changes or previous operative treatment to the elbow, and patients with concomitant injuries to the proximal ulna. In patients with involvement of the lesser sigmoid notch, the coronoid height and fragment size (anteroposterior, mediolateral, and craniocaudal) were measured. Seventy-two patients (mean age: 47 years ± 17.6) could be included in the study. Twenty-one patients (29.2%) had a fracture involving the lateral sigmoid notch. The mean anteroposterior fragment length was 7 ± 1.6 mm. The fragment affected a mean of 43 ± 10.8% of the coronoid height. The mean mediolateral size of the fragment was 10 ± 5.0 mm, and the mean cranio-caudal size was 7 ± 2.7 mm. Coronoid fractures regularly include the lesser sigmoid notch. These injuries possibly affect the anterior annular ligament insertion which is important for the stability of the proximal radioulnar joint and varus stability of the elbow.

Biomechanical comparison of screw osteosyntheses and anatomical plating for coronoid shear fractures of the ulna

IntroductionAmong the few techniques described for the treatment of coronoid fractures, osteosynthesis techniques include screw osteosynthesis from anterior to posterior (AP) or from posterior to anterior (PA) and plate osteosynthesis. The aim of this study was to test the biomechanical stability of screw osteosynthesis and plate osteosynthesis using anatomical plates in coronoid process fractures.Materials and methodsOn a total of 25 biomechanical synthetical ulnae, a coronoid shear fracture including 70% of the coronoid height was simulated. Osteosynthesis was then performed using two 2.7 mm screws from anterior, posterior and with use of three different anatomical plates of the coronoid process. For the biomechanical testing, axial load was applied to the fragment with 1000 cycles from 5 to 250 N, load to failure and load at 100 µm displacement. Displacements were measured using a point-based three-dimensional motion analysis system.ResultsOsteosynthesis using the PA-screw showed significant more displacement during cyclic loading compared with all other osteosyntheses (0.99 mm), whereas AP-screw showed the smallest displacement (0.10 mm) during cyclic loading. The PA-screw technique showed a significant lower load to failure compared to all other osteosynthesis with the highest load in AP-screw osteosynthesis. The load for 100 µm displacement was the smallest in PA-screw with a significant difference to the AP-screw and one plate osteosynthesis.ConclusionOsteosynthesis of large coronoid shear fractures with two small-fragment screws from anterior allows stable fixation that is not inferior to anterior plate osteosynthesis and might be an alternative in specific fracture types. Posterior screw fixation was found as the weakest fixation method.Level of evidenceBasic science study

Mandibular Ramus Sexual Dimorphism Using Panoramic Radiography

Background: Identification of human remains is the first essential phase of forensic investigation and is significant for subsequent analyses. Mandible is the most dimorphic, largest, and hardest bone of skull and plays a decisive role in sex determination, especially when the complete skull is not available. This study aimed to examine the accuracy of mandibular ramus assessment in sex discrimination using panoramic radiography. Methods: A total of 135 panoramic radiographs (68 males and 67 females; aged 0-75 years) were retrieved from the database of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran and divided into five groups :4-14, 16-30, 31-45, 45-60, and 61- 75 years. The following four parameters were measured on the radiographs utilizing the mouse-driven method to determine sex: coronoid height (CRH), ramus height (RH), mandibular body height (MBH), and bicondylar breadth (BB). The radiographs were processed using the SCANORA® software. Data were analyzed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) graphs, t test, and the IBM SPSS software version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Results: The percentage of certainty of each variable regarding the determination of sex from an unknown human mandible bone was as follows: RH=84.6%, CRH=82.4%, BB=73.5%, and MBH=83.8%, indicating that RH alone could categorize the sex in 84.6% of the cases (highest accuracy), CRH in 82.4%, BB in 73.5% (lowest accuracy), and MBH in 83.8%. The average accuracy in sex determination was 89% using all four variables. Conclusions: All the variables studied in the present study revealed a reliable extent of certainty for sex discrimination of unidentified skeletal remains. The overall accuracy of all variables altogether was 89%.

Mandibular Measurements for Sex and Age Estimation in Brazilian Sampling.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate the possibility of sex and age estimation in a Brazilian sample, using the following five mandibular measurements: coronoid height, gonial angle, bigonial distance, ramus height, maximum length.Materials and methodsIn total, 103 mandibles were measured, 53 female and 50 male, grouped according to the age in 5 different groups. Two different observers performed all these measurements. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA was used with a significance level of 5% to verify if the mandibular measurements were related to age. The Student t-test was used for comparisons between the sex samples. Eighty three samples were used to develop a logistic regression model. The intra-observer and inter-observer differences were evaluated using the Kappa coefficient.ResultsThe sex differences were statistically significant in all the variables, and all of them were larger in men, apart from the variable related to the gonial angle (GA), which was larger in women. For the logistic regression formula, the variables used were: bigonial distance and mandibular ramus, with 90% accuracy. For age, the measurements did not show a pattern. The inter and intra-observer values were greater than 0.85.ConclusionIn conclusion, it is possible to estimate sex using mandibular measurements, but it is not recommended to use these measurements for age estimation.

Sex determination by mandibular ramus – a digital panoramic study

Sex determination becomes the main part in the procedure of identification of a person by forensic investigator in a case of mishaps, chemical and nuclear bomb explosions, natural disasters, crime investigations and ethical studies. In human remains, next to pelvis, mandible is used as the best key for the sex determination. Aim of the study was to evaluate the sex dimorphism in measurements of mandibular ramus by using orthopantamographic (OPG) images. The retrospective study was conducted using digital OPG images of 175 males and 175 females between age group of 20 and 60. The measurements were taken by using tools fetched with “APL software v8.1”. Discriminant analysis was done using SPSS (version 23) software. Statistically significant relationships were found between sex and maximum ramus breadth (p=0.000), minimum ramus breadth (p=0.024), condylar height (p=0.000), projective height (p=0.000), coronoid height (p=0.000). Furthermore, condylar height showed highest sex differentiation in its measurements (Wilks’ lambda = 0.659), followed by Projective height. The study revealed higher identification rates for males (77.1%) and females (73.7%) with a total accuracy rate of 75.4% (Table 5.0). These results justify that the above said parameters can produce reliable results in sex determination from OPG. According to our results there is a relationship between maximum ramus breadth, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height, projective height, coronoid height. From all the parameters condylar height was found to be more reliable to determine sex.

Evaluation of Sexual Dimorphism with Mandibular Parameters by Digital Panoramic Radiography

Introduction: Sex determination is the first step of personal identification in the field of forensics and is essential for reconstructive profiling. The skull appears to be the most reliable part of the skeleton, apart from the pelvis, in sex determination. Tooth and bone are used as a key tool for personal identification due to their high resistance to decomposition and degradation. The present study aimed to evaluate the sexual dimorphism with mandibular parameters by digital panoramic radiography. Materials and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, the mandibular parameters in 315 females and 217 males, including the ramus height, the coronoid height, the mental height, the mandible body height, the minimum width of the ramus, the distance between the right and left gonial angle, the distance between the right and left condyle and the distance between the right and left coronoid, were measured in the panoramic radiography via SCANORA software. Discriminant function and canonical regression methods were used to determine the predictability of mandibular parameters in sexual dimorphism. P &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: All parameters were statistically significant between genders (P&lt;0.05). The mean of all parameters, except the gonial angle, in males, was higher than that of the female. Percentage of correctly classified in discriminant function based on the central and right side and left side dimorphic parameters of the mandible is 82.5% and 82.9%, respectively. Conclusion: According to the present study, panoramic radiography can be considered as a valuable tool in sex determination (with an accuracy of 82.5%), and all parameters of mandible had sexual dimorphism and showed that they are reliable parameters with a total accuracy of 82.5% in the sexual dimorphism.

Gender determination by morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus in sriganganagar population: A digital panoramic study.

Mandible is a dimorphic, dense compact bone that makes it very durable and well preserved in mass disasters for personnel identification. Mandibular ramus morphometric measurements can be used for gender determination using orthopantomogram (OPG) or on dry mandibles. To determine gender from morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus of 200 digital OPG of patients from Sriganganagar population. The study was conducted on randomly selected digital OPG of 200 patients of both genders between the ages of 21 and 70 years taken using CS8000C machine from daily OPD. Morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus (maximum ramus breadth, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height, projective height of ramus, and coronoid height) was done twice by single maxillofacial radiologist independently at an interval of 1 day and mean of both the values were considered. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed using SPSS Software version 20 using independent ṯ-test and discriminant function analysis. Out of total 200 subjects, 37% were male and 63% were female. Mean of minimum ramus breadth, maximum ramus height, and projected ramus height was noted significantly more among males while maximum ramus breadth was noted slightly higher in females. The overall accuracy for determining sex from mandibular ramus was found to be 77.6%, whereas for determining male and female, the accuracy was 78.4% and 76.8%, respectively. Mandibular ramus can be used for sexual dimorphism by morphometric analysis done on OPG among Sriganganagar population.

Estimating sex using discriminant analysis of mandibular measurements from a modern Greek sample

BackgroundSex determination is an integral and fundamental step in biological profile construction. The mandible, which holds many dimorphic traits, can be useful for sex estimation in the forensic context. However, reliable sex estimation usually relies on population-specific mandibular morphometric criteria. To date, no such criteria are available for the modern Greek population, and the present study aims to fill this lack of data by identifying the most sexually dimorphic mandibular traits on a modern Greek population sample and reporting the discriminant functions that can most effectively be used for estimating sex.Materials and methodsFor the purposes of this research, the 3D models of 194 adult mandibles (105 males and 89 females) from the Athens skeletal reference collection were used. A battery of 20 linear and 3 angular measurements was calculated from the 3D coordinates of anatomical landmarks positioned on the respective models and was analyzed by means of ANOVA and discriminant function analysis to investigate the expression of sexual dimorphism.ResultsThe coronoid height, the ramus height, and the maximum mandibular length are the most sexually dimorphic metric traits of the mandible, while the produced sex discriminant functions yielded cross-validated classification accuracy up to 85.7% for the Greek sample. Furthermore, most of the examined combinations of measurements exhibited the same sex discriminant capacity between different reference samples, despite their respective discriminant functions being population specific.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that the produced sex discriminant functions can be effectively used for sex determination in forensic casework and to verify the population specificity of these functions but also suggest that the expression of sexual dimorphism in the mandible shares certain features across different populations.

Relationship of Mandibular Ramus Dimensions to Lower Third Molar Impaction.

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the mandibular ramus features that could contribute to the etiology of mandibular third molar impaction. Materials and Methods Two hundred and forty subjects were divided into two groups: impacted group: 115 subjects presented with an impacted mandibular third molar, and control group: 125 subjects with the normal mandibular third molar eruption. Digital panoramic radiographs were used, and four angular and twelve linear measurements were done. Comparisons between groups were done using Student's t -test. Pearson correlation and linear regression tests were used to assess the degree of relationship between retromolar space and mandibular measurements. Results Control group showed significant greater measurements in most of the variables, whereas the impacted group showed significant larger gonial angle and larger inclination of lower posterior teeth than the control group. Significant correlations were found between retromolar space and coronoid height, ramal heights, ramus notch depths, the inclination of lower posterior teeth, and retromolar space/3M width ratio in both groups. Conclusion The present study found that the configuration of the mandibular ramus appears to be discrete in many aspects in the erupted other than impacted lower third molars subjects, which might be a possible cause for the impaction.

Most coronoid fractures and fracture-dislocations with no radial head involvement can be treated nonsurgically with elbow immobilization

Conservative treatment of isolated coronoid fractures and fracture-dislocations focused on soft-tissue healing can provide good clinical results in the majority of patients. Our aims were (1) to evaluate the outcome of a conservative treatment protocol designed for isolated coronoid fractures with or without associated elbow dislocations (ICFs) and (2) to characterize the fractures with a dedicated image analysis protocol. Of 38 consecutive patients sustaining acute ICFs, 28 were treated nonsurgically after meeting specific inclusion criteria, prospectively followed up, and clinically evaluated at least 1 year after sustaining their injuries. All cases underwent elbow computed tomography scans with tri-plane and 3-dimensional reconstructions according to a specific protocol referenced to the proximal ulna. The study included 15 maleand 13 female patients, with a mean follow-up period of 32 ± 14 months (range, 12-61 months). An associated dislocation was presented in 8 (29%). Mean extension and flexion were 2° ± 8° (range, -10° to 30°) and 139° ± 11° (range, 110°-155°), respectively. Mean pronation and supination were 74° ± 3° (range, 60°-75°) and 83° ± 9° (range, 40°-85°), respectively. Of the patients, 78% rated their elbow as being normal or nearly normal. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 95 ± 9 (range, 70-100). The mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 7 ± 13 (range, 0-57). The mean coronoid fracture height was 5.7 ± 1.2 mm (range, 3.7-7.9 mm). The mean percentage of coronoid height fractured was 33% ± 6% (range, 23%-43%). Mean fracture displacement was 2.7 ± 2 mm (range, 1-9 mm). Of the fractures, 23 (82%) were located at the anteromedial coronoid. An ICF with a perfectly reduced ulnohumeral joint, a competent sublime tubercle, and a fractured coronoid height up to 50%can be treated without surgery with excellent or good results in more than 90% of cases regardless of the location of the fracture in the coronoid or the type of soft tissue-associated disruptions.

Sexual Dimorphism of Mandibular Ramus in an Egyptian Sample: A Radiographic Study

AbstractBackground: Determination of the sex is an important step in the identification of skeletal remains especially in missing persons and mass disasters. Mandible, being a strong bone that is difficult to damage and disintegrate, is an important tool in sex determination.Aim of the Study: The present study aimed to evaluate accuracy of mandibular metric standards for estimating sexual dimorphism.Methods: The study was conducted on 90 males and 92 females of Egyptian sample. Orthopantomographs were taken for evaluating eleven mandibular metric parameters. Four models were adopted by the stepwise discriminant analysis test to define the best predictor of sex discrimination in the Egyptian population sample.Results: All parameters were found to be significantly different between both sexes; and the most dimorphic param-eters were coronoid height, projective height, and mandibular canal length, followed by mandibular notch depth and condylar height. Meanwhile the least variables were gonial angle and bicondylar length.Conclusion: This study proves that mandibular measure-ments on digital radiograph are useful in sex determination.

Role of Orthopantamograph in Forensic Identification: A Retrospective Study Among Chennai Population.

Context:Identification of unknown corpse can be established by their body features and belongings; when the features are distorted, it becomes a challenge for the forensic experts. Orthopantamograph (OPG) analysis is a simple, noninvasive, economic, and reliable method to sort for identification of the unidentified.Aim and Objective:The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of OPG in age and sex determination. The objective of our study was to evaluate various measurements on the mandibular ramus and to correlate them with the age and sex of an individual.Settings and Design:A retrospective study was conducted using 150 OPGs that were taken in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology using Orthophos XG3 OPG machine. The mandibular ramus measurements were carried out using WebPlot Digitizer v 4.1. The measurement was statistically assessed.Statistical Analysis Used:SPSS version 20 was used for discriminate analysis, correlation, and regression analysis.Results:The male population showed higher values of ramus measurements compared to the female population. A regression equation was positively drawn to estimate the age of the unknown individual.Conclusions:Coronoid height is the main predictive factor in age estimation of an individual irrespective of the gender whereas gonial angle is the extrapolative tool in gender prediction.