Corn Oil Biodiesel Research Articles

Characterization of corn oil biodiesel and its application in diesel engine

ABSTRACT Present paper deals with preparation, characterization, and application of biodiesel (BD) prepared from corn oil by using transesterification process. As prepared corn BD is characterized by CHNS, FTIR, HNMR, and GC-MS analysis and its properties are compared with fossil diesel. Based on CHNS analysis of BD, high C/H ratio (1.898) and low O/C ratio (0.06445) is obtained and empirical formula of BD is CH1.898N0.000322S0.000047O0.06445. Four-stroke, single cylinder diesel engine coupled with hydraulic dynamometer is experimentally tested by blending mixture (BM) of variable BD composition of BD with fossil diesel. Based on diesel engine performance, among the seven different blended mixtures of BD, BM containing 25% BD is the most efficient composition of BD in BM at all loading conditions (1–5 kg).

Combustion and emissions of a diesel engine utilizing novel intake manifold designs and running on alternative fuels

This work presents a number of integrated strategies aimed at enhancing the performance of the diesel engine and the subsequent reduction of its associated emissions. Three novel spiral-helical shaped intake manifolds with varying helical diameter and designs (1D, 2D, 3D, where D is the internal manifold diameter) were used to generate high turbulent kinetic energy and strong induction swirl inside the engine cylinder. The manifolds were tested using a number of alternative fuels including Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) fuel, waste cooking oil biodiesel and corn oil biodiesel in addition to blends of these fuels with conventional diesel. Manifold design (1D) exhibited superior improvements in engine performance and marked reducing in emissions irrespective of the fuel type. For high cetane-number (CN) fuels (such as GTL), a marked reduction in the pressure raise rate (dP/dθ) and the peak pressure inside the cylinder was observed. In addition, 47% reduction in NO and 32% reduction in particulate matter (PM) emissions at part load were achieved compared to amounts emitted from conventional diesel. Furthermore, using 1D manifold with high oxygen contents fuels (such as biodiesel blends) resulted in a notable reduction in the CO and HC emissions when compared to diesel fuel.

Emission and injection characteristics of corn biodiesel blends in diesel engine

In recent years, industries have been investing to develop an alternative fuel to replace the depleting petroleum products which emit higher emission. This paper investigates combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the corn vegetable oil methyl ester with oxygenated additives. Pentanol and titanium oxide are used as additives to increase the efficiency of a diesel engine with reduced emission. A set of experiments are carried out in water cooled multi-cylinder diesel engine at different engine rpm, different engine loads and two different injection pressures. The Diesel, CVOME, CVOME75P20T100, CVOME75P20T200, CVOME75P20T300, CVOME85P10T100, CVOME85P10T200 and CVOME85P10T300 are used as test fuels. The pentanol and titanium oxide nanoparticles are mixed with fuel by ultrasonication process at different ppm. For all testing conditions, biodiesels report the superior results compared to conventional diesel fuel. CVOME75P20 with 5% of titanium dioxide at 300 ppm performs better than other mixture fractions. Results obtained shows that BSFC is improved by 6.3% with CVOME75P20T300 while BP is increased 22% with CVOME75P20T300 compared to diesel at full load condition. Astonishing reductions are seen on CO, HC and smoke emissions with the usage of corn oil biodiesel compared to diesel. Furthermore, 16% reduction in NOx and particulate emission are reported with CVOME75P20T300.

Biodiesel derived from corn oil – A fuel substitute for diesel

In present scenario, consumption of energy is steadily increasing in all sectors due to increase in population and improved lifestyle. Ever growing demand for energy results in increasing of dependency over fossil fuels. The depleting nature of such energy sources and increasing nature of energy demand are causing serious energy concerns about the future energy security. Use of biodiesel may be one of the solutions to overcome the future energy demand, and production of biodiesel is an interesting avenue for researchers. In this research work, since corn oil has comparable properties of diesel, an attempt was made to produce biodiesel from corn oil and evaluate the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine using corn oil biodiesel blended with diesel at different proportions as fuel. The outcome of this research work revealed that the production of biodiesel from corn oil is possible and the experimental observations resulted in a comparable performance, combustion and emission parameters with those of diesel.

Environment effect of La2O3 nano-additives on microalgae-biodiesel fueled CRDI engine with conventional diesel

ABSTRACTIn this present work, corn oil biodiesel with La2O3 was used as an additive with neat diesel fuel and blends were prepared. La2O3 nanoparticles are dispersed in the emulsions with different dosage levels of 50, 75, and 100 ppm. A single-cylinder, four-stroke CRDI diesel engine is made to run on different fuel concentrations to study the effect of emission characteristics of the fuel. The test engine was operated under constant engine speed (1500 rpm) and different engine load test conditions. According to the experimental results, fuel blends with biodiesel fuel emission increases CO2 and NOx and reduces the CO, HC, and smoke emissions compared with the B20 fuel.

Effectiveness of activated mistalea (Viscum album L.) as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel partial hydrogenation

Abstract In the present work, usage of the carbonized mistalea (viscum album L.) as an eco-friendly, cheap and easy prepeared heterogeneous catalyst is proposed for partial hydrogenation reaction of biodiesel. The catalyst produced by carbonization process was carefully characterized by FTIR, SEM and BET methods and also elemental analysis. Effectiveness of the obtained catalyst was investigated by using for the partial hydrogenation of corn-oil biodiesel. The biodiesel product after partial hydrogenation has been investigated by means of Fatty acid methyl esters, oxidation stability, pour point and cloud point. Even if a small amount of the catalyst was used, it showed high catalytic activity for the partial hydrogenation reaction. As a result it can be reccomended as a potential catalyst for the similar studies in this area.

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fulled by corn oil biodiesel blends with air pre-heater

The demand of diesel fuel has been increasing all over the world. To overcome this energy demand, an alternative fuel or biodiesel blend is the need of the hour. In this paper, we have projected the outcome of experiment a diesel engine filled with biodiesel blend which is prepared from the corn oil. In IC engine around 32% of the heat is released through exhaust gas, which will raise the surrounding air temperature. An air pre-heater has been designed to preheat the inlet air by using the waste exhaust heat energy coming out of the engine, which will reduce the exhaust gas temperature. Higher inlet air temperature causes reduction in the fuel consumption, increasing the thermal efficiency and decreasing the ignition delay. The formation of CO2 and unburned HC has been reduced due to easy vaporization and better mixing of air and fuel. In this experimental work, the diesel engine performance and emission parameters has been investigated with inlet air temperature of 35°C and 50°C considering different blends like 100% D, 90% D+10% CME (Corn oil Methyl Ester), 80% D+20% CME, 70% D+30% CME and 60% D+40% CME respectively.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.23.3.14853

Evaluation of Emitted Particulate Matters Emissions in Multi-cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel

As an alternative fuel, biodiesel is receiving rising attention for diesel engines. The corn oil biodiesel was prepared from Iraqi produced corn oil through transesterification process, using methanol and sodium hydroxide in the present investigation. Neat corn oil biodiesel, as well as, the blends of varying proportions of it and diesel was used to run a 4-cylinders direct injection CI engine. The effects of some engine variables like load, speed, and injection timing on emitted particulate matters (PM) were studied. The aim was to evaluate the emitted particulate matters from a diesel engine when it fuelled with blends diesel and biodiesel. As the Iraqi conventional diesel has high sulfur content that release high rates of PM, it was taking as the baseline fuel in the tests. The results showed a significant reduction in PM when biodiesel was used. The maximum reductions in PM concentrations observed were 34.96 % in the case of biodiesel operation compared to diesel at full engine loads and constant speed. An increment in the PM concentrations as the timing retarded from the optimum injection timing. Biodiesel has a significant impact on smoke at idle mode with reductions of 8.6%, 18%, and 39.75% for B20, B50, and B100 respectively compared to diesel. The study concludes the possibility of more reduction of PM concentrations in the case of reducing sulfur content in Iraqi diesel fuel significantly.

Influence of corn oil recovery on life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of corn ethanol and corn oil biodiesel.

BackgroundCorn oil recovery and conversion to biodiesel has been widely adopted at corn ethanol plants recently. The US EPA has projected 2.6 billion liters of biodiesel will be produced from corn oil in 2022. Corn oil biodiesel may qualify for federal renewable identification number (RIN) credits under the Renewable Fuel Standard, as well as for low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity credits under California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Because multiple products [ethanol, biodiesel, and distiller’s grain with solubles (DGS)] are produced from one feedstock (corn), however, a careful co-product treatment approach is required to accurately estimate GHG intensities of both ethanol and corn oil biodiesel and to avoid double counting of benefits associated with corn oil biodiesel production.ResultsThis study develops four co-product treatment methods: (1) displacement, (2) marginal, (3) hybrid allocation, and (4) process-level energy allocation. Life-cycle GHG emissions for corn oil biodiesel were more sensitive to the choice of co-product allocation method because significantly less corn oil biodiesel is produced than corn ethanol at a dry mill. Corn ethanol life-cycle GHG emissions with the displacement, marginal, and hybrid allocation approaches are similar (61, 62, and 59 g CO2e/MJ, respectively). Although corn ethanol and DGS share upstream farming and conversion burdens in both the hybrid and process-level energy allocation methods, DGS bears a higher burden in the latter because it has lower energy content per selling price as compared to corn ethanol. As a result, with the process-level allocation approach, ethanol’s life-cycle GHG emissions are lower at 46 g CO2e/MJ. Corn oil biodiesel life-cycle GHG emissions from the marginal, hybrid allocation, and process-level energy allocation methods were 14, 59, and 45 g CO2e/MJ, respectively. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate the influence corn oil yield, soy biodiesel, and defatted DGS displacement credits, and energy consumption for corn oil production and corn oil biodiesel production.ConclusionsThis study’s results demonstrate that co-product treatment methodology strongly influences corn oil biodiesel life-cycle GHG emissions and can affect how this fuel is treated under the Renewable Fuel and Low Carbon Fuel Standards.

Density, flash point and heating value variations of corn oil biodiesel–diesel fuel blends

In this study, densities of produced corn oil biodiesel and its blends with commercially available petro-diesel fuel have been investigated. The effects of temperature (T) and biodiesel percentage in blend (X) on the densities of blends were examined. The blends (B5, B10, B15, B20, B50 and B75) were prepared on a volume basis and their densities were measured by following ISO test method at temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40°C. New one- and two-dimensional equations were fitted to the measurements for identifying of variations of densities with respect to X and T; and these equations were compared with other equations published in literature. Moreover, the qualities of the corn oil biodiesel and its blends were evaluated by determining the other important properties such as flash point temperature and higher heating value. In order to predict these properties, some equations were also evaluated as a function of biodiesel percentage in blend.

Orthogonal Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Ionic Liquid Transesterification of Corn Oil Biodiesel

In order to optimize the ultrasound-assisted corn oil biodiesel transesterification process conditions, factors four through five levels of orthogonal test to optimize their processes, the findings indicate that ultrasound-assisted transesterification of corn oil biodiesel optimum conditions : 1:11 molar ratio of methanol to oil, corn oil catalyst was 11%, the reaction temperature is 90 °C, reaction time was 50min, ultrasonic power 360W, under these conditions, the measured ratio of the average of the transesterification 91.85 %. Relative to conventional preparation methods, the method is simple, rapid, saving solvent consumption and other advantages.

Experimental investigation and modeling of liquid–liquid equilibria in two systems of concern in biodiesel production

The binary systems of water+biodiesel and ternary systems of methanol+glycerol+biodiesel, which are involved in the biodiesel production process, were investigated in order to find the corresponding equilibrium data. In the case of binary systems, water solubilities in two biodiesels from either corn or frying oil were determined within a temperature range of 297.2–333.2K. For the ternary mixtures of methanol+glycerol+either corn or frying oil biodiesel, the binodal curves and tie lines were determined at the three temperatures of 293.2, 303.2, and 313.2K. Results showed that the solubilities in both binary and ternary systems increased with increasing temperature. The Othmer–Tobias correlation was applied to each ternary system to ascertain the reliability of the experimental tie line data obtained, and to provide phase equilibrium correlations at conditions where data are not available. All of the investigated systems were also modeled using the UNIQUAC model. The satisfactory results obtained indicate the suitability of this model for such systems.

LHV predication models and LHV effect on the performance of CI engine running with biodiesel blends

The heating value of fuel is one of its most important physical properties, and is used for the design and numerical simulation of combustion processes within internal combustion (IC) engines. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of dual fuel and blended fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines. Most of the blended fuels include biodiesel as one of the constituents and hence the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of biodiesel content to lower heating value (LHV) and to develop new LHV prediction models that correlate the LHV with biodiesel fraction, density and viscosity. Furthermore, this study also investigated the effects of the LHV on CI engines performance parameters experimentally. To achieve the above mentioned objectives density, viscosity and LHV of rapeseed oil biodiesel, corn oil biodiesel and waste oil biodiesel at different blend fraction values (B0, B5, B10, B20, B50, B75, and B100, where ‘B5’ denotes a blend of 5% biodiesel and 95% mineral diesel, etc.) were measured as per EN ISO 3675:1998, EN ISO 3104:1996 and DIN 51900 standards. The engine experimental work was conducted on a four-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection (DI) and turbocharged diesel engine by using rapeseed oil and normal diesel blends. Based on the experimental results, models were developed which have the capability to predict the LHV corresponding to different fractions, densities and viscosities of biodiesel. The models are shown to produce consistent results with experimentally measured ones and compared with previous researches’ models. Furthermore the effects of LHV on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and thermal efficiency were analysed and it has been seen that for the neat biodiesel which its LHV is lower by 8% than diesel resulted in an increment of BSFC and thermal efficiency by 18% and 25% respectively.

Prediction models for density and viscosity of biodiesel and their effects on fuel supply system in CI engines

Biodiesel is a promising non-toxic and biodegradable alternative fuel used in the transport sector. Nevertheless, the higher viscosity and density of biodiesel poses some acute problems when it is used it in unmodified engine. Taking this into consideration, this study has been focused towards two objectives. The first objective is to identify the effect of temperature on density and viscosity for a variety of biodiesels and also to develop a correlation between density and viscosity for these biodiesels. The second objective is to investigate and quantify the effects of density and viscosity of the biodiesels and their blends on various components of the engine fuel supply system such as fuel pump, fuel filters and fuel injector. To achieve first objective density and viscosity of rapeseed oil biodiesel, corn oil biodiesel and waste oil biodiesel blends (0B, 5B, 10B, 20B, 50B, 75B, and 100B) were tested at different temperatures using EN ISO 3675:1998 and EN ISO 3104:1996 standards. For both density and viscosity new correlations were developed and compared with published literature. A new correlation between biodiesel density and biodiesel viscosity was also developed. The second objective was achieved by using analytical models showing the effects of density and viscosity on the performance of fuel supply system. These effects were quantified over a wide range of engine operating conditions. It can be seen that the higher density and viscosity of biodiesel have a significant impact on the performance of fuel pumps and fuel filters as well as on air-fuel mixing behaviour of compression ignition (CI) engine.