Replacement Of Corn Research Articles

Dietary Effects of Different Proportions of Fermented Straw as a Corn Replacement on the Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Finishing Pigs

The aim of the present study was to investigate the dietary effects of replacing corn with different proportions of fermented straw on the growth performance and intestinal health of finishing pigs. A total of 275 healthy commercial finishing pigs aged 126 days (average body weight, 82.96 ± 3.07 kg) were randomly allocated into three groups: the control (CTR, basal diet) group, the 5% fermented straw (FJJG5, replacing 5% of the corn) group, and the 10% fermented straw (FJJG10, replacing 10% of the corn) group. There were six replicates in each group and 14–16 pigs per replicate. On day 39 of the experiment, one animal from each replicate was slaughtered for sampling and for further analysis. The results showed that the finishing pigs in the FJJG10 group had a reduced average daily weight gain and an increased feed-to-gain ratio. The FJJG5 group had reduced total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein in their serum, while the FJJG5 and FJJG10 groups had reduced contents of lactate dehydrogenase. In addition, the FJJG5 group exhibited increased T-SOD activity and MDA content in the colon, while the FJJG10 group also showed increased T-AOC activity in their serum and increased contents of MDA in the colon. The FJJG5 group exhibited increased activities of jejunal disaccharidase and lipase, while the FJJG10 group exhibited decreased jejunal crypt depths. Moreover, the FJJG5 group presented an increased relative expression of APOA4, LPL, and MUC2 but decreased SLC7A7 and IL-10 in the jejunum and APOA4 in the colon. The FJJG10 group exhibited a decreased relative expression of SLC7A7 and IL-10 in the jejunum and decreased MMP13, KCNJ13, APOA4, SLC7A7, LPL, and IL-10 in the colon. Furthermore, the FJJG5 group exhibited an increased relative abundance of Lactobacillus in colon contents, while the FJJG10 group had a reduced relative abundance of streptococcus. In conclusion, 5% fermented straw can improve the lipid metabolism and colon microbiota structure of finishing pigs, while 10% fermented straw has adverse effects on the growth performance and intestinal health of finishing pigs.

Effects of feeding varying levels of mycotoxin-containing corn fines on diet choice and growth performance of nursery pigs

Abstract Mycotoxins in feed are known to negatively affect growth and other physiological processes in pigs. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding diets with varying levels of mycotoxins and boron (a nutrient reported to mitigate some aspects of mycotoxicosis). Screenings from the 2020 crop year corn contained mycotoxin levels of 23,038 ppb total fumonisins (FUM), 1,446 ppb zearalenone (ZEA), and 5,032 ppb total deoxynivalenol (DON). The corn fines were added to a corn-soybean meal diet formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient requirements as a replacement for corn at 0, 10, and 20% for Diets 1-3. Diets 4-6 were Diets 1-3, respectively, plus 40 ppm boron from sodium tetraborate decahydrate. Diets 3 and 6 were formulated to approximate the guidance level of fumonisin and the advisory level of DON stated by the FDA. Exp. 1 used 48 crossbred pigs (initial body weight [BW] = 9.18 kg ± 0.12 kg) blocked by sex and BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatment comparisons: Comparison 1) Diet 1 vs. Diet 2; Comparison 2) Diet 1 vs. Diet 3; and Comparison 3) Diet 2 vs. Diet 3. There were 4 replicates (4 pigs/pen) for the 21-day preference trial. Exp. 2 used 144 crossbred pigs (mean initial BW = 10.20 ± 0.23 kg) blocked by sex and BW and randomly allotted to diets for a total of 6 replicates (4 pigs/pen) for a 21-day growth trial. On d 21, serum was collected from the heaviest and lightest pig in each pen for clinical chemistry assessment. Exp. 1 demonstrated the barrows’ ability to discern between diets in Comparisons 2 and 3 (P < 0.01) for each week while gilts only started to exhibit that ability during Week 3 for Comparison 2 (P = 0.06). Increasing mycotoxin levels in Exp. 2 had no effect on overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P = 0.16, 0.53, and 0.92, respectively). The increasing mycotoxin levels affected serum glucose and cholesterol (P = 0.03, and P < 0.01, respectively). There was no effect of boron on the same performance measures (P = 0.81, 0.59, and 0.76, respectively) although it did lower serum glucose (P = 0.02). In conclusion, pigs can differentiate and choose between diets containing these mixed mycotoxins but when not given a choice, the pigs do not necessarily have different growth performance using the particular mycotoxins and concentrations within the framework of this assessment.

Impacts of land use changes on water conservation in the Songhuajiang River basin in Northeast China using the SWAT model

The Songhuajiang River basin (SRB) in Northeast China underwent obvious changes in land use in recent years, which might lead to intense changes in basin hydrology and water conservation. Therefore, to evaluate the effects of land use changes on the hydrological cycle and associated water conservation in the SRB, a calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used. The model auto-calibration was conducted using the SWAT-CUP (SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Procedures) tool. Results revealed that calibration of three crop yields of corn (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) during the study period (2001–2018) had the Percent BIAS (PBIAS) values of −8.7 %∼3.0 %, 6.2 %∼19.7 %, and −8.7 %∼7.2 %, respectively in 15 zones. Good agreements were obtained for simulated results of streamflow in comparison with measured data from 12 hydrological stations, in which the overall Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values for the calibration (2009–2012) and validation (2013–2015) periods were 0.60 and 0.64, respectively, and the overall PBIAS values were 7.7 % and 15.4 %. For the land use changes, the hydrological cycle of corn to rice (all hydrological variables change by more than 18 %) was more complex and intense than that of corn to soybean (all hydrological variables change not exceed 5 %). According to the simulation results of water conservation, this study found that the implementation of the policy-driven replacement of corn with soybean in the SRB was feasible. As for the economy-driven conversion from corn to rice, it is necessary to consider the substantial impacts on the hydrological cycle and the decline in water conservation. Based on simulation results, it is not recommended that producers in the Western SRB promote corn to rice conversion.

Heating alters the nutritional and antioxidant characteristics of lotus root

To investigate the impact of heating on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of lotus root, a comparative analysis was conducted between its heated and unheated whole powders. The whole powder of heated lotus root (HLRWP) exhibited a higher level of total soluble sugars but a lower level of free phenolic compounds compared to the whole powder of fresh lotus root (FLRWP). Meanwhile, they showed significant differences in metabolite composition encompassing phenolic compounds, flavonoids, amino acids, vitamins and lipids. The replacement of sugar and corn in the medium with 25% HLRWP effectively enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (total superoxide dismutase and catalase), while reducing malonaldehyde content in Drosophila melanogaster males. The average, median and maximum lifespans of the fruit flies were extended by 35.90%, 23.49% and 24.00% respectively, accompanied by an improvement in climbing ability. Additionally, their resistance to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or paraquat was enhanced. The antioxidant capacity of HLRWP in vivo was found to be obviously stronger compared to FLRWP, which may have a crucial association with the regulation of L-arginine and adenosine monophosphate levels. The results indicate that heating can enhance the nutritional quality of lotus root products by strengthening their antioxidant capacity.

Dried distiller’s grains in the diets of feedlot lambs: implications for production, carcass characteristics and rumen morphometrics

Context The demand and production of renewable fuels are boosting the production of biofuels. Agricultural industries have been playing a role in the increase of ethanol production from corn and, consequently, their by-products. Dried distiller’s grain (DDG) is a by-product of corn ethanol and can be used as a source of protein and energy in the diet of feedlot lambs. Aims The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of including DDG in high-concentrate diets on performance, rumen morpho-histology, and carcass characteristics in feedlot lambs. Methods Forty-five Santa Inês × Dorper male lambs with an initial body weight of 21 ± 3.2 kg (mean ± s.d.) and 82 ± 12 days old (mean ± s.d.) were distributed in a randomised complete-block design (nine blocks and five treatments). The experimental diets contained 900 g/kg of concentrate and 100 g/kg of coastcross hay, and DDG was used in replacement of soybean meal and corn. Lambs were fed one of the following five diets for 112 days: control without DDG (0DDG), or diet with 150 (150DDG), 300 (300DDG), 450 (450DDG) and 600 (600DDG) g/kg DM of DDG. Key results The inclusion of DDG from 150 up to 600 g/kg DM in the diet of the lambs linearly decreased (P < 0.01) dry-matter intake (DMI), net energy of maintenance intake, net energy of gain, average daily gain, final body weight and feed efficiency (P < 0.01). The inclusion of DDG linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.04) hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, hot carcass yield and cold carcass yield. For ruminal morpho-histology, there was a linear decrease in the area of papillae and absorptive surface area (P < 0.01) Conclusions An increase in the DDG level from 150 to 600 g/kg DM in the diet of lambs negatively affected feedlot performance, with detrimental effects on carcass traits and the development of rumen papillae. The lambs showed low acceptance of DDG, even at the lowest level of dietary inclusion (150g/kg DM) as DMI was impaired. Implications DDG should be used with caution in diets for finishing lambs. Dietary inclusion of DDG up to 150 g/kg DM is recommended. Higher inclusions levels may significantly affect performance and carcass weight and yield.

PSXIII-25 Exploring crude glycerin as an alternative to corn in high-concentrate diets: Effects on performance and ruminal health in feedlot lambs

Abstract The search for increasingly efficient ruminant production systems has led to the utilization of high-concentration diets, with corn frequently serving as the primary ingredient. However, excessive and inappropriate use of corn can predispose animals to rumen acidosis, resulting in nutritional and metabolic disorders. Given this scenario finding safe and effective alternatives to replace corn has become imperative. Glycerin emerges as a promising substitute. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of glycerin as a total replacement for corn in high-concentrate diets (80%) for feedlot lambs. Lambs (n = 40) were randomly assigned in a randomized complete block design into two treatments, with one group receiving 30% DM crude glycerin in the total mixed diet and the other serving as the control group. The animals remained confined until they reached 35 kg of body weight (BW), at which point they were slaughtered. Performance and papillae data were collected and analyzed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess the relationship between days in the feedlot, average daily gain (ADG), rumenitis score, liver abscess incidence, number of papillae, papillae area (cm2), absorptive surface area (cm2), and papillae area (%). The PCA was performed using R Statistical Software (FactoMiner and Factoextra package). The two principal components (Dim1 and Dim2) accounted for 49% of the data variability. The first component (Dim1 = 30.1%) was positively correlated with treatment, days in the feedlot, number of papillae, papillae area, absorptive surface area, and papillae area. However, it was inversely correlated with ADG, rumenitis score, and liver abscess incidence. Animals that did not receive glycerin had greater ADG during the period (0.316 vs 0.272 kg; P = 0.075), spending less time in the feedlot (56 vs 62 d; P = 0.067), but they exhibited greater ruminitis score and liver abscess incidence values (P < 0.05). On the other hand, animals that received glycerin, despite spending more time confined, showed better values (P < 0.05) for number of papillae (62 vs 59 n/cm2), papillae area (0.07 vs 0.06 cm2), absorptive surface area (4.4 vs 3.91 cm2), and papillae area (90.41 vs 88.60%). In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the potential of glycerin as a viable alternative to corn in high-concentrate diets for feedlot lambs. While animals receiving glycerin spent more time in feedlot, they exhibited improved ruminal health parameters, such as increased papillae development and surface area, suggesting enhanced nutrient absorption. These results underscore the importance of exploring alternative feed ingredients to mitigate the risk of ruminal acidosis and its associated economic and health implications in ruminant production systems. The inclusion of 30% DM crude glycerin in the total mixed diet is recommended for feedlot lambs, however, further studies must be conducted to confirm its effectiveness and safety of use.

Impact of Partial Replacement of Yellow Corn with Mango Seed Kernel on In Vitro Gas Production and Energy Content

Impact of Partial Replacement of Yellow Corn with Mango Seed Kernel on In Vitro Gas Production and Energy Content

Parkia platycephala pods in confined lamb diets: Fatty acid profile, ruminal biohydrogenation, and meat quality

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of replacing ground corn with Parkia platycephala pods (PPs) in lamb diets on the physicochemical characteristics of meat, the fatty acid profile in meat, and ruminal biohydrogenation (RBH). Twenty-eight castrated male lambs (20.05 ± 0.44 kg, 120 ± 10 days old) were distributed in a randomized block design constituting four treatments and seven replications. Four diets were formulated by replacing ground corn with PPs at increasing levels: 0 % PPs and 100 % ground corn (299.4 g/kg dry matter [DM]), 33 % substitution of ground corn (199.5 g/kg DM) with PPs (100.3 g/kg DM), 66 % substitution of ground corn (99.7 g/kg DM) with PPs (200.5 g/kg DM), and 100 % PPs (300.6 g/kg DM) and 0 % ground corn. The PPs resulted in a reduction in C18:1c9 intake; increased C12:0, C15:0, C18:1t9, C18:1t11, and C18:2n6; and reduced C18:0 in ruminal digesta, with a quadratic effect for C4:0 (P < 0.05). The RBH rate of C18:1c9 and C18:2n6 (P < 0.05) decreased as the PP levels in the diets increased. Regarding fatty acids in meat, there was a reduction in C16:1c9, C18:1c9, and cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and a quadratic effect for C14:1c9 and C18:2c9t11 (P < 0.05) as the PP levels in the diets increased. Levels of 66 % and 100 % PPs in the diets provided higher C18:2n6 in meat compared with the control diet (0 % PPs) and the diet containing 33 % PPs (P < 0.05). Under these experimental conditions, the replacement of corn with PPs in diets for lambs changed the fatty acid profile in the rumen digesta and lamb meat, promoting an increase in C18:1t11 in the rumen digesta. PPs can be used as an alternative ingredient in lamb feeding because they provide nutritional characteristics similar to those provided by corn.

The Fermented Cassava (Manihot esculenta C.) Flour and Bioimun as Additional Feed for the Juvenile Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to Improve Growth, Immunity, and Survival

The availability of fish feed has remained an obstacle in the fish cultivation until now. The dependence on fish flour, soy flour, the imported cornstarch has not been solved, though the natural resource in Indonesia supports the dependence of this raw material availability. This research was conducted by testing the use of the fermented cassava flour to substitute cornstarch as the catfish feed, by adding natural drug product, BIOIMUNÒ, which positively affected growth, immunity, and production. Research methodology used was the Completely Randomized Design with six treatments and three repetitions. Fishes with average weight of 10 g and length of 10 cm were raised in the aquarium with dimension of 60x40x40 cm, with the density of 10 fishes per aquarium. The research was conducted for 60 days with observation every 14 days. Compositions of cornstarch and cassava flour were P1 (0/200), P2 (100/100), P3 (75/125), P4 (50/150), P5 (25/175), and P6 (commercial feed), added with BIOIMUNÒ at 20 ml/kg from the extracts of Solanum ferox and Zingiber zerumbet. Feed was given three times at a percentage of 5%. This research showed the result that the best growth was in treatment (P3), with 75 g of cornstarch and 125 g of cassava flour (75/125). The highest absolute weight gain was in P3 at 132.67 ± 8.33 g. The immunity system testing was in accordance with the result of phytochemical test of positive alkaloid, negative flavonoid, and negative steroid. Survival Rate (SR) based on the variance analysis (ANOVA) had an insignificant effect (P&gt;0.05) 93.00-100.00%. P3 feed conversion rate was 5.35±0.23. Hematocrit level and total erythrocyte with a decent score and total leukocyte increased from P6. Feed proximate test was in accordance with the standard. Total bacteria were in the normal range, the contamination test on heavy metal proved no harm against the catfishes, and the water quality was normal. In terms of economic analysis, P1-P5 were more affordable than (P6), so that it can be concluded that the fermented cassava flour can be used as a replacement of corn by adding BIOIMUNÒ as the catfish feed.

Replacement of Corn with Different Levels of Wheat Impacted the Growth Performance, Intestinal Development, and Cecal Microbiota of Broilers.

Replacing corn with different levels of wheat in the iso-energy and -protein diet of broilers and the impacts on growth performance and intestinal homeostasis of broilers under the condition of supplying the multienzyme complex were evaluated in this study. A total of 480 10-day-old male broilers were assigned randomly to the low-level wheat group (15% wheat and 35.18% corn), the medium-level wheat group (30% and 22.27%), and the high-level wheat group (55.77% wheat without corn) until 21 d. The different levels of wheat supplementation did not affect hepatic function, serum glycolipid profile, or bone turnover. The replacement of corn with 55% wheat in the diet of broilers increased the body weight at 21 d and feed intake during 10 to 21 d (both p < 0.05), with a comparable feed conversion ratio. Compared with the low-wheat group, the dietary addition of medium or high wheat levels notably increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum (p < 0.05) and the ileal villus height (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the supplementation of medium and high wheat in the diet increased the proportion of Bacteroidetes, and a diet with high wheat proportion elevated the content of Firmicutes when compared to the low-level wheat group (both p < 0.05). In addition, the diet containing 30-55% wheat enhanced the anti-inflammatory capability in both the ileum and the serum. These findings suggest that the replacement of corn with 55% wheat in the diet improved the growth performance of 21-day-old broilers, which might be linked to the alteration in intestinal morphology and cecal microbiota.

Carcass traits and morphometry, typification of the Longissimus dorsi muscle and non-carcass components of hair lambs: can biscuit bran completely replace corn? A machine learning approach.

Biscuit bran (BB) is a co-product with worldwide distribution, with Brazil as the second largest cookie producer in the world with 1,157,051 tons. We evaluate the impact of completely replacing corn with BB on the characteristics and morphometry of carcass of purebred and crossbred Morada Nova lambs using machine learning techniques as an auxiliary method. Twenty male lambs from two genetic groups (GG) were used: purebred red-coated Morada Nova (MNR) and crossbred MNR × white-coated Morada Nova (MNF1). Supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques were used. No interaction (P > 0.05) was observed between diets (D) and genetic groups (GG) and no simple isolated effect was observed for carcass characteristics, qualitative-quantitative typification of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, weight of non-carcass components, weight and yield of commercial cuts and carcass morphometric measurements. The formation of two horizontal clusters was verified: (i) crossed lambs with corn and BB and (ii) purebred lambs fed corn and BB. Vertically, three clusters were formed based on carcass and meat characteristics of native lambs: (i) thermal insulation, body capacity, true yield, and commercial cuts; (ii) choice, performance, physical carcass traits, and palatability; and (iii) yield cuts and non-carcass components. The heatmap also allowed us to observe that pure MN lambs had a greater body capacity when fed BB, while those fed corn showed superiority in commercial cuts, true yields, and non-carcass components. Crossbred lambs, regardless of diet, showed a greater association of physical characteristics of the carcass, performance, palatability, and less noble cuts. Crossbred lambs, regardless of diet, showed a greater association of physical characteristics of the carcass, performance, palatability, and less noble cuts. BB can be considered an alternative energy source in total replacement of corn. Integrating of machine learning techniques is a useful statistical tool for studies with large numbers of variables, especially when it comes to analyzing complex data with multiple effects in the search for data patterns and insights in decision-making on the farm.

Effect of carbohydrate source on energy-nitrogen balance and methane emissions in lactating dairy cows

The chemical characteristics of Cenchrus clandestinus grass, nutritional base in dairy production systems, demand the energy supplementation. Corn grain is the most used food for this purpose, but considering its demand and prices, the objective of this work was to evaluate its partial replacement by alternative non-fibrous carbohydrates sources on methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance and productive performance of dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows were fed Cenchrus clandestinus plus one of four concentrate supplements formulated with corn (Zea mays) or a partial replacement of corn with sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), cassava (Manihot esculenta) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp.). Inclusion of sorghum, cassava or citrus pulp did not affect dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, enteric methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance, milk yield or composition. The results allow to conclude that these ingredients can partially replace corn in the diet of lactating dairy cows.

Levels of Buga tuber meal (Dioscorea esculenta) as replacement of corn in broiler ration

Levels of Buga tuber meal (Dioscorea esculenta) as replacement of corn in broiler ration

Comparative Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Characterization of Native and Modified Starches from Jackfruit, Corn and Cassava as Potential Additives in Drilling Fluid

The physicochemical properties of starches determine their industrial application, and modification have shown further improvement on the properties of starch. Hence, the physicochemical properties of modified starches obtained from jackfruit were analyzed and compared with native jackfruit (JF), corn (MN) and cassava (CN) starches to determine their usability as additives in drilling fluid formulation. Starch from jackfruit pulp was chemically modified with two carboxymethylation methods (JC1 &amp; JC2) and acetylation method (JA). The physicochemical properties were assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis to determine their effectiveness to improve JF properties. The results revealed that at 90 °C, JC2 was found to have the highest swelling power and water holding capacity when compared with other modified and native starches. The result of the thermal properties of the starches showed that JC2 produced better thermal properties with the peak gelatinization temperature in the decreasing trend JC2&gt;JC1&gt;JF&gt;MN&gt;JA&gt;CN. The SEM result showed that modification reduced the particle size of the starches thereby increasing the surface area of the starches for better reactivity than the native jackfruit, corn and cassava starches. The thermal stability of the starches showed that modification by carboxymethylation (JC1 and JC2) improved the stability of the starches while the reverse was the case for JA. In comparison with corn and cassava, the modified starches JC1 and JC2, performed excellently in all the properties analyzed. The possession of the highest swelling power, highest water holding capacity, highest thermal stability and excellent gelatinization temperature of 90 ℃ (Tp) places JC2 above other modification methods thereby making it a potential replacement for corn and cassava as an additive in drilling fluid formulation.

Effects of the replacement corn meal by whole mango meal on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) diet: Digestibility, growth performance, biochemical, and hematological responses.

This study evaluated the digestibility of whole mango (Mangifera indica) meal (WMM) and determined the growth performance, intestinal enzyme activity, and metabolic and hematologic responses of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles fed diets containing different proportions of corn meal (CM) substitution by WMM. Fish fed with graded levels of WMM (0 (control), 80, 160, 240, and 320 g kg diet-1), replacing part of the dietary CM. The apparent digestibility coefficients of WMM were above 96%. Diets with WMM did not affect growth performance or intestinal enzyme activity. However, they showed a positive linear effect on plasma glucose, amino acids, and albumin levels and a negative linear effect on hepatic aspartate aminotransferase activity and hepatic glycogen, plasma cholesterol, and hemoglobin levels. Increased erythrocyte values and decreased plasma triglyceride levels were verified in fish fed 80 and 160 g WMM kg diet-1. In conclusion, the WMM may be a viable alternative to the tambaqui juveniles' diet, and WMM could replace up to 16% of CM without harming the growth and health of tambaqui juveniles.

The Effect of Partial Replacement of Yellow Corn by Iraqi Rice Bran Treated with multi-enzymes on the Broiler Performance

Until recently, the central objective of poultry feed formulation was to supply common feedstuff such as corn. Today, the search for sustainable alternatives to traditional feed elements is a primary goal to reduce feed costs. This study was carried out to explore the production performance of the Rice bran in the feeding of broiler Ross 308 chicken. One hundred eighty chicks were fed with Rice bran diets treated with multi-enzyme as a partial replacement (10%) of Yellow Corn. Chicks were distributed into four treatment groups as follows: (L0) control (45% yellow corn), L1, L2 and L3 (10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn). Rice bran was treated with different amounts of multi-enzymes: 500, 750, and 1000mg of Labazyme\kg diet, respectively. The results showed a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the marketing live body weight and total weight gain for broilers fed with 10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn. The accumulative feed consumption and conversion ratio were unaffected (no significant difference at P≤0.05) when the Rice bran was treated with 1000 mg of Labazyme\kg diet. This present study concludes that a diet with 10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn hurts the growth performance of broiler chicken. However, the breeding cost of broiler Ross 308 chicken was reduced when the Rice bran was treated with 1000 mg/kg multi-enzymes (L3 group). There were no effects on the mortality rate of all experimental groups. Keyword: Broiler, Labazyme, Performance, Rice bran, Ross 308.

Effect of dietary substitution of corn with Flammulina velutipes residue on growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, slaughter performance and cecal microbiota in geese

The experiment sought to determine the effects of substituting Flammulina velutipes residue (FVR) for corn on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, slaughter performance and caecum microbiota of geese. One hundred and ninety-two 35old Hordobagy geese were used in this experiment, and they were divided into four groups and fed with various diets for 28 d. The geese in the control group were fed with a basal diet. The other groups substituted 12%, 24% and 32% FVR for corn in their diets, respectively. There was no significant difference in the feed/gain ratio between the addition of 12% and 24% FVR to the diet, however, these additions considerably raised final body weight, average daily feed intake, and average daily growth (p < 0.05). When 24% FVR was substituted for corn in the diet, the levels of albumin (ALB) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) dramatically rose (p < 0.05). The examination of caecal microbiota revealed that the substitution of FVR for corn greatly increased both the variety and quantity of the caecal microbiota as well as the amount of bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In conclusion, FVR has the potential to be an effective corn replacement with a 24% acceptable substitution level.

The Effect of Substituting (Triticosecale) Instead of Yellow Corn and using a Mixture of Enzymes on some Chemo-Biological Properties of Broiler Serum

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit for a period of 38 days. Tartikelle was replaced with yellow corn after the naturalization of one-day-old chicks, and it was fortified with a mixture of enzymes to see the extent of its effect on some chemo-biological characteristics of the blood serum of broiler chickens. 288 ROSS 308 birds were used, with an initial weight of 43 g. The chicks were distributed into six treatments, and each treatment had six replicates with 8 birds per replicate (three replicates males and the same number of females), and the treatments were as follows, the first treatment (T1) represented the control treatment without any addition (control negative). The second and third treatment (T2 and T3) partial and total replacement of corn by 50% and 100%, respectively. As for the treatments T4, T5 and T6, they are similar to the treatments T1, T2 and T3, respectively, with the addition of the enzyme mixture in an amount of 500 g / ton, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. We note that there is a significant increase in the sixth treatment compared to the first treatment, and gender had no significant effect on the mentioned characteristics. In terms of the interaction between the experimental treatments and gender, the fourth treatment, females, was significantly superior in calcium concentration over the second and third treatments, males. The sixth treatment, males, outperformed the first and fifth treatments, males and the third. Males and females in York lions. As for blood glucose, the first treatment, females, decreased significantly in comparison with the rest of the experimental treatments. The first treatment was significantly superior to the second in serum albumin concentration. Gender did not have any significant effect. As for the interaction, the first treatment, males, decreased significantly in comparison with the second and fifth treatment, males, as well as with the second treatment, females, in total protein concentration. Blood serum on the first and second treatments were males and the fifth were females, and the second treatment was significantly superior to the first, fifth and sixth treatments in cholesterol, and the sixth treatment was significantly superior to all the experimental treatments in triglycerides, and the second and sixth treatments were significantly superior in HDL to the first and fifth treatments. Effect on the characteristic of cholesterol. As for the triglycerides and HDL, the males were significantly superior to the females. As for the overlap, the second treatment, males, was significantly superior in cholesterol over the first, males, and the first and sixth, females. As for the triglycerides, the sixth treatment was superior to males compared to all the treatments of the experiment, as well as the second and sixth treatments outperformed males in HDL on the fifth males and the first, fourth and fifth females.

Effect of guanidinoacetic acid on performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition, and nutrient digestibility of aged laying hens fed diets with varying substitution levels of corn with low-tannin sorghum

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in diets containing varying levels of corn replacement with low-tannin sorghum (LTS) for laying hens in the later stage of production. In a 12-wk study, a total of 288 laying hens at 52 wk of age were divided into 6 treatment groups. Each treatment group had 8 replicates, each of which consisted of 6 hens. A 2 × 3 factorial design was used to investigate the impact of substituting corn with LTS at 3 levels (100% corn, 50% LTS, and 100% LTS) with 2 doses of GAA supplementation (0 and 0.6 g/kg). The results indicate that there were interaction effects (P < 0.05) between diet type and GAA supplementation on protein digestibility and AMEn, with the GAA supplement being more effective in the 100% LTS group. Replacing corn with LTS at both levels had no negative effects on performance and metabolic profile. In contrast, the 100% LTS diet increased monounsaturated fatty acids in the yolk (P < 0.05), but decreased the yolk color index, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the yolk, ileal digestibility of energy, and AMEn when compared to the 100% corn diet (P < 0.05). Regardless of the diet, dietary supplementation with GAA resulted in increases (P < 0.05) in shell-breaking strength, the PUFA to SFA ratio in egg yolk, and concentrations of creatine and nitric oxide in serum. There was also a decrease (P < 0.05) in serum malondialdehyde concentration with GAA supplementation. In conclusion, the positive effects of GAA on protein digestibility and AMEn were found to be more pronounced when corn was completely replaced with LTS. However, the positive effects of GAA on egg-laying performance, eggshell quality, antioxidant status, and yolk fatty acid composition remained consistent regardless of the extent to which corn was substituted with LTS.

371 Effect of Calcium Magnesium Carbonate And/Or Tylosin Phosphate Supplementation on Behavior, Rumination Activity, Feedlot Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Yearling Beef Steers

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of calcium magnesium carbonate (CMC) and/or tylosin phosphate (TYL) supplementation on behavior, rumination activity, growth performance and carcass characteristics of yearling beef steers. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial including CMC and TYL. Beef steers (n = 156; 469 ± 18 kg) were randomly assigned to treatment pens (7 to 8 steers/pen) with pen (n = 20 pens total, 10 pens/main effect mean, and 5 pens/simple effect mean) as experimental unit. Cattle were transitioned from a 30% roughage diet to a 7% roughage finishing diet based on dry-rolled corn, dried distillers grains plus solubles, liquid supplement, and oat silage over the initial 20 d period. The CMC was included at 1.5% of the diet (DM basis) in replacement of dry-rolled corn and TYL was provided at 90 mg·animal·d-1. Behavior and rumination activity were monitored during a 24 h period on d 42. Data was collected on a pen-basis, every 10 min from 0800 h to 0750 h the next day and included minutes spent drinking (DR), eating (EA), active (AC), ruminating (RU), and resting (RE). Cattle were shipped for harvest on d 105 to a commercial beef abattoir. Growth performance was calculated on a carcass-adjusted basis (HCW/0.625). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with fixed effects of CMC, TYL, or their interaction; block was a random effect. An interaction was observed between CMC and TYL for time spent DR (P = 0.03) and RU (P = 0.01). Control steers ruminated 28% longer compared with CMC/-TYL steers (P = 0.05) and 20% longer than -CMC/TYL steers (P = 0.05). The main effect of CMC tended to increase time spent EA by 19.3% (P = 0.06). Dry matter intake was decreased (P ≤ 0.02) by 4.57% when CMC was fed and increased by 1.96% when TYL was fed. However, no difference (P ≥ 0.26) was observed for G:F or gain efficiency in either treatment. No differences (P ≥ 0.28) were observed in any dietary net energy utilization outcomes in either main effect treatment. Carcass weight tended (P = 0.07) to be lighter with CMC supplementation compared with CON (432 vs 439 kg). Supplementation of TYL resulted in a 11.7% reduction (P = 0.04) in percentage of abscessed livers. No differences (P ≥ 0.12) were observed in DP, marbling, YG, or EBF in either main effect treatments. These results indicate that supplementation of CMC did not result in any appreciable improvements in growth, carcass or dietary net energy utilization performance, but TYL supplementation resulted in a positive effect on liver abscess prevalence.