Corn Gluten Meal Research Articles

Research Note: Phosphorus digestibility of corn, wheat, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal in quail chicks

A series of experiments was designed and conducted to determine the apparent and standardized ileal phosphorus digestibility (i.e., AIDP and SIDP, respectively) of some grains and protein meals in Japanese quail at different age classes during the growing period from the hatch to 35 d of age. Experimental diets included a PFD, to measure basal endogenous P losses (EPL), corn, wheat, soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM), so as to be each ingredient the sole source of P, were developed and fed to five experimental groups with 5 replicates of 30 chicks each. Titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker was added to the diets at the rate of 5 g/kg of diet. The EPL in birds fed on PFD was estimated at 201 mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI) and quail chicks fed on PFD exhibited the lowest performance compared to chicks received dietary P regardless of P sources (P = 0.001). The estimated coefficients of AIPD (P = 0.001) | SIDP (P = 0.004) for CGM, corn, SBM, and wheat were 49.2 | 51.9%, 38.8 | 44.9%, 41.4 | 45.9%, and 33.2 | 40.1%, respectively. The mean differences between AIPD and SIPD coefficients with each ingredients including CGM (P = 0.245), corn (P = 0.169), and SBM (P = 0.169) were not statistically significant, while the comparison of those estimations for wheat (P = 0.022) showed significant differences. The present work showed that the use of direct method could successfully estimate the coefficients of P digestibility in growing quail for both the cereals and protein meals that were studied. The high relative contribution of endogenous P in young quail fed on wheat during the first 2 wk posthatch makes it inevitable to correct AIDP for EPL and evoke the implementation of SIDP coefficients in the feed formulation matrix.

Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition and cellular antioxidant activities of a corn gluten meal hydrolysate

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesNeurocognitive disorders are characterized by various symptoms caused by increased oxidative stress and nerve cell inflammation in the central nervous system. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is one of the potential causes of neurocognitive disorder. To evaluate the potential of corn gluten meal, a byproduct of corn starch processing, as a nutraceutical ingredient, we developed a corn gluten meal hydrolysate (CGM‐H) with POP inhibitory activity and investigated its cellular antioxidant capacity.FindingCGM‐H was prepared using 1% pepsin; its in vitro digesta exhibited POP inhibitory, ABTS radical scavenging, ferric‐reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. The activities of the former three assays decreased after in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion. CGM‐H exhibited a higher protective ability against hydrogen peroxide than its digested counterparts. Additionally, CGM‐H and CGM‐H digesta reduced oxidative stress in SH‐SY5Y cells by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulating CAT expression.ConclusionCGM‐H's POP inhibitory, antioxidant, and ROS scavenging activities in SH‐SY5Y cells suggest that it has potential as a raw material for manufacturing nutraceutical products.Significance and NoveltyTo the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report CGM‐H's POP inhibitory and cellular antioxidant activities in SH‐SY5Y cells. Furthermore, in vitro GI digestion modifies CGM‐H bioactivity.

Effect of oral administration of a single bolus of six different protein sources on digestive physiology of red seabream Pagrus major juveniles.

To reveal direct effects of various protein sources on digestive physiology of red seabream, Pagrus major (38.5 ± 0.4g), six different protein sources of fishmeal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), poultry by-product meal (PBM), and poultry-feather meal (PFM) were orally administered to fish (2mg protein/g body weight) and sampled at 1.5h and 3h after administration. Gallbladder weight of fish administered FM, PBM, and PFM decreased after administration (p < 0.0001), while no difference was observed in the other ingredients compared to a non-protein sham control group, indicating that animal protein sources could more strongly stimulate bile secretion than plant protein sources in red seabream. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the intestinal content markedly increased by the FM, SBM, and PFM administration (p < 0.0001). Lipase and amylase activity was also increased by FM and SBM but also by CGM for lipase and by PBM and PFM for amylase (p < 0.0001). These indicate that stimulation effect of the secretion of digestive enzymes is largely different among the protein sources. This might be due to the absorptive capacity of the protein source since intestinal absorption parameter genes (anpep, cpa, ggt1, and atp1a2) also increased by the FM, SBM, PBM or PFM (p < 0.05). In addition to the secretion levels of bile and digestive enzymes, gene expression levels of bile related genes (cyp7a1, cyp8b1, and shp) and digestion-regulating genes (casr and cck) were increased by the FM, SBM, PFM, and/or PBM administration, suggesting that animal proteins and SBM could be potent digestive stimulants compared to CGM and SPC. This study first revealed that single protein sources directly influence digestive enzyme secretion and bile secretion in fish. Information about the direct effect of each single source on digestive physiology could help to design feed formulation with less fishmeal.

Hydrolysates of whole forage-fish and Pacific krill are useful to reduce fish meal in practical diets for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and dietary fish hydrolysate suppresses expressions of intestinal oligopeptide transporter and taurine transporter genes

Somatic and expressional effects of replacing dietary fishmeal (FM) with a 1:1:2 combination of soy protein concentrate, corn gluten meal, and hydrolysate of forage-fish (HWF) or Pacific krill (HPK) were investigated in juvenile largemouth bass for 66 days. The control diet (FMC) contained 320 g kg−1of FM. Six extruded diets were produced with 3 rates of replacement at 25 %, 50 % and 75 % protein for each of the two hydrolysate combinations. Feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WGR) did not differ between fish fed HWF diets and FMC. Fish fed HPK50 and HPK75 had lower FI and WGR. FI linearly decreased with increasing HPK, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased. No significance was found in the FCR among groups fed FMC, HWF25, HWF50, and HPK25, whereas HWF75, HPK50, and HPK75 groups had significantly higher FCR. The apparent digestibility (AD) of crude protein (CP) increased with increasing HWF while HPK didn’t cause significant change. AD of lipid and energy were not affected by diet, and AD of most amino acids increased proportionally with HWF. No proximate composition or retention of crude or digestible protein or energy other than whole-body ash revealed HWF-related differences. Whole-body CP, lipid, ash contents and CP retentions showed significant dose response in HPK fed fish. The condition factor decreased linearly with increasing HPK. Fish fed HPK50 diet upregulated peptide transporter 1 (pept1) expression in the foregut. Expressions of both taurine transporter (taut) and pept1 were upregulated by increasing replacement from 0 % to 25 % HWF. Further increase in HWF replacement caused linear down regulation in expression of both transporters. In conclusion, HWF and HPK facilitated reduced use of fishmeal in practical diet for largemouth bass. Expressions of pept1 and taut were dose-dependent in fish fed HWF. HPK just caused single diet upregulation.

Effects of rumen undegradable protein sources on nitrous oxide, methane and ammonia emission from the manure of feedlot-finished cattle

The effects of sources of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) in diets on methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from the manure of feedlot-finished cattle were evaluated. We hypothesized that the use of different RUP sources in diets would reduce N loss via urine and contribute to reduced N2O, CH4 and NH3 emissions to the environment. Nellore cattle received different diets (18 animals/treatment), including soybean meal (SM, RDP source), by-pass soybean meal (BSM, RUP source) and corn gluten meal (CGM, RUP source). The protein source did not affect the N and C concentration in urine, C concentration in feces, and N balance (P > 0.05). The RUP sources resulted in a higher N2O emission than the RDP source (P = 0.030), while BSM resulted in a higher N2O emission than CGM (P = 0.038) (SM = 633, BSM = 2521, and CGM = 1153 g ha−2 N–N2O); however, there were no differences in CH4 and NH3 emission (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the use of RUP in diets did not affect N excretion of beef cattle or CH4 and NH3 emission from manure, but increased N2O emission from the manure.

Corn peptides ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress via the AMPKα/Sirt1 pathway in vivo and in vitro

• CPs contain a large number of antioxidant peptides, as determined by LC-MS/MS. • CPs suppressed ER and oxidative stress via AMPKα/Sirt1 signaling pathway in NAFLD. • CPs effectively ameliorated lipid metabolism in NAFLD in vitro and in vivo . • CPs have great potential as green functional molecules for preventing NAFLD. Corn peptides (CPs) are a novel food obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn gluten meal. Recent studies indicate the hepatoprotective ability of CPs. However, little is known about the effect of CPs on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CPs in NAFLD and to decipher the underlying mechanisms. We show that CPs contain large number of antioxidant peptides. They significantly ameliorated oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and downregulated lipid metabolism-related proteins in in vivo and in vitro models. The AMPKα/Sirt1 pathway was activated by CPs, as was evident through the incubation of cells with the AMPK inhibitor, Compound C. These results demonstrate that CPs could be a promising functional food for preventing NAFLD progression, at least in part through activation of the AMPKα/Sirt1 pathway.

Efficient production of bacterial cellulose based composites using zein protein extracted from corn gluten meal.

Corn gluten meal (CGM) which is a byproduct of corn wet milling is mainly used in animal and poultry feed. Due to its high protein content in CGM, it has been utilized for the extraction of zein protein which is the main hydrophobic protein present in the corn. The extracted zein protein was used along with bacterial cellulose that is highly pure, biocompatible, biodegradable, and generally regarded as safe for the preparation of composites that have better surface properties and applications. SEM analysis of the synthesized composite showed layering, incorporation of zein protein onto the surface of bacterial cellulose. XRD results showed there were no significant changes in the peak intensity due to the surface modification of BC membranes composites in comparison to pristine BC and TGA showed the thermostable characteristic of bacterial cellulose and are more capable of withstanding high temperature. Maximum production of bacterial cellulose was observed when corn gluten meal and zein protein were used as a cheap nitrogen sources for the production of bacterial cellulose along with other medium components. An increase of approximately 4.0g/l of bacterial cellulose from 13.561g/l to 17.83g/l was observed when corn gluten meal and zein protein were used in the production medium. The prepared BC-based zein protein composites can be utilized for food packaging and storage applications.

Influence of fish meal replacement with graded levels of corn gluten meal on performance, feed efficiency, body chemical analysis and economic revenue of the Nile tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus

Influence of fish meal replacement with graded levels of corn gluten meal on performance, feed efficiency, body chemical analysis and economic revenue of the Nile tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus

Apparent digestibility of protein and essential aminoacids from commonly used feed ingredients in Brazil for juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

This study determined the apparent digestibility for crude protein (ACPD) and essential aminoacids (AEAAD) of ingredients for Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing soy protein concentrate (SPC), corn gluten meal (CGM), poultry byproduct meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), spray-dried blood meal (DBM), tilapia byproduct meal (TBM), Brazilian marine fish meal (BFM), salmon byproduct meal (SLM), and krill meal (KRM). Digestibility was estimated using chromic oxide as a marker in a reference (REF) mixture. Shrimp [...]

A novel approach using protein-rich biomass as co-fermentation substrates to enhance phosphorus recovery from FePs-bearing sludge

A novel approach for the enhancement of phosphorus (P) recovery from Fe bound P compounds (FePs)-bearing sludge by co-fermentation with protein-rich biomass (PRB) is reported. Four PRBs (silkworm chrysalis meal, fish meal, corn gluten meal, and soya bean meal) were used for co-fermentation. The results revealed that PRBs with strong surface hydrophobicity and loose structure favored the hydrolysis and acidogenesis processes. Sulfide produced by PRB could react with FePs to form FeS and promote P release. Due to the neutralization of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by a relatively high concentration of ammonia, the pH was maintained near neutral and thus prevented the dissolution of metal ions (e.g., Fe and Ca). This was beneficial to save the cost of subsequent P recovery and form high-purity struvite. Compared with the control, the soluble orthophosphate and VFAs increased by 88.3% and 531.3%, respectively, in the co-fermentation system with silkworm chrysalis meal. Cysteine was the important intermediate. The metagenomics analysis indicated that the gene abundances of phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase, which were key enzymes in the acetate metabolism, increased by 117.7% and 52.2%, respectively. The gene abundances of serine O-acetyltransferase and cysteine synthase increased by 63.4% and 54.4%, respectively. Cysteine was primarily transformed to pyruvate and sulfide. This study provides an environment-friendly strategy to simultaneously recover P and VFAs resources from FePs-bearing sludge and PRB waste.

Odd-chain fatty acids as an alternative method to predict ruminal microbial nitrogen flow of feedlot Nellore steers fed grain-based diets supplemented with different nitrogen sources.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of total odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA) as a marker to estimate microbial nitrogen flow (MicN) and calculate the efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) in Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets supplemented with different nitrogen supplements (NS). Ruminally and duodenally cannulated Nellore steers (n = 6; 354 ± 12 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 repeated switchback design balanced for residual effects. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial of three nitrogen (N) supplements (urea plus soybean meal; corn gluten meal; dried distillers' grains plus solubles) and three microbial markers (OCFA; double-labeled urea, 15N; microbial nucleic acid bases, MNAB). The total mixed ration was composed of fresh chopped sugarcane as the forage source in an 83:17 concentrate: forage ratio (dry matter basis). Linear regression was used to develop predictions of MicN from OCFA using 15N and MNAB as response variables. Microbial N flow was underestimated by the MNAB marker compared to 15N. Neither NS nor their respective interactions with the marker methods (MM) affected MicN or EMNS (P > 0.05). However, MicN was different for 15N and MNAB (P > 0.001 for both treatments). Marker methods affected EMNS in all energetic bases (total digestible carbohydrates P < 0.001; rumen-fermentable carbohydrates P < 0.001; organic matter truly degradable in the rumen P < 0.001). Equations that utilized OCFA as a regressor to predict MicN under different MM resulted in good fits of the data as observed by the coefficient of determination (R2; 15N = 0.78; MNAB = 0.69). Microbial N flow estimated from OCFA was overpredicted (15N by 7.46%; MNAB by 4.30%) compared with observed values. The OCFA model presented a small slope bias when methodological validation was applied (15N = 0.96%; MNAB = 3.90%), ensuring reliability of the proposed alternative method. Based on the conditions of this experiment, OCFA may be a suitable alternative to other methods that quantify MicN under different dietary conditions.

Physicochemical properties of dietary protein as predictors for digestibility or releasing percentage of amino acids in monogastrics under in-vitro conditions

The nutritional values of the protein are related to its amino acid content, and its physicochemical properties. We aimed to determine the relationship between the variation of protein digestibility or the releasing coefficient of amino acids with the physicochemical properties of different feedstuffs. We analysed the secondary protein structure and solubility of 10 protein-rich feed ingredients, including soybean, soybean meal, dehulled soybean meal, fermented soybean meal, distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), feather meal, fish meal, rapeseed meal, corn gluten meal, and corn germ meal. The results showed that the soybeans and their products had greater protein solubility than the other dietary protein (p < .001). Fish meal, rapeseed meal and all soybean sources had the higher protein digestibility and releasing coefficient of amino acids, also reached different peaks in shorter times. But corn germ meal, corn gluten meal, and feather meal exhibited lower releasing coefficient of amino acids and weaker solubility (p < .001). The in-vitro protein digestibility or releasing coefficient of total amino acid had positive regression coefficients with α-helix, α-helix/β-sheet, and solubility; and a negative regression coefficient with β-sheet. Feedstuffs with faster amino acid releasing rate had higher α-helix, α-helix/β-sheet and solubility and lower β-sheet. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of the dietary protein could be used as predictors for the amino acids’ digestibility and amino acid bioavailability. Highlights We evaluated the protein solubility, protein digestibility, and releasing coefficient of amino acids among the most common feedstuffs for monogastric animals The physicochemical properties of dietary protein could be used as predictors for the digestibility or releasing rate of amino acids in monogastric. The feed industry formulation might be reconsidered since the most common feedstuffs possess novel concepts.

Ruminal Microbial Degradation of Individual Amino Acids from Heat-Treated Soyabean Meal and Corn Gluten Meal in Continuous Culture.

Simple SummaryDietary rumen undegradable protein provides almost half of the amino acids available for absorption. Current feeding systems assume that the amino acid profile of a protein reaching the small intestine is similar to that of the original protein. However, the results from the present experiment confirm that the degradability of individual amino acids from heat-processed soybean meal and corn gluten meal was different between protein sources and among amino acids within each protein source. The degradability of essential amino acids in general, and that of lysine in particular, was higher in both protein supplements, and the degradability of methionine was also higher in corn gluten meal compared with the average degradability of amino acids. Therefore, the flow of essential amino acids, lysin and methionine may be overestimated. Therefore, the results suggest the need to include the degradability of individual amino acids in precision feeding strategies.Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in three periods to study the effects of diets containing heat-treated soyabean meal (HSBM) or corn gluten meal (CGM) on ruminal microbial fermentation and the degradation of individual amino acids (AA). Treatments were a mix of non-protein nitrogen (N; urea and tryptone) that were progressively substituted (0, 33, 67 and 100%) for HSBM or CGM. Ruminal escape of AA was calculated with the slope ratio technique. Total volatile fatty acids (95.0 mM) and molar proportions (mol/100 mol) of acetate (59.3), propionate (21.8) and butyrate (10.5) were not affected by the treatments. As the level of HSBM or CGM increased, the concentration of ammonia-N and the degradation of protein decreased (p < 0.01), and the flows of nonammonia and dietary N increased (p < 0.01) quadratically. Compared with HSBM, CGM provided the highest flow (g/d) of total (20.6 vs. 18.3, p < 0.01), essential (9.04 vs. 8.25, p < 0.04) and nonessential (11.5 vs. 10.0, p < 0.01) AA, and increased linearly (p < 0.01) as the level of supplemental protein increased. Ruminal degradation of essential AA was higher (p < 0.04) than nonessential AA in CGM, but not in HSBM. Degradation of lysine was higher (p < 0.01) in both proteins, and degradation of methionine was higher in CGM. Ruminal degradation of individual AAs differ within and between protein sources and needs to be considered in precision feeding models.

Use of Poultry By-product and Plant Protein Sources in Diets of Redclaw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

A total of 300 juvenile crayfish (13.0±0.03 g) were randomly distributed among 5 dietary groups (n=60, 3 replicates) held within 15×500 L-1 fiberglass tanks connected to a recirculation system (RAS), at 20 crayfish per tank. Each group was fed for 12 weeks one of five experimental diets where the main protein sources were: 1) control, fish-meal-based diet (FM, 48% of the diet); 2) 10% FM + 52.5% poultry by-product meal (PoM); 3) 34.5% soybean meal + 34.5% corn gluten meal (Pmix); 4) 34.5% PoM + 32.soybean/corn gluten meal mix (PoM/Pmix); and 5) 10% FM + 27.5% soybean + 27.5% corn gluten meal (FM/Pmix). The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences among diets in terms of growth and feed utilization efficiency. Muscle amino acid profile of redclaw crayfish fed the FM diet had the highest level of total essential amino acids, followed by FM/PMix, Pmix, PoM/Pmix, and PoM diets. Particularly, in all experimental groups, the highest essential amino acids (EAA) were lysine, arginine, and leucine. Based on these findings, we conclude that redclaw can perform well with FM-free vegetable diets and PoM-based diets although more research is needed into the total composition of EAA and FA in muscle.

Antioxidative hydrolysates from corn gluten meal may effectively reduce lipid oxidation and inhibit HepG2 cancer cell growth

Peptides hydrolyzed from food proteins are potentially healthy antioxidants for food applications. In this study, corn gluten meal (CGM) was hydrolyzed by different enzymes to obtain antioxidative hydrolysates. The CGM hydrolysates using Neutrase was further fractionated through membrane ultrafiltration, and the medium sized fraction (F3, 3–5 kDa) exhibited promising antioxidant capacities as measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, and metal ion (Fe 2+ ) chelating activity. Addition of the F3 fraction into an oil-in-water emulsion system greatly reduced the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products during 15 days incubation, with an average reduction of 82.17 and 90.71%, respectively. The F3 fraction also resulted in 49.17% reduction of lipid oxidation when added to ground pork at 1000 mg/kg. Peptide composition of the F3 fraction was further identified through RP-HPLC followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis. The toxicity and anticancer performance of the F3 fraction was evaluated in a human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line at 50 and 200 μg/mL for 6 days, resulting a significant growth inhibition by 64.2 and 71.6%, respectively. However, cell viability remained the same, indicating that the F3 peptides are not toxic for food applications as antioxidant additives. This study demonstrated that the corn gluten meal hydrolysates could be effective as antioxidants in delaying lipid oxidation and inhibiting cancel cell growth. • Corn gluten meal (CGM) is a protein-rich coproduct from corn wet milling. . • Enzymatic hydrolysis of CGM produced hydrolysates with antioxidant properties. • Adding the hydrolysate fraction improved oxidation stability of emulsion and meat. • Adding the hydrolysate fraction effectively inhibited HepG2 cancel cell growth. • Adding the peptides did not affect cell viability, implying non-toxicity for foods.

Intake, metabolism parameters, and performance of growing beef cattle on pasture supplemented with different rumen undegradable protein with different amino acid profile

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation (3 g/kg BW) of RUP rumen undegradable protein (RUP) with different amino acid profile on the intake, rumen fermentation parameters, total-tract apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, and performance of beef cattle grazing pasture in the rainy season. Two experiments were carried out simultaneously to evaluated intake and metabolism parameters (Exp.1) and animal performance (Exp.2). Exp.1 lasted 84 days and 9 castrated Nellore steers cannulated in the rumen and duodenum (18 ± 2 months old and 350 ± 78 kg initial BW) were assigned in 3 simultaneous 3 × 3 Latin squares design. Exp.2 lasted 112 days and 96 young Nellore bulls (12 ± 3 months old and 240 ± 19 kg initial BW) were assigned in a randomized block design. Animals were kept on pasture of Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés (CP = 12.3%), in continuous grazing and put and take method. The treatments were: 1) mineral supplementation (MS; ad libitum), 2) RUP supplementation with corn gluten meal 60 (CGM; 3 g/kg of body weight [BW] per day), and 3) RUP supplementation with protected soybean meal (PSBM; 3 g/kg of BW per day). The supplementation of RUP feed sources with different amino acid profile increased the intakes of DM supplement and CP, and the total-tract apparent digestibility of CP. In addition, animals supplemented with RUP, regardless the amino acid profile, had an increase in the excretion of N in feces and urine. However, both RUP supplementation increased final BW and total BW gain. The ADG of the animals was improved with an additional gain of 195 g/day for CGM and PSBM compared to MS, and no differences between RUP sources were observed. No differences in the intake of DM (kg and % of BW), OM, and forage DM, ruminal pH, and microbial-N across treatments. Animals supplemented PSBM had a greater NDF intake and total VFA concentration compared to CGM. Retaine-N (g/d) was increased by PSBM supplementation compared to MS, but it did not differ between RUP sources. Taken together, the results demonstrate that supplementation of 3 g/kg of BW of RUP with different amino acid profile during the rainy season is an effective nutritional strategy used to improve performance of growing beef cattle grazing pasture. In addition, RUP supplementation improved N metabolism, with PSBM resulting in greater N retained compared to MS supplementation.

Growth and Feed Digestibility of Sangkuriang Catfish with Corn Gluten Meal-Based Feeding

Diet testing was conducted for 50 days to investigate the growth and feed digestibility of Sangkuriang catfish with corn gluten meal (CGM)-based feeding. This involved 5 treatments with different levels of CGM in the feed 0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 g.kg−1 for three replications. The result showed that the value of SGR ranged from 0.87 to 1.51 %.day−1, the SGR values with CGM at 0, 75 and 150 g.kg−1 were significantly higher than the values in CGM 225 and 300 g.kg−1. The best value of protein and lipid digestibility were recorded with CGM at 0, 75 and 150 g.kg−1 compared to CGM at 225 and 300 g/kg. A greater propensity for higher CGM levels to negatively impact on growth and feed digestibility of Sangkuriang catfish. Therefore, CGM is confirmed to process the potential for application at a level of 150 g.kg−1 in the Sakuriang catfish diet without negatively influencing growth and feed digestibility.

Organic Horticulture and Bioherbicides: A Review

Weeds are one of the most problematic, time-consuming, and expensive production issues for organic horticulturists. The need for novel bioherbicides to manage weeds has increased as organic agriculture has risen in importance. Pathogens, cosmetic compounds, and natural material extracts might all be made to produce bio herbicides. Two types of infectious pathogens that can be used as bio-herbicides are dangerous fungus and microbes. Herbicidal activity has been shown in byproducts of accepted birthplaces such as Dried-DistillersGrains with Soluble(DDGS), Corn-Gluten-Meal(CGM), and Mustard-Seed-Meals(MSMs). Bioherbicide potential has also been discovered in certain essential oil extracts. The effectiveness of a bio-herbicide is the primary restraining element in its application, and it may be influenced by variables like as humidity and moisture, application technique, bioherbicide spectrum, and formulation type. In addition to effectiveness, bioherbicide usage is limited by price and worries about possible human health risks. Because incorporating bioherbicide technology into current weed monitoring systems might well help manage resistance mechanisms, benefit from economies of scale, and increase crop yields, continued studies should concentrate on the improvement of more cost-effective and convenient bio-herbicides for pest management, as well as the efficiency of manufacturing techniques and traditional influences with the use of frontrunner bio-herbicides.

Relationship between dietary amino acid release kinetics and nitrogen deposition in growing pigs.

Although the protein content of swine diets is formulated based on the ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids (AA) under current nutrition requirements, the nitrogen utilization efficiency of swine varies based on protein source, which may be related to AA release kinetics. In this experiment, a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with casein (CAS)-enriched or corn gluten meal (CGM)-enriched protein sources at different digestible crude protein levels (normal [N], 13%; and low [L], 11%) were applied to 24 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) growing pigs (average body weight = 43.3 ± 3.5 kg) in 4 treatments (N.CAS, L.CAS, N.CGM, L.CGM, respectively) to investigate the effects of AA release kinetics on nitrogen deposition in growing pigs. Standardized ileal digestible AA in all diets were balanced by adding individual AA to meet the nutrient requirements. The AA release kinetics were detected in vitro by measuring the hydrolysis of various protein diets under pepsin and trypsin conditions. The results demonstrated that the time of AA release peak in the CGM diet was 12 h later than that in the CAS diet. The synchronization indices of dietary AA release in N.CAS, N.CGM, L.CAS, and L.CGM were 23.73%, 29.37%, 23.40%, and 26.07%, respectively. The N.CGM had the poorest AA release synchronism while the N.CAS had the greatest among the 4 diets. However, within the pigs, L.CAS and N.CGM showed the highest (81.08%) and lowest (73.54%) nitrogen biological values, respectively, despite the standard ileal digestible AA levels being equal for all diets. These results indicate that the release kinetics of dietary AA had great effect on nitrogen deposition. To optimize nitrogen deposition, AA release kinetics and composition should be taken into consideration when formulating diets for growing pigs.

Effects of replacing fish meal with corn gluten meal on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, mTOR pathway and immune response of abalone Haliotis discus hannai

Corn gluten meal (CGM) is used as a protein source in aquafeeds. However, the potential for replacing fish meal (FM) with CGM in abalone feeds has not been adequately evaluated. A 110-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate effects of replacing FM with CGM on abalone Haliotis discus hannai (initial weight: 21.83 ± 0.25 g). The control diet (CGM0) was designed to contain 20% of FM. The other four isonitrogenous (about 30% of crude protein) and isolipidic (about 4% of crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated with CGM protein replacing 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of dietary FM protein, respectively. The five experimental diets were named as CGM0, CGM25, CGM50, CGM75 and CGM100, respectively. Results showed that no significant differences were found in survival rate among all the groups. Weight gain rate (WGR) of abalone in the CGM100 group was significantly lower than that in the control group. There were no significant differences in WGR among the CGM25, CGM50, CGM75 and the control groups. The increasing dietary CGM inclusion level elevated the operational taxonomic units, ACE estimator and Chao1 estimator, and changed the intestinal microbiota composition in abalone. The activities of trypsin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and Na+, K+-ATPase in digestive gland were significantly decreased when replacement level over 50%. The increasing dietary CGM inclusion level significantly downregulated the expressions of ribosomal S6 protein kinase (s6k), mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eif4e) in digestive gland. The CGM75 and CGM100 groups had significant lower activities of catalase and lysozyme in cell-free hemolymph and digestive gland. In conclusion, CGM could replace 75% of dietary FM (equivalent to 16.2% of CGM inclusion level in the diet) without significantly affecting the growth of abalone. However, high inclusion levels of CGM in diets (> 10.8%) had negative effects on intestinal microbiota, mTOR pathway and immunity in abalone.