Corn Harvest Research Articles

Экономика сельскохозяйственного транспорта

Abstract. The purpose of the study is assess the performance of a variety of different types of vehicles used in agricultural production. Methods. An interpretation of the technical and economic indicators characterizing agricultural transport is proposed, the features of determining the productivity of a tractor transport unit, the cost of one transported ton are considered. Probability theory was used to determine the indicators “Load waiting time”, “Vehicle loading time”. The conditions of operation of vehicles as part of harvesting and transport complexes are considered. Results. Based on the field research, when harvesting corn for silage, the economic efficiency of the use of vehicles was determined. A comparative analysis was carried out using cars and tractor transport units. As a result of the research, it was revealed that for energy-saturated tractors, with tractor trailers corresponding to them in traction properties, the productivity is higher than for MTZ-82 tractors with trailers PST-9 and 2PTS-6 by 2.1–2.3 times than for KamAZ-5511 vehicles by 1.9 times. At the same time, unit costs are lower by 10–-13 % and 5.7 %, respectively. It is recommended that agricultural organizations harvesting fodder crops ensure the optimal ratio of forage harvesters and vehicles; if possible, when transporting green mass, use energy-saturated tractors with appropriate tractor trailers and heavy trucks with trailers. The scientific novelty consists in clarifying and supplementing such technical and economic indicators that characterize the operation of vehicles in agriculture, such as Coefficient of use of working time, Coefficient of use of load capacity, etc. Mathematical dependencies are proposed to calculate these indicators and assess their impact on transport economics.

Impact of Post-Harvest Management Practices in Corn (Zea mays L.) Fields on Arthropods in Subsequent Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Plantings.

There is increased adoption of cover cropping and conservation tillage in the USA. Many farmers view these practices as methods for improving their soils. However, different cover cropping and tillage practices conducted post-harvest can have a disparate impact on arthropods within the subsequent cash crop. Field experiments were conducted during 2017 and 2018 at two experimental sites to examine the influences of different post-harvest practices following corn (Zea mays L.) harvest on pests and beneficials in subsequent soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plantings. Experimental treatments included: (1) tillage via chisel plow (CP), (2) no-tillage in which corn residue/stubble remained on the soil surface (CS), and (3) planting a cover crop into corn residue (CC) following corn harvest. Overall, insect herbivore abundance was greater in the CP treatment. Foliar predator numbers were similar among treatments or of greater abundance in CP. The activity density of epigeal insect predators varied according to site and feeding guild. However, spider activity density was greatest in CP. Stink bug egg mortality due to predation and parasitism varied among treatments. However, the percentage of stink bug eggs that hatched was greatest in the CC during both years. Findings suggest that post-harvest practices investigated during this study will have a similar influence on most epigeal and foliar arthropods in soybean.

Design and Testing of a New Bionic Corn-Ear-Picking Test Device

A new bending fracture principle is proposed for ear picking by simulating the process of manually breaking off corn cobs. Based on this, a new test device for corn ear picking was designed to obtain the relationship between the ear-picking rate and the rotational speed of the snapping rollers, as well as the feeding speed. A mechanical test was conducted on corn at two different harvesting stages. This proved that the tensile breaking force used in ear picking was considerably greater than that associated with bending fracture, regardless of whether it was silage or mature corn. Moreover, the feasibility of the working principle of the bending fracture was tentatively verified by a verification test. Then, ear picking could be achieved using the designed device with less damage occurring to the corn ears and straw, according to the test for corn ear picking. Finally, a range analysis showed that the highest ear-picking rate could be obtained by the test device at a snapping roller rate of 780 r/min and a feeding speed of 1.5 (m/s), with a 40° angle between the snapping rollers and conveyor. Thus, this study provides a reference for the further development of a corn harvester for silage.

Design and Experimental Study on a Corn Picking Device Based on the Fracture Mechanics of Corn Peduncle

Highlights This study designed a corn ear picking device to reduce grain loss and corn header power consumption. The fracture force of corn peduncles under different deflection angles was studied as the basis of the design. The working parameters were optimized through an orthogonal experiment. Abstract. In corn ear picking, the corn peduncles are fractured under pure tensile forces. The large force demands in the fracture brought severe grain loss, an enormous instantaneous load, and high power consumption in the corn harvest. In this paper, the fracture behavior of the corn peduncles under different tensile orientations was studied. It showed the fracture force of corn peduncle could be reduced by more than 80% when its fracture mode transformed from tensile fracture to bending fracture as long as the corn ear was deflected to the critical angle of 55°. Based on this, a corn picking device was designed to reduce peduncle fracture force by deflecting corn ears to the critical angle. The optimal parameters of the designed corn picking device were determined as follows: the diameter of the snapping rollers was 20 mm, the rotating speed of the stalk rolls was 700 rpm, and the inclination angle of the corn picking unit was 28.3°. A comparative test between the designed corn picking device and a commonly used corn picking device was performed. It showed the designed corn picking device could reduce grain loss, average power consumption, and peak power. This study will provide a theoretical basis and design reference for corn harvester design to reduce grain loss and power consumption. Keywords: Corn ear picking, Corn harvest, Corn harvester header, Fracture force, Fracture mechanics, Grain loss, Power consumption.

Design of remote wireless remote control system for corn harvester

A design method of remote wireless remote control system for corn harvester is pointed out. It can realize real-time monitoring, recording and video recording functions of corn harvester through remote control operating platform and operating terminal. The principle and components of remote control technology are introduced in detail in this paper.

EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDES IN CORN AGROCENOSES

Maize is one of the least competitive crops with weeds in its crops, so cultivated plants can lose their productivity potential most during the initial stages of growth and development. The critical period of the impact of weeds on corn is 40–50 days, it lasts from germination to the shedding of panicles - flowering. Counting weeds on the experimental sites on average over two years of research showed that the number of grass and dicotyledonous weeds was within 159 pcs./m2. Application of Astral + Kideka herbicides at rates (0.9 l/ha + 1.1 l/ha) in the phase of 3-5 leaves of corn in combination with the biopreparation Agrinos B showed that the level of weediness, compared to the control without herbicides, decreased by 73.6% 30 days after application of the drugs, and by 99.3% during the period of corn harvesting. The number of weeds in the control plots of the experiment (without application of herbicides) for the period of corn grain harvesting was within 142 pieces/ha, and the air-dry weight was equal to 3207 g/m2, while in the areas where herbicides were applied, the air-dry weight was 19-130 g/m2. Reduction to control in the range of 96.0-99.4%. The highest rates of corn grain yield were noted in the areas where the tank mixture of Astral + Kideka herbicides was applied, at the rate of application of 0.9 l/ha + 1.1 l/ha + Agrinos B, at the rate of consumption of 1.0 l/ha in the phase of 3-5 leaves of corn. In these areas, on average, over two years of research, the yield of corn grain was within 7.03 t/ha, which is 4.79 t/ha or 213.8% more than the control areas. The use of tank mixtures of herbicides and biological preparations is an economically beneficial measure. In addition, the dose of chemical preparations is reduced, which helps to reduce the pesticide load on the environment.

Corn planting and harvest scheduling under storage capacity and growing degree units uncertainty

Planting and harvest scheduling is a crucial part of crop production due to its significant impact on other factors such as balancing the capacities for harvest, yield potential, sales price, storage, and transportation. Corn planting and harvest scheduling is challenging because corn hybrids have different planting windows, and, subsequently, inaccurate planting and harvest scheduling can result in inconsistent and unpredictable weekly harvest quantities and logistical and productivity issues. In the 2021 Syngenta Crop Challenge, participants were given several large datasets including recorded historical daily growing degree units (GDU) of two sites and provided with planting windows, required GDUs, and harvest quantities of corn hybrids planted in these two sites, and were asked to schedule planting and harvesting dates of corn hybrids under two storage capacity cases so that facilities are not over capacity in harvesting weeks and have consistent weekly harvest quantities. The research problem includes determining the planting and harvest scheduling of corn hybrids under two storage capacity cases: (1) given the maximum storage capacity, and (2) without maximum storage capacity to determine the lowest storage capacity for each site. To help improve corn planting and harvest scheduling, we propose two mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models and a heuristic algorithm to solve this problem for both storage capacity cases. Daily GDUs are required for planting and harvest scheduling, but they are unknown at the beginning of the growing season. As such, we use recurrent neural networks to predict the weekly GDUs of 70 weeks and consider this as the predicted GDU scenario to solve this problem. In addition, we solve this problem considering all given 10 historical GDU scenarios from 2010 to 2019 together for both storage capacity cases to include historical GDUs directly to our model rather than using predicted GDUs. Our extensive computational experiments and results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods, which can provide optimal planting and harvest scheduling considering deterministic GDU scenario and uncertainties in historical GDU scenarios for both storage capacity cases to provide consistent weekly harvest quantities that are below the maximum capacity.

PENGEMBANGAN DESAIN MESIN PEMIPIL JAGUNG TENAGA MATAHARI

Agricultural land in Juwiring Village in the Cepiring sub-district, Kendal Regency, depends on rainwater for irrigating its rice fields. Rice fields in Juwiring village are planted with corn. In one year, farmers in Juwiring village can harvest corn 3 times. By using a solar powered corn sheller machine, farmers can save Rp. 20,000 per sack because there is no need to pay any more for the corn sheller, besides that with this machine you can save fuel because the fuel uses abundant solar power and the solar corn sheller machine is an environmentally friendly machine because it doesn't emit air pollution. In the previous study (Ekoanindiyo, 2020), from the results of the previous design there were several inputs from users, namely the hole for inserting corn was not too high so that farmers had to squat to put corn in. The diameter of the hole is not big enough so if there is corn with a large diameter then the corn cannot enter the hole. For the corn shelling process, it is inserted one by one into the hole so that the shelling process will take a long time. For the disposal site on the previous sheller machine there were two drain holes, namely the disposal of corncobs and the disposal of corn. When the machine is running, the corn cob does not come out of the cob drain hole but comes out together with the corn. The cobs and corn should come out separately, the corncob coming out of the corncob hole while the corn will come out of the corn dispensing hole. In the hole in the sheller machine place the sack so that the corn and corncobs can enter the sack. Development of a corn sheller machine design to improve the previous machine design including farmers in shelling corn do not need to squat so as to reduce fatigue when shelling. The holes for the cobs and corns to come out can be separated. The diameter hole for inserting corn is rather wide so that all sizes of corn can enter and when inserting corn into the machine you don't need one but you can do it directly in large quantities so that the shelling process can be completed more quickly. The research approach is with interviews and observations using anthropometric data of users. Using measurements of the body dimensions of farmers in the Village Farmer Group in Cepiring District as many as 5 people with elbow height body dimensions. The conclusion related to the development of the corn sheller machine design is the development of the corn sheller machine design using anthropometric data on the body dimensions of farmers in the Village Farmer Group in Cepiring District as many as 5 people. The body dimensions used are elbow height body dimensions. In this measurement the data used is the average or 50th percentile data or the average population so that users of moderate to tall stature can reach or use the machine

PROSPECTS OF SOYBEAN GROWING IN THE WESTERN POLISSIA ZONE

Modern climatic changes, namely significant warming in the northern Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones of Ukraine, provide opportunities for growing a number of grain and leguminous crops (maize for grain, soybeans, sunflower, and others), previously unusual for this region. Among the above-mentioned crops, soybean is a crop that can significantly improve the nitrogen balance of the soil without the use of mineral fertilizers; its cultivation to some extent can be an alternative to expensive nitrogen fertilizers because, under the condition of inoculation, soybean can leave up to 80 kg/ha of biological nitrogen, which equivalent to 300 kg of ammonium nitrate, which is enough for forming decent harvest of winter wheat or corn. The analysis of meteorological data shows that when having the current amount of heat supply during the growing season in the Western Polissia zone, it is possible to grow ultra-early and early-ripening soybean varieties with a duration of the growing season of up to 90-100 days and a required number of heat units - up to 2400-2500 CHU. It was established that the main factor limiting the cultivation of soybeans on the peat soils of the Western Polissia zone is a significantly shorter frost-free period (compared to the adjacent sod-podzolic soils on dry land). Therefore, for growing on peat soils, it is necessary to choose ultra-early varieties of soybeans with a growing season of up to 85 days and the required number of heat units - up to 2400-2500 CHU. That will allow obtaining physiologically ripe seeds before the onset of the first autumn frosts, which in some years can already occur in the first decade of September. On peat soils, the yield of the Yunka soybean variety by the variants of the experiment ranged from 15,1-24,8 t/ha, while on the adjacent sod-podzolic light loamy soils it was 30,3-46,8 t/ha. The reason for the significantly lower soybean yield on peat soils is a short frost-free period compared to sod-podzolic soils, which did not allow the studied varieties to fully realize their potential for 2 years in a row. The research has established that on sod-podzolic light loamy soils of the Western Polissia zone, under favorable conditions, the yield of such ultra-early and early-ripening soybean varieties as Yunka and Astor of the Sevita genetics selection (Canada) can be up to 45,0-46,8 t/ha. The use of Rizofix inoculant in a combination with Rice Pi phosphorus-mobilizing product allows increasing the productivity of soybeans to 6,7-7,0 t/ha. Additional profit from their use is about 8-8,3 thousand hryvnias from 1 ha.

Ancient inhabitants of the Basin of Mexico kept an accurate agricultural calendar using sunrise observatories and mountain alignments

In the hot dry spring of monsoon-driven environments, keeping an accurate calendar to regulate the annual planting of crops is of critical importance. Before the Spanish conquest, the Basin of Mexico had a highly productive farming system able to feed its very large population. However, how they managed to keep their farming dates in synchrony with the solar year is not known. In this paper, we show that the observation of sunrise against the Basin's eastern horizon could have provided an accurate solar calendar and that some important sunrise landmarks coincide well with the themes of seasonal festivities described in early codices. We also show that a long stone causeway in the summit of Mount Tlaloc aligns perfectly with the rising sun on February 23 to 24, in coincidence with the Basin's new year in the Mexica calendar. Third, we demonstrate that, when viewed from the sacred Mount Tepeyac in the bottom of the Basin, sunrise aligns with Mount Tlaloc also on February 24. The importance of Mount Tlaloc as a calendric landmark seems to be corroborated by illustrations and texts in ancient Mexica codices. Our findings demonstrate that by using carefully developed alignments with the rugged eastern horizon, the inhabitants of the Basin of Mexico were able to adjust their calendar to keep in synchrony with the solar year and successfully plan their corn harvests.

Vibration Characteristics of Corn Combine Harvester with the Time-Varying Mass System under Non-Stationary Random Vibration

In field harvesting conditions, the non-stationary random vibration characteristics of the harvester are rarely considered, and the results of vibration frequency calculated by different time–frequency transformation methods are different. In this paper, the harvester’s vibration characteristics under the time-varying mass were studied, and the correlation between vibration frequency and modal frequency was analyzed. Firstly, under the conditions of time-varying mass (field harvesting conditions) and non-time-varying mass (empty running condition), the non-stationarity characteristics of vibration signals at 16 measurement points of a combined corn harvester frame were studied. Then, fast Fourier transform (FFT), short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) were used to calculate the vibration frequency distribution characteristics of the corn harvester. Finally, based on the EFDD (enhanced frequency domain decomposition) algorithm, the correlation between the primary vibration frequency and the operating mode frequency is studied. The results show that the mean, variance, and maximum difference of the vibration amplitude under harvesting conditions (mass time-varying system) are 0.10, 26.5, and 1.0, respectively, at different harvesting periods (0~10 s, 10~20 s, 20~30 s). The harvesting conditions’ vibration signals conform to the characteristics of non-stationary randomness. The FFT algorithm is used to obtain more dense vibration frequencies, while the frequencies based on STFT and CWT algorithms are sparse. The correlation between the FFT method and the EFDD algorithm is 0.98, and the correlation between the STFT, CWT, and the EFDD algorithm is 0.99 and 0.98. Therefore, the primary frequency of the STFT methods is closer to the modal frequency. Our research laid the foundation for further study and application of mass time-varying combined harvester system non-stationary random vibration modal frequency identification and vibration control.

Design and Simulation Analysis of a Reverse Flexible Harvesting Device for Fresh Corn

Aiming at the problem of grain breakage during the harvesting of fresh corn, this paper theoretically analyzes the collision process between the ear picking device and the corn ear, and a flexible ear picking structure composed of flexible materials and buffer springs is determined. Combined with a new harvesting method that reverses the growth direction from top to bottom, a reverse flexible ear plucking device for fresh corn was designed. We used the ADAMS software to simulate the ear picking process of fresh corn, analyze the contact force between the rigid structure and flexible buffer structure under different picking claw speeds and stalk feeding speeds, and obtain the optimal parameter combination: the picking claw speed was 2 m/s, and the stalk feeding speed was 1 m/s. On the basis of the simulation, a reverse flexible fresh corn harvesting bench was built, and the optimal operating parameters were obtained from the test: the speed of ear picking claws was 2.11 m/s; the number of ear picking claws was four; the thickness of the flexible body was 4.52 mm; the stem feeding speed was 1.04 m/s; the corresponding grain breakage rate was 0.128%, which was far lower than the national standard (0.5%); and the ear impurity content was 0.3%, which was far lower than the national standard (2%). The results are consistent with the simulation results, proving that the model is reliable. This research achieved the harvest of fresh corn ears with a low grain damage rate, verified the possibility of reverse flexible ear picking, and provided a reference for the research and development of low-damage fresh corn harvesting machines.

Impurity monitoring study for corn kernel harvesting based on machine vision and CPU-Net

Kernel impurity rate is a critical metric to evaluate the quality of corn harvester operation. Restrictions such as complex harvesting environments, unstable lighting, and high vibration frequency of the harvester body lead to the problems of low accuracy and poor reliability of existing kernel impurity monitoring methods, which cannot meet the requirements of automatic and intelligent real-time monitoring of harvesters. The monitoring method of impurity rate was systematically carried out by combining the detailed characteristics of corn materials and the disturbing factors of the harvesting environment. First, a machine vision-based monitoring device for kernel impurity rate was designed to ensure the effect of monolayered material transfer and the effective online acquisition of images. Then, the corn material mass-pixel linear regression model was established by graying, binarizing, and morphologically processing the corn kernel, corncob, and bract images to calculate the kernel impurity rate. Next, a CPU-Net semantic segmentation model dedicated to corn impurity monitoring was proposed, which integrated the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) and pyramid pooling module (PPD) based on the U-Net network. CBAM used channel attention and spatial attention modules in cascade instead of skip connection to reduce the semantic gap between encoder and decoder. PPM used multi-scale pooling operations to increase the perception field of the network. Finally, the SegNet, U-Net, Attention U-Net, and CPU-Net were trained using a custom corn image set. The experimental results showed that the CPU-Net network has the best-combined segmentation performance with an average MIoU, MPA, and ST of 97.31 %, 98.71 %, and 158.4 ms, respectively, the average relative error between the impurity rate obtained by the monitoring device and the manual statistics was 4.64 %. The real-time impurity monitoring results provide a basis for the driver or automatic control system to regulate operating parameters timely, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of harvester operations and reducing economic losses.

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM TANAM JAGUNG PANEN SAPI (TJPS) DI KABUPATEN MALAKA, PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

This research is entitled Implementation of Cattle Harvesting Corn Planting Program (TJPS) in Malacca Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The research objectives were to determine the implementation of the CSR program in Malacca Regency, to identify internal and external factors that influence the implementation of the CSR program in Makala Regency and to formulate a strategy for improving the CSR program improvement in Malacca Regency. The location of the research was determined purposively with some special considerations. Determination of the number of samples and sampling techniques for farmers who are beneficiaries of the CSR program are determined by purposive sampling. The analytical method used in this research is Likert interval scale analysis and IFAS, EFAS, SWOT and QSPM analysis. Based on the results of the intervals for the implementation of the CSR program, the nine indikators for implementing the CSR program are in the high category as indicated by a scale of 4.2 and an average score of 405. The factors that influence the implementation of the CSR program are internal factors with a score of 3.45 and external get a score of 3.64. The results of the QSPM analysis are recommendations for improving program improvement strategies (1) Increasing product quality and quantity with a TAS value of 6,435, (2) Establishing and strengthening an institutional system with a TAS 6,208, (3) Improving the quality of human resources with a value of TAS 6,068, and (4) Creating and develop a productive business with a value of 5,959 TAS. Local governments through AIAT are expected to supervise the involvement of the private sector in efforts to strengthen and increase production results where the institutional function is as a facilitator and coordinator.

STRATEGI PENCEGAHAN KEBAKARAN LAHAN GAMBUT PADA KESATUAN HIDROLOGIS GAMBUT SUNGAI AMBAWANG-SUNGAI KUBU PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT

The phenomenon of peatland fires in Kubu Raya Regency occurs continuously every year. The Ambawang River-Kubu River KHG is one of the BRG priority target areas in the early stages. Hotspots that fluctuated from 2009 to 2019 indicate that all efforts to prevent and control peatland fires in the Kubu Raya Regency area are still not effective. It is necessary to identify the activities that have been carried out by the community and related parties (stakeholders), internal and external factors, and formulate alternative strategies for preventing peatland fires according to conditions in the Ambawang River–Sungai Kubu KHG area. Observations were used to collect field conditions at the research site. SWOT analysis is used to determine the best strategy that farmers should take to prevent peatland fires. The absence of dams drilled wells and canal blocking, lack of fire extinguishers, poor early warning system, infrequent socialization, and appeals for land fire prevention by the relevant agencies and the newly formed MPA. Prevention of land fires is in the WT strategy, where the recommended strategies are to survive by continuing to do corn farming, conducting various simple experiments to find better ways to harvest corn without burning the land, forming farmer groups as a means of deliberation and exchange of ideas, increasing the role of active farmers in seeking various information related to agriculture and land fire prevention.

Multi-type emission factors quantification of black carbon from agricultural machinery based on the whole tillage processes in China

Black carbon (BC), as one of the short-lived climate pollutants, is becoming more prominent contribution from non-road mobile source, especially for agricultural machinery (AM) in China. However, the understanding of BC emissions from AM is still not clear, and the BC emission factors (EFs) are also limited. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on twenty AM to investigate the instantaneous BC emission characteristics and quantify BC EFs under the whole tillage processes. We find the instantaneous BC emissions and fuel consumptions are obvious differences and present good synchronization under different tillage processes. Multi-type (CO2-, fuel-, distance-, time-, and area-based) EFs of BC are developed, which are significantly affected by different tillage processes and emission standards of the used AM. While AM conducting rotary tillage, ploughing, harvest corn and harvest wheat on the same area of land, total BC emissions by using the China III emission standard AM will be reduced by 56%, 36%, 88%, and 87% than those by using China II emission standard AM, respectively. Furthermore, for corn and wheat production under the whole tillage processes, BC EFs are 16.90 (6.03–39.12) g/hm2 and 18.18 (5.91–38.69) g/hm2, CO2 EFs are 112.64 (72.07–195.98) g/hm2 and 103.72 (71.47–167.02) g/hm2, respectively. We estimate the BC and CO2 emissions from wheat and corn productions based on the average area-based EFs. The large fluctuation ranges of BC and CO2 emissions in different tillage processes and the whole processes can reflect that the use of AM in China is uneven. It also indicates that there is a large space for BC and CO2 emission reduction and optimization. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the control of BC and CO2 emissions from AM. We believe that the recommended multi-type EFs are applicable for the quantification of BC emissions from AM in China and other countries.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT JAGUNG SEBAGAI BAHAN PEMBUATAN BAKI HANTARAN PERNIKAHAN

Utilization of corn husk waste in the Boyolali area is still not optimal, causing a build up of the amount of organic waste in the Boyolali Regency area. According to data from the Central Statistics Agency for Boyolali Regency 2019, the corn harvest reached 25,984 kg. To optimize the selling value and artistic value, the waste is used to make handicrafts, one of which is a wedding gift tray. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of validity of the wedding delivery tray and to determine the level of preference for the wedding delivery tray. The research method used is research and development. Methods of data collection using the method of documentation and observation. Data collection using a questionnaire. The product validity was carried out by 3 expert panelists and the preference test was carried out by 15 untrained panelists. The analysis technique in this research uses descriptive percentage. The results of the validity test state that the delivery tray is valid with the average of all products above 90.00% so that it is feasible to do research. The results of the preference test stated that the products A1 and A4 were the most preferred with an average of 93.00%.

Experiments on the Influence of Corn Straw Morphological Combinations on Timely No-Tillage Sowing Soil Temperature and Moisture in Cold Regions

After corn mechanical harvest in autumn in the cold region of northeast China, straw mulching leads to high soil topsoil water content and slow ground temperature rise in the spring sowing season, which may result in a no-tillage planter being unable to operate in time, delayed sowing date, poor seedling emergence quality, and low grain yield. Based on the problems of high moisture content and low temperature in soil topsoil in the spring sowing season in conservation tillage with straw mulching, an experimental study on timely sowing in the spring sowing season was carried out from the perspective of combination optimization of attribute parameters of straw mechanical treatment. Taking the four mechanical treatment attributes as experimental factors, including straw length, straw shape, mulching form (surface covering, inter-ridge covering, and inter-ridge mixed soil covering), and stubble height after corn harvest in autumn of 2019 as experimental factors, and soil topsoil moisture content and temperature during spring sowing in 2020 as evaluation indexes, a field plot experiment was carried out by four factors and three levels of orthogonal combination test method. The results showed that all the factors had significant influence on soil topsoil moisture content and soil topsoil temperature (p < 0.05). It is helpful to reduce the moisture content of soil topsoil and increase the temperature of soil topsoil by increasing the length of corn stalk, breaking the stalk moderately, covering the stalk between ridges, and increasing the stubble height of stalk. Design-Expert software was used to optimize the parameters. The results showed that when the length of straw was 150 mm, the shape of straw was half-cut (dividing straw into two parts evenly along the axis), the mulch was between ridges, and the stubble height was 600 mm, the moisture content of soil topsoil was 22~24% and the temperature of soil topsoil was higher than 8 °C during spring sowing. After corn harvest in autumn of 2021, corn stalks were treated in that year according to the results of parameter optimization combination. The soil topsoil moisture content and temperature were measured to be 24.4% and 8.2 °C, respectively, in the spring sowing season of 2022, which proved that the optimization results in this experiment were credible. The experimental results provide a technical reference for the implementation of conservation tillage with straw surface mulching in the cold region of northeast China.

Effect of crack on dynamic characteristics of corn combine harvester frame

The frame is an integral part of the corn harvester and is the mounting carrier for all components, so a high strength frame structure is a basic requirement for a high level corn harvester. Corn harvesters often operate in harsh conditions on farmland and have a high intensity of concentrated operating hours. This often leads to fatigue cracks in the frame, which can affect the operational life of the harvester seriously and even result in accidents. Therefore the vibration characteristics of the frame structure of corn harvesters with cracks need to be investigated. Firstly, the typical experimental platform of the frame structure of the corn harvester with cracks is established, according to the structural characteristics and force situation of the frame of the corn harvester during operation. Then, the vibration characteristics of the frame with cracks in the longitudinal beam and the frame with cracks in the crossbeam were subject to different excitation frequencies and excitation amplitudes. Finally, the effects of crack location, excitation frequency and excitation amplitude on the vibration characteristics of the harvester frame structure were investigated by analyzing the time domain and frequency domain plots of the experimental results of the frame vibration characteristics under various conditions. The results of the study can provide reference for frame structure fault diagnosis and fault localization.

纵轴流玉米柔性脱粒装置设计与试验研究

In order to reduce the problems of high grain breakage rate and uncleaned material rate in the threshing and separating device of longitudinal axial flow corn, a threshing device of "front flexible nail tooth + rear pressure spring elastic short grain rod" was designed and the threshing elements were arranged spirally on the conical threshing drum. Discrete element method and field test were used to verify the feasibility of threshing drum design, and EDEM simulation software was used to obtain the appropriate guide plate Angle parameter range. Single factor test was carried out on each experimental factor under high and low water content conditions, and four factors suitable working range was obtained.On this basis, four factors and three levels orthogonal test were carried out on grain breakage rate and undepurated rate, rotational speed of roller, feeding rate, cylinder-concave clearance and deflector angle as experimental factors. Range and variance analysis were used to analyze the rotational speed of roller, feeding rate, cylinder-concave clearance and deflector angle. The results showed that:Under the conditions of low water content, the threshing effect is the best under the conditions of feeding rate of 8kg/s,rotational speed of roller of 450 r/min, cylinder-concave clearance of 45 mm, and deflector angle of 70°.Under the conditions of high water content,the best threshing effect was achieved under the conditions of feeding rate of 7kg/s, rotational speed of roller of 450 r/min, cylinder-concave clearance of 40 mm and deflector angle of 75°. Compared with the conventional threshing separation device, the grain breakage rate of low moisture content decreased by 39.4% and the uncleaned material rate decreased by 63.9%.The grain breakage rate of high moisture content was reduced by 45.5%, and the uncleaned material rate was reduced by 66.7%, which was better than the conventional longitudinal axial flow threshing separation device. The research results can provide reference for the design and optimization of longitudinal axial flow corn harvester.