Germination Of Corn Research Articles

Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera and chitosan and its evaluation on corn germination

To stimulate sustainable nanotechnology in agriculture, we have developed an easy, low-cost, and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (MHCFe) using Moringa oleifera leaves and chitosan. The effect of these iron oxide nanoparticles on corn seeds germination was evaluated. The biogenic synthesis was performed by using a one-pot chitosan-moringa hydrothermal treatment. Structural characterization was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Magnetic properties were evaluated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) were used to study the germination rate and early growth of corn seed. The combination of moringa and chitosan has a positive effect on the Index-speed germination and growth parameters of corn plants and no toxic impact on seed germination.

Planting and preemergence irrigation procedures to enhance germination of subsurface drip irrigated corn

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is one of the most efficient types of water-saving irrigation technology. However, in regions prone to drought during the planting period, crop germination may be a problem under SDI. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China, to assess the impacts of two planting methods (PMs), flat planting (FP) and alternate row/bed planting (AP), and four pre-emergence irrigation (PI) levels, 15, 25, 45, and 60 mm on corn germination, grain yield and crop water productivity (WPc) under SDI. The AP method utilized a small lister furrow that was 10 cm deep and the corn seeds were planted 5 cm beneath the lister furrow. The results indicated that the soil water at the depth of 5 cm vertically below the seeds (SM5) was on average 27% higher under AP than under FP 24 hours after PI. The emergence rate under AP initially increased at the lower PI values and then decreased at the highest PI amount (60 mm). The maximum emergence rate (98% on average for two years) was obtained at 45 mm PI under AP. The emergence rate under FP increased with the PI level, but the average two-year emergence rates were all lower than 80%. The two-year average grain yield and the WPc reached maximum values of 15.3 Mg ha-1 and 35.1 kg ha-1 mm-1 at 45 mm and 25 mm PI under AP, respectively. The average emergence rate, yield, and WPc under AP increased by 21%, 24%, and 21%, respectively, compared with those under FP. No significant differences in kernels/ear or kernel mass under AP or FP were caused by different PI levels. An emergence rate of approximately 90% to 95% for corn was obtained when the SM5 was approximately 82% to 90% of field capacity 24 h after PI. In conclusion, AP with suitable PI can increase the corn emergence rate and improve the grain yield and WPc under SDI in areas prone to drought conditions at planting.

FATTY ACIDS AND OXYLIPINS ACCUMULATION IN ZEA MAIZE L. SEEDLINGS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF THE SUPER HIGH-FREQUENCY RANGE

The work shows the influence of the electromagnetic field of the microwave range (EMF microwave) on the variability of fatty acids and their derivatives in seedlings of corn of different ages. The object of the study was the corn seeds of the Belarusian selection of the Daria hybrid, which were treated with microwave EMF for 12 minutes with a frequency of 64–66 GHz, exposure power 10 mW. The control was untreated EMF microwave seeds. Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis of fatty acids and their derivatives, occurring in seedlings of corn of different ages, showed that in the roots and leaves of corn fatty acid metabolism goes in different ways. On the 4th day of growth, the content of the following oxylipins increases in maize seedlings: hydroxymethyl ester of linoleic acid and octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy propyl ether by 57.8% and 26.8%, respectively. By the 12th and 14th day of growth, the content of α-linolenic acid, which is the starting material for the synthesis of oxylipins, substantially increases in the roots of corn. Also, unsaturated fatty acids predominate in the roots, saturated in the leaves. Under the influence of the electromagnetic field of the microwave range in the roots of corn, a decrease in the content of saturated and, accordingly, the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids increases. In leaves, on the contrary, there was an increase in the amount of saturated and a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids after EMF treatment of corn seeds. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic, predominate in the seedlings, roots and leaves of corn. In this regard, it can be assumed that the stimulating effect of pre-sowing treatment of microwave EMF on germination, growth and development of corn occurs through the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids and oxylipins as a response of the plant to exogenous exposure.

Field‐specific yield response to variable seeding depth of corn in the Midwest

AbstractSufficient soil moisture is crucial for corn (Zea mays L.) germination and emergence. As within‐field soil moisture varies, it is often expected that corn seeding depth should vary accordingly. As seedbeds get drier, deeper planting increases the chances of higher soil moisture and faster emergence. The goal was to evaluate the corn yield response to shallow and deep seeding depths compared with the standard seeding depth while making use of management zones delineated using relative elevation data as surrogate of spatial patterns of soil moisture. We hypothesize that crop yield responds positively to shallow seeding depth in zones with low relative elevation values, wet zones, whereas the opposite would be expected in drier zones in a range of locations across the U.S. Midwest. Landscape position (LSP) values (i.e., relative elevation values) were computed from LIDAR data and used to approximate the spatial soil moisture distribution by splitting variability into dry, transitional, and wet LSP zones. Field‐long strips were planted in 17 commercial fields in 2014 and 2015 at shallow, standard, and deep seeding depths. The LSP zones were a significant predictor of the yield response to shallow or deep seeding depth only in 5 and 2 out of 17 field‐years, respectively. Significant overall responses of yield to shallow or deep seeding depth were found in 6 and 8 out of 17 field‐years, respectively. The yield response to variable seeding depth of corn showed high field‐specificity and was likely attenuated by favorable conditions for corn planting and during the growing seasons.

Construction of High-Density Genetic Map and Identification of QTLs Associated with Seed Vigor after Exposure to Artificial Aging Conditions in Sweet Corn Using SLAF-seq.

Seed vigor is a key factor that determines the quality of seeds, which is of great significance for agricultural production, with the potential to promote growth and productivity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and genetic basis for seed vigor remain unknown. High-density genetic linkage mapping is an effective method for genomic study and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. In this study, a high-density genetic map was constructed from a 148 BC4F3 population cross between ‘M03’ and ‘M08’ strains based on specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing. The constructed high-density genetic linkage map (HDGM) included 3876 SNP markers on ten chromosomes covering 2413.25 cM in length, with a mean distance between markers of 0.62 cM. QTL analysis was performed on four sweet corn germination traits that are related to seed vigor under artificial aging conditions. A total of 18 QTLs were identified in two seasons. Interestingly, a stable QTL was detected in two seasons on chromosome 10—termed qGR10—within an interval of 1.37 Mb. Within this interval, combined with gene annotation, we found four candidate genes (GRMZM2G074309, GRMZM2G117319, GRMZM2G465812, and GRMZM2G343519) which may be related to seed vigor after artificial aging.

Farklı Tuz Konsantrasyonlarının Şeker Mısır (Zea mays L.Var. sacharata sturt.) Çeşitlerinde Çimlenme ve Erken Fide Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri

Bu çalışma, farklı NaCl konsantrasyonlarının bazı şeker mısır (Zea mays L. sacharata sturt.) çeşitlerinin çimlenme ve erken fide gelişimi üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada Vega F1 (sh2), Merit F1 (su) ve Tanem F1 (su) çeşitlerinin tohumlarına 0 (kontrol), 2, 4, 6, 8 ve 10 dSm -1 konsantrasyonlarında NaCl uygulanmıştır. Tohum ekiminden 5 gün sonra çeşitlerin çimlenme oranı, 12 gün sonra kök uzunluğu, gövde uzunluğu, kök gövde oranı, kök kuru madde oranı, gövde kuru madde oranı, fide gücü indeksi ve tuz toleransı ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Araştırmada incelenen karakterler arasında istatistiki açıdan önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarına çeşitler tuz oranı artıkça çimlenme oranı ve fide gelişimi özelliklerinin azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Tanem F1 çeşit çimlenme oranı ve tuz stresine toleransı bakımından en yüksek değerlere sahipken kök ve gövde uzunluğu ve kök gövde oranı bakımından ise en düşük değerlere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Fide gücü indeksi bakımından ise sırasıyla Vega F1, Tanem F1 ve Merit F1 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada yapılan korelasyon sonuçlarına göre, incelenen parametreler arasında istatistiki açıdan pozitif yönde önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Çimlendirme ortamından 2 dSm-1 tuzluluk düzeyine kadar tohum çimlenmesi ve erken fide gelişim parametrelerinin etkilenmezken 2 dSm-1 yüksek düzeylerde ise olumsuz yönde etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Yetiştiricilik yapılan bölgelerde 2 dSm-1 tuzluluk düzeyine kadar suların, şeker mısır çimlenme ve erken fide gelişim dönemlerinde kullanılabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

Efeito alelopático do extrato aquoso de folhas e caule de girassol sobre a germinação de milho e sorgo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic effect exerted by aqueous extract of sunflower leaves and stem on corn and sorghum germination. Sunflower is an oilseed species that has important agronomic characteristics. Sunflower has an allelopathic effect on other plant species, inhibiting their growth. Stem and leaves were collected at UFSJ experimental field, Sete Lagoas campus. The test was performed on a Germitest Paper Roll, with 4 repetitions of 25 seeds of BRS - 1060 Hybrid (corn) and BRS - 506 (sorghum). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x5 factorial scheme, the mean results were submitted to Tukey test at 5% significance, processed by the SISVAR program. Aqueous extracts obtained from sunflower leaves negatively affected the vigor of corn seeds, observed by the first count test, however, there was no significant difference regarding the final germination of seeds submitted to extracts of sunflower leaves and stem in the different concentrations. For sorghum seeds, it was possible to verify that aqueous extracts of leaves at concentrations above 25% negatively affect seed germination and vigor.

Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Heliolactone

AbstractStrigolactones are phytohormones, which affect diverse aspects of plant growth and development with potential application in modern agriculture. Recently, heliolactone has been isolated as a non‐canonical type of strigolactone from the root exudates of sunflower, and it could be involved in signaling in the rhizosphere as well as in planta. However, its biological activity is yet to be evaluated, due to its relative chemical instability and its low natural abundance. Herein, we describe the gram‐scale synthesis of heliolactone and its derivatives by using Stille cross‐coupling as the key bond‐forming reaction, and we disclose some of their biological activities (soil stability, binding ability to strigolactone receptor, corn germination, sunflower germination, Orobanche cumana germination and leaf senescence) in comparison with other canonical and non‐canonical strigolactones.

Winter crops affecting seed germination and early plant growth of corn and soybean

The seed germination and the early plant growth of corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) sowed after cropping and under straw residues (simulating crop rotations) of oat (Avena sativa), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated in pot experiments carried out under controlled conditions. The germination rates ranged from 78 to 95% (corn) and from 68 to 97% (soybean), while the speed emergence index ranged from 0.9 to 1.3 (corn) and from 0.7 to 0.12 (soybean). The lowest germination rates and speed emergence indexes occurred in crop rotation for wheat (corn) and ryegrass (soybean). In addition, the highest seedling emergence average time occurred in the crop rotation for wheat (corn) and ryegrass (soybean). On the other hand, the crop rotation for oat affected neither the speed emergence index nor the seedling emergence average time, despite causing a slight reduction of the seed germination (corn and soybean) and the shoot length (corn). Except for the crop rotation for ryegrass (soybean), the total dry mass of corn and soybean reduced when winter crops were previously cultivated. These results suggest that a delay and a reduction of seed germination and seedling emergence can occur in subsequent summer crops, depending on the winter species previously cropped, impacting on the early growth of summer crops.

Use of Spent Grains, Cheese Whey, Gypsum, And Compost for Reclamation of Sodic Soils and Improvement of Corn Seed Germination

Incubation and germination experiments were carried out to evaluate spent grain, cheese whey, gypsum and compost for reclamation of sodic soils and enhancing Corn (Zea mays L.) germination. Seven treatments included two levels of mozzarella cheese whey, two levels of compost, one level of gypsum, one level of spent grain and an untreated control. The treatments were added to sodic soil, packed in pots and incubated under natural field conditions. One month after the incubation, 4 corn seeds were sown in the soil pots. The germination experiment was lasted for 15 days. Results indicate that all organic amendments most effectively reduced exchangeable sodium percent (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and soil pH; while enhanced soil organic matter, macronutrients, and corn germination percentages, compare to gypsum and control. Spent grain was the most effective amendment in reducing soil sodicity and enhancing soil fertility and corn germination in the sodic soils. Further increasing the application rates of cheese whey and compost did not significantly enhance corn germination or reduce sodicity. The positive impacts of all amendments followed the arranging; spent grain > cheese whey > compost > gypsum > control. Moreover, one-month incubation was enough time for amendments to ameliorate soil sodicity before crop plantation. Spent grain and cheese whey are more effective than gypsum and compost in remediating sodic soils and are much inexpensive.

Germination and seedlings growth of Corn (Zea mays L.) to allelopathic effects of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Germination and seedlings growth of Corn (Zea mays L.) to allelopathic effects of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Effect of priming agents on seed germination of three corn species

This study determines the effect of different priming agents (water, sodium chloride, potassium nitrate and calcium sulphate) on seed germination and sprout development in Guinea corn ( Sorghum bicolor ), millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) and popcorn maize ( Zea mays var everta ). Different concentrations of the priming agents (5, 10, 15 and 20 g/l) were used for a period of 24 hours and the primed seeds planted on Petri dishes at the same time. At the end of five days germination, effects of each of the priming agents were as follows; (water: 2.67±0.00, 13.67±0.00 and 6.33±0.00); (NaCl: 3.84±0.70, 12.08±0.74 and 2.75±0.96); (KNO 3 : 3.17±0.79, 11.67±0.27 and 2.75±0.96) ; (CaSO 4 : 4.25±1.66, 13.50± and 5.25±0.32) respectively for popcorn maize, guinea corn and millet germination. Priming of seeds generally increased germination and caused a rapid increase in growth of plumule and root. It was discovered that all the priming agents supported germination with calcium sulphate topmost in some cases among them. All the priming agents used were effective in aiding seed germination in popcorn maize and sorghum more than in millet. Keywords: germination, seed, seed priming, seedling development

Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Tumbuhan Mikania micrantha Kunth. (Invasif) dan Cosmos sulphureus Cav. (Non Invasif) Terhadap Perkecambahan Jagung (Zea mays L.)

The Research about the effects of extract from the invasive plant leaves of Mikania micrantha Kunth. and non-invasive plant leaves of Cosmos sulphureus Cav. on the germination of corn (Zea mays L.) has been conducted in July 2016 in Plant Physiology and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Biology Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Andalas University, Padang. The aim of this research was to compare the effect of extract from the leaves of plants M. micrantha and C. sulphureus with several concentrations on the germination of corn. The research used experimental method with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) on Nested, 9 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were factor A (type of plants, a1= Mikania micrantha and a2= Cosmos sulphureus) and factor B (leaf extract concentration, b0= 0%, b1= 20%, b= 40%, b3= 60%, b4= 80%). The results showed that the extract of the leaves from M. micrantha affected to reduced the fresh weight plants at concentration of 20%, where as in leaf extract of C. sulphureus affected to reduced the fresh weight plants at concentration of 40%.

New and Scalable Access to Karrikin (KAR1) and Evaluation of Its Potential Application on Corn Germination

Karrikin (KAR1), also named ‘karrikinolide’, was isolated in 2004 from smoke water and identified as a very potent germination stimulant as well as controlling early seedling development for a large variety of plant species. We reported herein an unprecedented and scalable synthesis of Karrikin (KAR1) based on an elegant and efficient 6‐endo‐dig cyclization. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of KAR1 on corn seeds germination, we carried out additional studies on the uptake of this butenolide into corn seeds, and the main soil chemiodynamic properties (i.e., persistence and mobility) were calculated or estimated. Finally, we provided a rationalization of the experimental results by building a homology model of corn KAI2, using as template the X‐ray of the KAI2 protein from Arabidopsis thaliana.

Alelopatia de Ambrosia artemisiifolia na germinação e no crescimento de plântulas de milho e soja

In this work, the influence of root exudates and aqueous extract from Ambrosia artemisiifolia shoots on germination, seed vigor and initial development of corn and soybean were evaluated. Two experiments were carried out in a factorial scheme (2x2), corn and soybean with and without root exudate, and the second in a factorial scheme (2x4), corn and soybean at concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 75% of aqueous extract of A. artemisiifolia shoots. The root exudate of A. artemisiifolia negatively affected the vigor of maize seeds, but not germination. The root exudate of A. artemisiifolia did not influence the germination and vigor of soybean seeds. The corn crop was more sensitive than soybean to root exudate. The aqueous extract from A. artemisiifolia shoots negatively affected the vigor of maize seeds and the vigor and germination of soybean seeds, being the soybean crop more sensitive to the allelopathic effects of the extract. The aqueous extract from A. artemisiifolia shoots presented total phenol content of 11.13 mg g-1 of the dry mass, which can be considered a high value when compared to other weeds.

Assessing Allelopathic Index for Estimating Allelopathic potential of Ajowan Extracts

Allelopathy is a procedure in which secondary metabolites are produced by plants. Some plants may beneficially or antagonistically affect other plants through allelochemical compounds which may be released directly or indirectly from live or dead parts and cause allelopathic and phytotoxic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the allelopathic possibility of ajowan (Carum copticum) extracts in different concentrations on morphological indices (germination and growth) of wheat (Triticum sativum), barley (Hurdeum vulgare), corn (Zea maize S.C 704), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seedlings as proceeding crops and to develop a comprehensive formula for measuring the negative and positive effects of allelochemicals on growth indices such as shoot and root length, as well as the germination percentage on donor plants. It was demonstrated that increasing concentrations of ajowan extracts significantly decreased the Allelopathic Index, percent of germination, and other growth related indices of all seedlings. Based on the proposed Allelopathic Index of experimental plants, it was revealed that ajowan has posed a higher risk to corn and barley especially at the early stages of the growing cycle, while safflower and wheat indicated more tolerance to growth inhibition effects of ajowan in rotational sequence.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Berbagai Bagian Dari Tanaman Swietenia mahagoni Terhadap Perkecambahan Benih Kacang Hijau Dan Jagung

Swietenia mahagoni is a timber forestry plants have allelopathy toxic, can interfere with the growth of surrounding plants. This study aimed to determine the effects of extracts from various parts of Swietenia mahagoni on seed germination of green beans and corn. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Silviculture, an extract from a litter, fresh leaves, bark and roots of the Swietenia mahagoni plant and given to the seed germination green beans and corn. The results showed that the extract of fresh leaves and roots Swietenia mahagoni inhibit seed germination green beans and corn, while the provision of litter no effect. Green bean seed has a higher durability of the maize seed to allelopathy of root Swietenia mahagoni.

Use of Eichhornia crassipes dry matter as organic substrate for germination and initial growth of corn

The objective was to evaluate the potential use of the dry matter of the aquatic macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) as a substrate for germination and initial growth of corn (Zea mays L.). The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and ve replicates. The treatments consisted of testing substrates with different levels of E. crassipes dry matter and agricultural soil mixtures, with 100 % E. crassipes dry matter, 50% E. crassipes dry matter and 50 % agricultural soil, 25 % E. crassipes dry matter and 75% agricultural soil, and 100% commercial agricultural substrate. Average stem height and diameter, and shoot and root fresh and dry mass were compared by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The results showed that E. crassipes dry matter could be used as a substrate for the germination and initial growth of corn, although the commercial agriculture substrate alone has resulted in higher initial corn growth.

Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on corn seedlings at different temperatures; X-ray absorption spectroscopy and ICP/OES studies

Previous studies have shown that ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) affect corn germination and root growth. However, there is a lack of information about the effects of these NPs at different temperatures. In this study, corn seedlings were exposed to ZnO NPs (24±3nm) at 0–1600mgL−1 and ionic Zn 0–250mgL−1 for 15days. Germination, root elongation, Zn uptake and oxidation state, enzyme activity and protein expression were analyzed. At 20 and 25°C, 400mg ZnO NPs L−1 significantly reduced the germination (40 and 53% respectively), while no effect of Zn2+ was observed. Temperature and Zn concentration affected root growth. At 20°C, ZnO at 50, 400, and 1600mgL−1 reduced root growth by 18, 47, and 26% respectively. At 25°C, 100 and 800mgL−1 increased root growth by 22 and 27%, while at 30°C, 100mgL−1 reduced root growth by 42%. At 30°C, 0.1mgL−1 of Zn2+ increased the growth by 50%. Zn accumulation in seedlings was significant only at 1600mgL−1 ZnO and 250mgL−1 Zn2+. Ascorbate peroxidase activity increased by 24 and 57% under exposure to ZnO at 400 and 1600mgL−1 at 25°C. At any temperature the XAS analyses showed presence on NPs in roots. Exposure to ZnO NPs did not show changes in protein expression; however, a protein band with molecular weight of 85kDa decreased its expression at 30°C, while a protein of 75kDa increased its expression at 30°C. This study suggests that temperature may alter the way the ZnO NPs interact with plants.

Allelopathy relationship between plants and their use in organic farming

Allelopathy is a process still little studied in the plant world, if we refer to the diversity of biochemical compounds, through which plants can interact with each other, with fungi or bacteria. Biochemical "dialogue" between organisms may have stimulatory or inhibitory effects, contributing to numerical setting of the populations, the assertion of some species over others, the establishment and strengthen of plant communities. Practically, the allelopathy can be exploited in organic farming in understanding and identifying compatibility between species, to finding natural substances with herbicide potential. In experiments conducted, diluted extracts of Taraxacum officinale and Cirsium vulgare strongly inhibited the germination and growth of corn and beans, while Hedera helix produced the same effect, but at higher concentrations of the extract. Humulus lupulus extract has a stimulating effect on the two species and it is possible to use as natural fertilizer. Extracts of Chenopodium album works as stimulator for Beta vulgaris, and potent inhibitor for Triticum aestivum. Agropyron repens is an aggressive competitor for Lycopersicon esculentum and Capsicum annuum, producing a strong inhibition. Juglans regia extracts and especially those of Satureja hortensis, can be used as natural herbicides for up delay germination and growth suppression for the species: Echinochloa crus-galli and Setaria glauca.