Protein Content Of Corn Research Articles

Determination of corn protein content using near-infrared spectroscopy combined with A-CARS-PLS.

In order to quickly and accurately determine the protein content of corn, a new characteristic wavelength selection algorithm called anchor competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (A-CARS) was proposed in this paper. This method first lets Monte Carlo synergy interval PLS (MC-siPLS) to select the sub-intervals where the characteristic variables exist and then uses CARS to screen the variables further. A-CARS-PLS was compared with 6 methods, including 3 feature variable selection methods (GA-PLS, random frog PLS, and CARS-PLS) and 2 interval partial least squares methods (siPLS and MWPLS). The results showed that A-CARS-PLS was significantly better than other methods with the results: RMSECV=0.0336, R2 c=0.9951 in the calibration set; RMSEP=0.0688, R2 p=0.9820 in the prediction set. Furthermore, A-CARS reduced the original 700-dimensional variable to 23 variables. The results showed that A-CARS-PLS was better than some wavelength selection methods, and it has great application potential in the non-destructive detection of protein content in corn.

Corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) yield and nutritional quality affected by drought stress

Comparison of drought tolerance of crop plants is important for planning efficient cropping strategies and increasing yield production. The objective was to investigate the effects of drought stress including control (S1), 80 (moderate, S2) and 60% (severe, S3) of crop essential irrigation (determined by evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan) on grain yield and nutritional quality of different corn (Zea mays L.) (Maxima (sensitive) and 704 (tolerant)) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) (Kimia (sensitive) and Payam (tolerant)) genotypes. The experiment, conducted in 2019, was a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. Plants yields and nutritional quality including relative water content (RW), fiber, protein, starch, tannin, and chlorophyll were measured. Although water stress did not significantly affect RW in corn, it significantly affected RW in sorghum. Fiber concentration was the highest at the severe stress in both corn genotypes (9.36% in 704 and 10.35% in Maxima), and sorghum Payam genotype (14.54%). The lowest (13.29%) and the highest (14.35%) corn protein content were obtained for Maxima in the medium and control level of stress, and for 704 genotype it ranged from 13.51 to 13.77%. Sorghum protein was the highest in the sensitive and tolerant genotypes in control and severe stress, respectively. Treatments S3 and S2 resulted in the highest (14.58%) and the lowest (12.47%) protein content for sorghum Kimia genotype. Although sorghum plants were tolerant in stress conditions, corn plants could also tolerate the stress up to some level by adjusting their physiological characteristics.

Effect of addition mineral, organic and bio-fertilizers on nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium concentration and protein of corn crop (Zea mays L.)

A field experiment was conduct in Agricultural Research Office fields / Al-Dibuni Research Station in Wasit-at spring season of 2020 in Clay Loam soil. The study aim effect of different fertilizers types in nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium concentrations and protein content in corn. A Factorial Experiment Design was used, including three levels of phosphorous fertilizer DAP (0, 25, 50 KgP2O5ha-1) representing levels P0 P1 P2, two levels of organic fertilizer were 0, 4 ton ha−1 representing M0, M1 and two levels of bio fertilizer which were B0, B1 respectively, According to the RCBD design with three replications. Corn seeds class 106 (Zea mays L.) sowed in plots (2*2m2) at amount of (120 Kg seeds ha−1). The Results showed that mineral, organic and bio fertilizers addition individually affected significantly of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration in dry matter, grains and protein content also, as the level P2, M1 and B1 was the best concentration compared to level P0, M0 and B0 respectively. Results showed the double interactions factors M1B1caused a significant increasing in nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium concentration in the dry matter, with increasing percentage 111.94, 161.53 and 85.44% in sequence compared with control treatment, and the same treatment M1B1 significantly affected the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the grains, with increasing percentage 120.91 and 86.36% respectively, Comparison with control treatment, also noticed M1B1 treatment had a significant effect on protein content, with an increase percentage 121.46% compared to control treatment. Results showed the triple interactions P2M1B1 achieved affected significantly in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration in dry matter and grains, with increased percentage 142.86, 208.33 and 112.00%, respectively, compared with control treatment in dry matter, with increases of 145.33, 109.52 and 92.96% respectively compared with control treatment in grains. Results showed, that P2M1B1 treatment achieved affected significantly in protein content, with an increase percentage 144.68% compared to control treatment.

Reducing competition in a crop–livestock–forest integrated system by thinning eucalyptus trees

AbstractThe goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of thinning eucalyptus trees on yield and nutritive value of corn for silage and palisadegrass in a crop–livestock–forest integrated system and to evaluate the total aboveground biomass yield in systems with and without trees. Plant variables, as well as the incidence of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil moisture, were evaluated between October 2016 and March 2018 in São Carlos, Brazil, in a crop–livestock–forest and a crop–livestock system. In the crop–livestock–forest system, eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus urograndis clone GG100) were planted in April 2011, in single rows, with 15 × 2 m spacing. In 2016, the trees were thinned, and the spacing was changed to 15 × 4 m. The treatments comprised measurements at 0.00, 3.75, 7.50, and 11.25 m from the trees of the North row in the integrated crop–livestock–forest (iCLF) system and integrated crop–livestock (iCL) system. Palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha) was sown after harvesting the corn. Corn yields were similar between treatments, with an average of 13.6 Mg ha−1. Corn for silage presented a higher percentage of grain in total biomass in the crop–livestock–forest positions (41.4 and 42.1%) than in the crop–livestock system (35.6%). No differences in forage accumulation were observed. Crude protein content in corn for silage and palisadegrass was higher in the crop–livestock–forest treatments than in the crop–livestock system. Such results indicate that thinning was favorable to production in the crop–livestock–forest system. Total aboveground biomass yield was higher in the iCLF system, indicating better land use for this type of integrated system.

Characterization and refinement of zein-based gels

Biopolymer-based gels have a significant impact on controlling rheological properties in a number of industrial processes. Many natural polymers such as animal and plant proteins are used as gelling agents. In particular, zein is a biocompatible protein that embraces almost 80% of the whole protein content of corn. The current study was designed to characterize various gels made up of zein, in order to provide useful formulations for various applications. Diffusing wave spectroscopy in association with dynamic rheology was used to obtain a full physico-chemical characterization of the zein dispersions. Zein gels were prepared using different amounts of protein (10%, 12.5%, 15% and 20% w/v) and their stability was evaluated by Turbiscan Lab®. The microrheological parameters e.g. SLB (solid-liquid balance), EI (elasticity index), MVI (macroscopic viscosity index) and the storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli were evaluated as a function of strain, frequency, time, and temperature providing information on the linear viscoelastic region, structural assembly, and thermal characteristics. The formulations containing 15% and 20% w/v of zein formed stable dispersions especially at 37 °C. The high protein concentration showed storage moduli values significantly greater than those of viscous moduli, demonstrating that the elastic character became dominant. These findings were confirmed up to 50 °C. The viscosity of these samples decreased as the shear rate increased, thus demonstrating a typical pseudoplastic or shear thinning behavior. Our findings showed that dispersions containing 20% w/v of zein are promising low-cost formulations to be used as a gel in various fields of application.

Changes in Corn Protein Content During Storage and Their Relationship with Dry Grind Ethanol Production

AbstractChanges in corn grain during storage can cause variations in dry grind ethanol yields. The first objective of this study was to determine the effects of postharvest storage on dry grind ethanol concentrations. Ethanol concentrations for corn stored under ambient and refrigerated conditions were measured every 4 weeks for 1 year. Ethanol concentrations had a decreasing trend for corn stored from 0 to 16 weeks and an increasing trend from week 16 to 24. These trends were similar for corn stored at refrigerated and ambient conditions. The effects of postharvest storage on soluble protein content and their relationship with ethanol concentration were also evaluated. Stored corn was sampled at weeks 0, 8, 16, 24, and 40. Soluble proteins were extracted using a sequential extraction procedure and expressed with respect to the total crude protein of corn, and the total values were not affected by storage temperature (ranging from −7 to 23°C). During 8 to 40 week storage at ambient and refrigerated temperature, the albumin content of corn decreased by 43.6% and 48.5% while the prolamin content increased by 37.9% and 43.0%, respectively. Ethanol yield at 72 hours of fermentation had no correlation with soluble protein content; however, ethanol yield at 24 hours correlated negatively with glutelin (r = −0.76) and positively with prolamin (r = +0.74) contents.

Collection of the Ustymivka Experimental Station as a source of original material for maize breeding with improved biochemical indices of corn

Purpose of this work is to identify promising samples of corn from the collection of Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production with important biochemical indicators of quality – high protein and starch content. Methods. Field, laboratory, summarizing. Results . The grading of the collection samples of corn according to biochemical indicators was carried out. Only one line with a very high protein content of 15.8% was allocated – ‘UHK 464’ (Ukraine). 57 lines and 35 varieties of different eco-geographical origin had the high level of protein content. This makes it possible to select valuable forms. Among self-polluting lines, the sour­ces of very high protein content (14.0–15.0%) include: ‘UH 220’, (Ukraine) and ‘A 27-51’, ‘R 168’ (USA). 10 varieties of maize had the corn protein content within 12.0–12.9%, the best of them are conventional variety ‘UB0104037’ (Russia) and UB0100419 ‘Cuzco’ (Mexico). Among the maize lines created with the wx , se , o 2 , ae , su 1 , su 2 , sh 2 genes, some corn samples were identified as a combination of high productivity with increased protein content. Very high content of starch in corn (70.0–75.5%) was found in 147 samples, including 39 lines and 108 varieties. Only 3 lines had a starch content of more than 76.0% – ‘HLG 4’ and ‘A 169’ (Ukraine), ‘7023’ (Germany). This indicator varies within the limits of 73–75% in 23 maize lines. The best of them are ‘LK 14795’, ‘UHK 383’, ‘UHR 74-2’ (Ukraine), ‘MA 23 S’ (France), ‘B 312’ (Russia), ‘LH 59’ (USA), ‘ВС 70511’ (Croatia), ‘N 4-1-6’ (Serbia and Montenegro), ‘Martonvasar 1’, ‘Martonvasar 2’ (Hungary). It is recommended to use self-pollinated lines ‘G 6’, ‘CO 72-75-13 PR’, ‘D-BE-14’, ‘W 117’, ‘407’, ‘P 502 ZM’, ‘UHK 565’, ‘Oh 45’ in the maize selection process for hybrids and lines with the high content of protein and starch. This provides a valuable source material, which will serve as the basis for the priority directions of maize breeding. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, a valuable original material for maize lines and hybrids breeding with improved biochemical composition of corn was formed. The studied corn samples are in the collections of the Ustymivka Experimental Station and the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine and can be used by breeders and other consumers in theoretical and practical developments.

Recent advances in food-packing, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of zein and zein-based materials.

Zein is a biodegradable and biocompatible material extracted from renewable resources; it comprises almost 80% of the whole protein content in corn. This review highlights and describes some zein and zein-based materials, focusing on biomedical applications. It was demonstrated in this review that the biodegradation and biocompatibility of zein are key parameters for its uses in the food-packing, biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Furthermore, it was pointed out that the presence of hydrophilic-hydrophobic groups in zein chains is a very important aspect for obtaining material with different hydrophobicities by mixing with other moieties (polymeric or not), but also for obtaining derivatives with different properties. The physical and chemical characteristics and special structure (at the molecular, nano and micro scales) make zein molecules inherently superior to many other polymers from natural sources and synthetic ones. The film-forming property of zein and zein-based materials is important for several applications. The good electrospinnability of zein is important for producing zein and zein-based nanofibers for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. The use of zein’s hydrolysate peptides for reducing blood pressure is another important issue related to the application of derivatives of zein in the biomedical field. It is pointed out that the biodegradability and biocompatibility of zein and other inherent properties associated with zein’s structure allow a myriad of applications of such materials with great potential in the near future.

Interactive effects of phytase and xylanase supplementation with extractable salt-soluble protein content of corn in diets with adequate calcium and nonphytate phosphorus fed to broilers

The objective was to determine the effects of extractable salt-soluble protein content of corn (PS) and exogenous enzyme supplementation on N, starch, and energy digestibility in broilers fed diets adequate in Ca and nonphytate P. Broilers were randomly distributed into floor pens (6 replicate pens per treatment) with 28 birds per pen at 1 d of age. Treatments consisting of 4 sources of corn varying in PS (A, 58.1; B, 54.2; C, 53.7; and D, 30.6 mg of BSA equivalent values) with or without phytase (0 and 1,000 phytase units/kg) and xylanase (0 and 16,000 units of xylanase activity/kg) were randomly assigned to each pen. Different sources of corn were provided from 1 to 9 and 24 to 29 d of age. However, enzyme treatments were provided throughout the experiment. From 1 to 9 d of age, no interactions were observed. Apparent ileal N digestibility (AIND) and apparent ileal digestible energy (IDE) of diets with the lowest PS (based on corn D) were lower (P ≤ 0.05) than those of diets with a higher PS. Phytase increased (P ≤ 0.01) AIND and IDE by 5 and 16%, respectively, and xylanase exerted the opposite effect (P ≤ 0.03). From 24 to 29 d of age, phytase and xylanase in combination resulted in reduced (P ≤ 0.05) AIND of diets with a low PS (based on corn D) compared with the basal diet in broilers. Broilers fed diets with the highest or lowest PS (based on corn A or D) had lower (3-way interaction; P ≤ 0.05) IDE when phytase and xylanase were supplemented in combination compared with either enzyme alone. In conclusion, responses to exogenous enzyme supplementation are not constant and are influenced by the source of ingredients as well as the age of broilers. The magnitudes of the responses to phytase on nutrient and energy digestibility were greater at 9 compared with 29 d of age.

Essential and Unessential Dietary Nitrogen.

With a diet high in total nitrogen, corn protein requirements may be reduced by 25 per cent by further increasing nonspecific nitrogen intake. Lysine is the first essential amino acid required to restore nitrogen balance when corn protein content is inadequate.

Effect of Microbial, Enzyme and Humic Substanses on Mineral Nutrition and Grain Quality of Maize Hybrids KN 509 And KN M 625

ABSTRACTMaize hybrids, cultivated without irrigation, are considerably influenced by seasonal climate changes. The selected by us hybrids from FAO groups 500 and 600 have a very high productivity. The purpose of the study is to determine by a comparative test the influence of 3 groups of bio-stimulators on both the changes in mineral nutrition and the changes in grain quality of maize hybrids Kn 509 and Kn M 625. 13 variants are tested in each hybrid, with 4 repetitions in a variant and average 50 plants per repetition. The plants are treated in 8- 10th leave phase with all of the preparations in a dose of 500 ml/ha. 3 groups ofproducts are examined (bacterial—containing species from genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas; humic—in combination with vitamins, hydrolase's enzymes or Trichoderma; chelate compositions of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Co + Pseudomonas sp.) The one-time treatment of the 2 hybrids doesn't have a proven effect on the yield. Leaf diagnostics in the flowering phase shows that bacterial preparations improve the assimilation of P, hydrolase's enzyme preparations balance the excessive assimilation of Mg, and humic acids and chelate compositions improve the assimilation of N. All of the examined preparations increase the protein content of corn. Regarding Kn 509, humic and enzyme preparations increase the protein production per unit of area from 17 to 19%, and regarding the Kn M 625 hybrid—from 9 to 17%. Bacterial and enzyme preparations increase the lipid content in the grain of Kn M 625 to 40%.

Relationship between Bushel Weight, Metabolizable Energy, and Protein Content of Corn from an Adverse Growing Season

Twenty-six yellow corn samples of varying bushel weight, free of observable insect or mold damage, were evaluated for metabolizable energy and protein content. A slight but significant positive correlation was observed between bushel weight and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) of corn samples, which increased by an average of 6.9 kcal/kg (3.1 kcal/lb) for each lb increase in bushel weight. However, considerable variation in the TMEn content of samples of similar weight suggests that this observation has limited practical significance for samples above 50 lbs/bushel. There was no significant effect of bushel weight on crude protein content.

Effects of Applied Nitrogen and Sulfur on Yield and Protein Content of Corn1

Agronomy JournalVolume 51, Issue 9 p. 572-573 Note Effects of Applied Nitrogen and Sulfur on Yield and Protein Content of Corn1 Winfred Thomas, Winfred Thomas Agronomist Alabama A. & M. College, Normal, AlabamaSearch for more papers by this author Winfred Thomas, Winfred Thomas Agronomist Alabama A. & M. College, Normal, AlabamaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 1959 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1959.00021962005100090020xCitations: 4 1 Contribution from the Department of Agronomy, Alabama A. and M. College, Normal, Alabama, in cooperation with the Division of Agricultural Relations, Tennessee Valley Authority. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume51, Issue9September 1959Pages 572-573 RelatedInformation

The Amino Acid and Protein Content of Corn as Related to Variety and Nitrogen Fertilization

The Amino Acid and Protein Content of Corn as Related to Variety and Nitrogen Fertilization

The Relationship Between the Protein Content of Corn and the Nutritional Value of the Protein

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