Chrysanthemum Segetum Research Articles

Antifungal activity of yellow Chrysanthemum leaves (Chrysanthemum segetum) ethanol extract against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale

Yellow chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum segetum) contain secondary metabolites that have potential as antifungals. This study aims to determine the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract of yellow chrysanthemum leaves against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale. This research included sample collection, preparation of dry samples, characterization of dry samples, extraction by maceration method using 96% ethanol, phytochemical screening, and antifungal tests using the agar diffusion method, as well as a positive control of 2% ketoconazole against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale. The result is that ethanol extracts of yellow chrysanthemum leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract of yellow chrysanthemum leaves was 50 mg/ml with an inhibition diameter of 10.20 mm for Candida albicans and 9.86 mm for Pityrosporum ovale. Ethanol extracts of yellow chrysanthemum leaves have antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale.

Avaliação da viabilidade do pólen em algumas variedades de crisântemo em spray no período de armazenamento

Abstract In producing chrysanthemum hybrids, more seed sets per fruit are preferred. Only successful pollination and fertilization allow seeds to de-velop. High pollen viability and pollen germination rate are intimately correlated with successful fertilization. Chrysanthemum pollen and their storage duration have only been the subject of a relatively few investigations. The study aimed to determine pollen's viability and germination during the 4 days, which were kept at 24 ºC. In the present study, two different Chrysanthemum species (Chrysanthemum coronarium L. and Chrysanthemum segetum L.) and two commercial Chrysanthemum varieties (Chic and Haydar) that belong to Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. species as spray chrysanthemum pollens were used for experimental material. The grains pollen were stored in an incubator which was 24 ºC and 60% humidity. The pollen viability was tested with TTC (2,3,5 Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride) staining test and pollen germination was evaluated hanging drop method with modified ME3-m medium, daily for 4 days including day 0. The results showed that the viability and germination of all pollens used in this study decreased day by day. Depending on the species/varieties, the viability rates ranged from 12.83% to 32.04% on the first day and between 0.57-2.33% on the last day. Pollen germination rates differed between 16.76% - 3.45% on the 0th day and 0.0-0.17% on the 4th day.

Integrated management of problematic weed corn marigold in wheat fields at West and South West Shewa Zones in Ethiopia

Integrated management of problematic weed corn marigold in wheat fields at West and South West Shewa Zones in Ethiopia

Integrated Hand Weeding and Herbicide Application for Corn Marigold (Glebionis segetum) in Tef Fields across Western and Southwestern Shewa Zones in Ethiopia

Background: Corn marigold (Glebionis segetum (L.) Frourr.) is a serious weed species of agricultural crops in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there is a lack of information on its management in tef fields in the country. Therefore, the current work was designed with the objectives of evaluating integrated management of the weed and determining the most economical integrated weed management options in tef fields. Methods: The field experiments were conducted in naturally corn marigold infested fields of Cheliya and Woliso districts of West and Southwest Shewa Zones in Ethiopia, respectively, during 2020 to 2021 cropping seasons. Results: Different corn marigold management practices exhibited different responses to different parameters of the target weed and the test crop differently. Application of Pyroxsulam 45g L-1 at a rate of 0.40 l ha -1 supplemented with once-hand weeding and Halauxifen-methyl 100g kg-1 + Florasulam 100g kg-1 sprayed at a rate of 50 g ha -1 supplemented with once-hand weeding increased grain yield by about 70 and 50%, respectively, over the weedy check. The marginal revenue and benefit-cost ratio obtained from the marketing of goods for the application of Pyroxsulam 45g L-1 with one supplementary hand weeding of corn marigold increased by110 89%, respectively, as compared to the weedy check. Conclusions: The present study revealed the role of integrated management of corn marigold in improving tef production and productivity by combating the weed. Future research should be directed towards scaling up and popularizing these technologies among the growers.

Integrated Management of Corn Marigold (Glebionis segetum) in Tef Field at Western and Southwestern Shewa Zones in Ethiopia

Background: Corn marigold (Glebionis segetum (L.) Frourr.) is a serious weed species of agricultural crops in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there is a lack of information on its management in tef fields in the country. Therefore, the current work was designed with the objectives of evaluating integrated management of the weed and determining the most economical integrated weed management options in tef fields. Methods: The field experiments were conducted in naturally corn marigold infested fields of Cheliya and Woliso districts of West and Southwest Shewa Zones in Ethiopia, respectively, during 2020 to 2021 cropping seasons. Results: Different corn marigold management practices exhibited different responses to different parameters of the target weed and the test crop differently. Application of Pyroxsulam 45g L-1 at a rate of 0.40 l ha -1 supplemented with once-hand weeding and Halauxifen-methyl 100g kg-1 + Florasulam 100g kg-1 sprayed at a rate of 50 g ha -1 supplemented with once-hand weeding increased grain yield by about 70 and 50%, respectively, over the weedy check. The marginal revenue and benefit-cost ratio obtained from the marketing of goods for the application of Pyroxsulam 45g L-1 with one supplementary hand weeding of corn marigold increased by110 89%, respectively, as compared to the weedy check. Conclusions: The present study revealed the role of integrated management of corn marigold in improving tef production and productivity by combating the weed. Future research should be directed towards scaling up and popularizing these technologies among the growers.

Influence of burial depth and soil disturbance on the emergence of common weed species in the Iberian Peninsula

AbstractNorth African knapweed (Centaurea diluta Aiton), cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.), corn marigold [Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr.], rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin), and corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) are weeds of economic importance in the Iberian Peninsula, particularly due to limited herbicide options for effective control. For this reason, information about their seedling emergence has become critical to develop effective integrated management strategies and better time control actions. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of seed burial depth and soil disturbance on the emergence of these weed species. Two pot experiments were carried out to (1) quantify seedling emergence at three burial depths (2, 5, and 9 cm) and (2) characterize seedling emergence in response to different frequencies and timings of soil disturbance. Burial depth limited the emergence of G. segetum and P. rhoeas at 5 and 9 cm, respectively; while seedling emergence of C. diluta, C. cyanus, and L. rigidum were reduced by 92%, 90%, and 67% at 9 cm compared with 2 cm, respectively. Two or more sequential soil disturbance events increased total seedling emergence of C. diluta, P. rhoeas, and G. segetum compared with single events, while L. rigidum did not respond to repeated soil disturbance. These results suggest that turning the soil to bury weed seeds down to 5 cm or deeper would be a very effective method to control G. segetum and P. rhoeas and moderately effective to control C. cyanus. Also, the use of a stale seedbed would have some efficacy to reduce P. rhoeas and C. diluta weed pressure within the crop. This study illustrates how differences among species in seedling emergence in response to soil depth and disturbance can determine distinct emergence patterns ultimately influencing the selection of weed control tools and timing.

Integrated management of Corn Marigold (Glebionis segetum) in Tef Field at Western and Southwestern Shewa zones in Ethiopia

Background: Corn marigold is a serious weed species of agricultural crops in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there is a lack of information on its management in tef fields in the country. Therefore, the current work was designed with the objectives of evaluating integrated management of the weed and determining the most economical integrated weed management options in tef fields. Methods: The field experiment was conducted at naturally Corn marigold infested fields of Chaliya and Waliso districts of Western and Southwestern Ethiopia, respectively during 2020 to 2021 cropping seasons. Results: Different Corn marigold management practices exhibited different responses to different parameters of the target weed and the test crop differently. Application of Pallas 45 OD at a rate of 0.40 l ha-1 supplemented with once-hand weeding and QuelexTM 200 WG sprayed at a rate of 50 g ha-1 supplemented with once-hand weeding increased grain yield by about 70 and 50%, respectively, over weedy check. The marginal revenue and benefit-cost ratio inflicted from the marketing of goods for every one of integrated management of Corn marigold increased by about 42–110 and 32–89%, respectively as compared to a weedy check. Conclusions: The present study revealed the role of integrated management of Corn marigold in improving tef production and productivity by combating the weed. Future research should be directed towards scaling up and popularizing these technologies among end users.

Pro197 and Trp574 substitutions in the acetolactate synthase of corn marigold (Glebionis segetum) and their impact on competitive ability against barley

AbstractThree suspected resistant (R1, R2, and R3) corn marigold populations collected from winter cereal fields located in central Greece were studied to confirm and elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors and their competitive ability against barley. Whole-plant dose–response assays proved that the three suspected R populations were highly cross-resistant to the ALS inhibitors tribenuron, pyroxsulam + florasulam, and imazamox, whereas their control with synthetic auxin plus ALS inhibitors co-formulated mixtures was increased in the order of tritosulfuron + dicamba < florasulam + clopyralid < tribenuron + mecoprop-P < florasulam + aminopyralid. The ALS gene sequence revealed a point mutation in 11 plants of the R1, R2, and R3 populations, which resulted in the substitution of Pro-197-Thr or Trp-574-Leu. By contrast, all three sequenced plants of the susceptible (S) population were found with the wild-type allele encoding Pro-197 and Trp-574. This is the first report of ALS-inhibitor resistance in corn marigold. The competition study between barley and four densities of the S, R2, or R3 populations indicated similar biomass rates for all three populations, suggesting lack of association between the competitive ability of the R populations and the target-site resistance mechanism, which was also confirmed by the similar biomass reduction rates of barley grown in competition with S or R populations.

Paradigm Splits and Hiatus Forms: The Origins of Modern Irish Sceach and Scottish Gaelic Sgitheach 'Thorn Tree', and The Old Irish Precursor of Scottish Gaelic Dìthean 'Flower'

Abstract: This paper consists of two notes. The first argues that Scottish Gaelic sgitheach and Modern Irish sceach both have their origins in plural forms of Early Irish scé 'thorn tree', a paradigm in which we would expect to find alternation between iä and e . Similar paradigm splits and instances of paradigmatic levelling are discussed, with examples from Old, Middle and Early Modern Irish. The second note draws on the evidence of Scottish Gaelic dìthean 'flower' to clarify the earlier form of the word attested in Early Modern Irish manuscripts as dithan or dithen 'corn marigold'. It is argued that dìthean most likely goes back to Early Irish díán . This discussion also sheds some light on the form of the Early Irish word for 'purple foxglove'.

Populations and Host/Non-Host Plants of Spittlebugs Nymphs in Olive Orchards from Northeastern Portugal.

Simple SummaryXylella fastidiosa is a serious fitopathogenic bacteria which causes severe problems in different crops and ornamental plants. This plant disease is transmitted by insect vectors being spittlebugs the most important in Europe. They are polyphagous and during their young stages feed on herbs, therefore usual recommendations for the reduction of spittlebug populations in perennial crops include the herbaceous ground cover removal. Nevertheless, this practice is undesirable in sustainable agriculture. Thus, in this work the goal was to identify vector species and their young stages preferred/not preferred plants in natural ground covers from olive groves. The study area was located in the northeast of Portugal, a region at risk of infection with X. fastidiosa. Several plants were identified as food resources for spittlebugs while some abundant plants presented low numbers of spittlebugs, providing with a new insight about potential plants for integrating ground covers without favoring the disease.The Aphrophoridae family contains important vectors of Xylella fastidiosa, a serious bacterial plant disease. In olive orchards, nymphs usually feed on the ground-cover vegetation. However, detailed information about their populations and host/non-host plants in some regions threatened by Xylella, such as the northeast of Portugal, is very limited. The goal of our work was to identify the vector species, nymphal development period, and their host and non-host herbaceous plants in olive orchards from northeastern Portugal. Ground-cover plant species hosting or not hosting nymphs were identified during the spring of 2017 to 2019 in olive orchards. Nymphal development period, nymph aggregation, and nymph’s preferred feeding height of the ground-cover plants were recorded. The most abundant Aphrophoridae species was Philaenus spumarius followed by Neophilaenus sp. Nymphs developed from April to early May and showed a low number of individuals per foam (generally between one and three). They preferred the middle part of the plants. Philaenus spumarius feeds preferentially on Asteraceae and Fabaceae, and Neophilaenus sp. on Poaceae. Some abundant plants, such as Bromus diandrus, Astragalus pelecinus, Chrysanthemum segetum, Trifolium spp., Caryophyllaceae, and Brassicaceae, were barely colonized by Aphrophoridae nymphs. This knowledge is essential for the selection of the species composition of ground-cover vegetation to minimize the presence of vectors of X. fastidiosa in olive groves.

Nutrient Content, in Vitro Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics and Antimethanogenic Potential of Three Algerian Asteraceae Species

The in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and the antimethanogenic potential of three Asteraceae species: Chamaemelum nobile, Centaurea pulata and Chrysanthemum segetum were determined. Serum bottles containing 200 mg of each plant and 30 ml of the culture medium (artificial saliva plus rumen juice) were incubated for 24 h. After incubation, pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) productions were recorded. Methanogens and protozoa were quantified using a Real Time PCR technique (qPCR). Cumulative gas productions, in vitro organic matter digestibility and VFA were not significantly affected by the added species when compared to the control (P > 0.05). The effects of Chamaemelum nobile and Chrysanthemum segetum on methane production, NH3 and acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3) were similar. The two species were able to modulate rumen fermentation to produce significantly lower CH4 concentrations (-24.3% and -27.1%, respectively) compared to the control. C.pulata produced the highest cumulative gas and stimulated the microbial metabolism with an increase in C2:C3 ratio, NH3 and methane production (P < 0.05). No significant effect of the three species on methanogenic Archaea and protozoa was registered (P > 0.05). The three species studied herein show a good potential for mitigating ruminal methane production without any undesirable effects on the main fermentation parameters.

Detectable but unseen: imperfect crypsis protects crab spiders from predators

Some crab spiders can change their colour to match the flower they use as a hunting platform and, in choice trials, they select same-colour flowers over contrasting flowers. Colour change is a costly physiological process that could help spiders capture more prey or avoid predators. There is no evidence, however, that crypsis increases the hunting success of spiders, and its effect on predator avoidance has not been studied. To evaluate the effect of crypsis on predation rate we tethered yellow crab spiders, Thomisus onustus, to artificial white and yellow flowers. To evaluate its effect on hunting success we released them on yellow corn daisy, Glebionis segetum, inflorescences and purple common mallow, Malva sylvestris, flowers. The colour contrast between crab spiders and artificial flowers was well above the detection threshold, but it was twice as large for spiders tethered to white flowers. Overall predation risk was higher on white than on yellow flowers. Yellow spiders released on purple mallows were three times more likely to capture prey than those released on yellow daisies. Despite this difference, during field surveys we have never seen a Thomisus female hunting on a mallow flower. Colour match plays a role in predator avoidance. Imperfect crypsis, that is, not matching a flower exactly, still more than halved predation rates on crab spiders and, in the field, spiders selected flowers with colours they could match, ignoring others where their hunting success would be much higher, but where they would be extremely conspicuous.

Characterization of weeds and rotational crops as alternative hosts of Spongospora subterranea, the causal agent of powdery scab in Israel

Alternative hosts of Spongospora subterranea may allow multiplication and survival of the pathogen over time; thus, host range is important from an epidemiological aspect. Weeds and rotational crops, such as wheat and barley, were sampled from potato fields with a history of powdery scab (PS) and examined for the presence of S. subterranea by root staining followed by microscopic observations and by qPCR analysis after DNA extraction. The pathogen was detected in plants of 16 weed species from eight families and in volunteer plants of potato and wheat. The ability of the pathogen to infect weeds and rotational crops was further examined by artificial inoculations with sporosori in pot experiments. Successful inoculations occurred with 13 weed species from eight families and with 12 rotational crops from five families. The findings of this study indicate a wide host range in Israel; the families Malvaceae and Zygophyllaceae and the following species are reported for the first time as S. subterranea hosts: Solanum elaeagnifolium, Triticum aestivum, Cynodon dactylon, Phalaris paradoxa, Phalaris minor, Setaria verticillata, Rostaria cristata, Sinapis nigra, Arachis hypogaea, Medicago sativa, Astragalus hauraensis, Amaranthus albus, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium opulifolium, Salsola soda, Malva nicaeensis, Chrysanthemum segetum, Verbesina encelioides, Ammi majus and Tribulus terrestris. Controlling weeds and avoiding the relevant rotational crops observed to be S. subterranea‐positive and thus potential hosts, should be taken into consideration in the management of PS, to reduce pathogen inoculum build‐up.

Ground cover management with mixtures of flowering plants to enhance insect pollinators and natural enemies of pests in olive groves

The potential of ground cover management with mixtures of selected plants to provide habitats for pollinating insects and natural enemies of pests in an olive grove in southern Greece, was studied over a period of 3 years (2011–2013). The management consisted of the establishment of 3 m2 patches of sown plant species or spontaneous natural vegetation between trees along tree lines. The sown plant species in the mixtures were Sinapis alba L. (Brassicaceae), Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. and Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach (Asteraceae), Vicia sativa L. and Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae), Borago officinalis L. (Boraginaceae), Coriandrum sativum L. and Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae). Sowing was performed in autumn or spring and the peak flowering period occurred at the end of March to end of April, and at the end of May to end of June, respectively. Visual estimation of flower cover, counts of pollinator landings on flowers and presence of beneficial arthropods (suction sampling) were performed in three 7–10 day intervals during peak flowering, for each experimental year. Overall, patches with sown plant mixtures attracted higher numbers of pollinating Hymenoptera compared to native vegetation, especially mining bees and honey bees (Apis mellifera) as well as megachilids and bumble bees (Bombus spp.). Sinapis alba, present in both sown and native vegetation patches, attracted mainly mining bees and honey bees. The flowering mixture with C. sativum and B. officinalis was more attractive to honey bees than the one with G. coronaria as main flowering species but they were both equally attractive to mining bees, although the species composition may well have been different. Hymenopterous parasitoids, primarily Braconidae and Chalcidoidea, were sampled from the patches and the olive fruit fly parasitoid Opius concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was recorded on olive trees adjacent to the flowering patches. Large numbers of predators, namely Orius sp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) and lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), were recorded in the patches, principally in those with the mixture containing mostly S. alba. Our results suggest that ground cover in patches with suitable flowering species could be part of a sustainable olive crop management system, providing food and refuge for pollinating insects and beneficial arthropods.

Study of Phenology of Chrysanthemum segetum L. and Its Impact on Crop Productivity in Cheliya District, Ethiopia

Studies on distribution, impact and phenology of Chrysanthemum segetum was carried out in Cheliya district. The aim was to study the distribution, impact and phenology of C. segetum. Assessment was done at regular interval of 5 km along gravile and main roadsides. Phenology of the weed was investigated under the natural conditions through regular visit. C. segetum was distributed in specific surveyed locations having different altitudinal ranges from 1993-2820m in study area. It was observed to infest crop land and grazing lands, but its infestation was found most serious at crop land than grazing lands. Scale of infestation of the weed varied among different locations depending up on time of its introduction in to the area. Animal dung, flood, crop seed, birds and farm machinery is found to be the major dispersal agents. Most of the farmers in the surveyed areas have recognized C. segtum invasion cause significant reduce in crop yield. C. segtum was ranked as first based on its negative impact on crop production and productivity. Hand weeding is the most common practice to manage C. segetum infestation in the study areas. The weed started to germinate at early May to late July even extended to August; flowering in early August to mid-September and the seeds fully ripened in September to December and even it extended to January at the study area. C. segetum produce high number of branch per plant (75.50) and averages of seeds per plant (11,551). The present investigation indicated that C. segetum significantly reduce crop productivity. Phenology of C .segetum was studied. Therefore, there is a need to develop scientifically proven control measure and contain the further spread of the weed to non-infested areas. Keywords : Chrysanthemum segetum, Phenology, Relative frequency, Percentage frequency Distribution, Impact, Infestation DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-2-04

Нові знахідки у флорі міст Північного Приазов’я

<p>Northern Azov is unique region in origin and conditions, which modern flora developed in conditions of active human economic activities. Anthropogenic transformations have resulted to changes in vegetation cover and wild plant communities are transformed into synanthropic floral complexes.</p><p>The results achieved through our expeditionary studies conducted in 2013-2016 in the Northern Azov (in the administrative boundaries of the cities Berdyansk, Primorsk (Zaporizhia region), and Genichesk (Kherson region). In total, we founded new locations for 25 vascular plants: <em>Armoracia rusticana</em> P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., <em>Apium graveolens</em><strong> </strong>L., <em>Arabis</em><em> </em><em>recta</em><em> </em>Vill., <em>Aster amellus</em><strong> </strong>L., <em>Acalypha australis L.</em>, <em>Mahonia aquifolium</em> (Pursh) Nutt., <em>Oxybaphus</em><em> </em><em>nyctagineus</em> (Michx.) Sweet, <em>Bidens</em><em> </em><em>frondosa</em>. L., <em>Ipomoea purpurea</em><strong> (</strong>L.), <em>Sedum acre</em> L., <em>Clematis vitalba</em> L., <em>Scilla</em><em> </em><em>siberica</em> Haw., <em>Zea majus</em> L., <em>Philadelphus</em><em> </em><em>coronarius</em> L., <em>Robinia</em><em> </em><em>viscosa</em> Vent., <em>Fagopyrum esculentum</em> Moench, <em>Nigella damascena</em> L., <em>Convallaria</em><em> </em><em>majalis</em> L., <em>Rubus anatolicus</em> (Focke) Focke ex Hausskn., <em>Ricinus</em><em> </em><em>communis</em> L., <em>Lablab</em><em> </em><em>purpureus</em> L., <em>Chrysanthemum segetum</em> L., <em>Gaillardia pulchella</em> Foug., <em>Antirrhinum majus</em> L., Tagetes patula L. In addition, we provided a brief description of their habitats and described new locations for new and previously marked aboriginal, alien, and cultivated plants that are capable of savagery for Northern Azov flora. Among all annotated species the significant proportion are the alien species that fall out of cultivation.</p>

Gamma radiation induced variations in corn marigold (Glebionis segetum) and their RAPD-based genetic relationship

The present investigation was conducted during the kharif season of 2010-2012 to study hormesis, morphological and biochemical attributes associated with mutation and purification of novel types in corn marigold. The seeds of Glebionis segetum were treated with gamma rays (Source 60Co) at the dose of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy were sown in the field along with control (un-irradiated seeds). Low doses of gamma irradiation resulted in hormesis and induced encouraging novelties, while the higher doses induced higher degree of abnormalities which led to mortality. The M2 seeds were sown to observe their characters and mutants in each population. Five promising mutants, viz. S1-S3 at 20 Gy and S4-S5 at 40 Gy gamma irradiation treatments were tagged, screened and checked for stability of characters for genetic study and possible uses of the traits. RAPD molecular marker technique was used for the study of genetic divergence and establishment of distinctiveness or similarity between the mutants developed as a result of mutagenic treatment.

Genomics of Compositae crops: reference transcriptome assemblies and evidence of hybridization with wild relatives

Although the Compositae harbours only two major food crops, sunflower and lettuce, many other species in this family are utilized by humans and have experienced various levels of domestication. Here, we have used next-generation sequencing technology to develop 15 reference transcriptome assemblies for Compositae crops or their wild relatives. These data allow us to gain insight into the evolutionary and genomic consequences of plant domestication. Specifically, we performed Illumina sequencing of Cichorium endivia, Cichorium intybus, Echinacea angustifolia, Iva annua, Helianthus tuberosus, Dahlia hybrida, Leontodon taraxacoides and Glebionis segetum, as well 454 sequencing of Guizotia scabra, Stevia rebaudiana, Parthenium argentatum and Smallanthus sonchifolius. Illumina reads were assembled using Trinity, and 454 reads were assembled using MIRA and CAP3. We evaluated the coverage of the transcriptomes using BLASTX analysis of a set of ultra-conserved orthologs (UCOs) and recovered most of these genes (88-98%). We found a correlation between contig length and read length for the 454 assemblies, and greater contig lengths for the 454 compared with the Illumina assemblies. This suggests that longer reads can aid in the assembly of more complete transcripts. Finally, we compared the divergence of orthologs at synonymous sites (Ks) between Compositae crops and their wild relatives and found greater divergence when the progenitors were self-incompatible. We also found greater divergence between pairs of taxa that had some evidence of postzygotic isolation. For several more distantly related congeners, such as chicory and endive, we identified a signature of introgression in the distribution of Ks values.

Farklı bitki ekstraktlarının Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) üzerinde beslenme engelleyici ve mide zehiri etkileri

Bu calismada 9 farkli bitkiden elde edilen bitki ekstraktinin Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) uzerindeki beslenmeyi engelleyici ve mide-zehiri etkileri arastirilmistir. Denemelerde kullanilan ekstraktlar 1 mg/cm arasinda en yuksek beslenmeyi engelleyici etki sirasiyla Delphinium consolida L. (% 68.96) Chrysanthemum segetum L. (% 62.67), Artemisia vulgaris L. (% 61.09) ve Tanacetum mucroniferum Hub.Mor.& Grierson, (% 55.87) bitkilerinden elde edilmistir. Bu dort bitki ile yurutulen doz etki calismalarinda uygulama dozu 2 mg/cm ’ye cikarildiginda bitki ekstraktlari % 68.91 ile % 82.20 arasinda beslenmeyi engelleyici etki gostermistir. 0.5 mg/cm dozda ise D. consolida aktivitesi % 48.92 T. mucreniferum aktivitesi ise % 45.02 olarak belirlenmistir. Mide zehiri etki calismalarinda 120 saat sonunda en yuksek aktivite % 74.24 olum orani ile C. segetum ekstraktinda belirlenmis bu ekstrakti % 70.53 ve % 67.04 olum oranlariyla D. consolida ve T. mucroniferum ekstraktlari takip etmistir. Mide zehiri etkisi calismalarinda yuksek aktivite gosteren bitkilerle yapilan doz-olum calismasinda en yuksek toksisite 0.35 mg/cmLC degeri ve 3.85 mg/cmLC degeri ile C. segetum ekstraktinda saptanmistir.

Spergulo-Chrysanthemetum segeti (Br.-Bl. et Leeuw 1936) R. Tx. 1937 - the new field weeds association on the Olsztyn Lake District

This paper reports new stands of subatlantic <i>Spergulo-Chrysanthemetium segeti</i> associalion, found on the Olsztyn Lake District area. This association is very seldom described from Poland. It occurs in spring crops and root crops cultivations. The most important attributes of this association are: a mass occurrence of <i>Chrysanthemum segetum</i>, a numerous occurrence of <i>Spergula arvensis</i>, a big contribution of <i>Centauretalia cyani</i> species and habitat's humidity, indicated in the presence of numerous hygrophytes. Communities of this assciation found on Olsztyn Lake District are similaI to the other <i>Spergulo-Chrysanthemetum segeti</i> phytocoenoses, described from the other regions of Poland. However, they show a little differences too. The most important of them are: very small paIticipation of <i>Eu-Polygono- Chenopodion</i> species and the absence of <i>Panico-Semrion</i> species, general floristic scantiness and small participation of <i>Chrysanthemum segetum</i> and <i>Spergula arvensis</i> in the most of records. <i>Spergulo-Chrysanthemetum segeti</i> communities occur very seldom in the central part of the Olsztyn Lake District and they are probably the farthest advanced to the east, known stands of this association in Poland.