Corn DDGS Research Articles

252 Apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of corn DDGS steeped without or with fiber degrading enzymes and fed to growing pigs

252 Apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of corn DDGS steeped without or with fiber degrading enzymes and fed to growing pigs

082 Growth performance responses of growing pigs when fed corn-soybean meal diets with corn DDGS treated with fiber degrading enzymes with or without extended steeping

082 Growth performance responses of growing pigs when fed corn-soybean meal diets with corn DDGS treated with fiber degrading enzymes with or without extended steeping

115 Enhancing the nutritive values of corn DDGS via pretreatment and digestion

115 Enhancing the nutritive values of corn DDGS via pretreatment and digestion

In situ ruminal degradation characteristics of dry matter and crude protein from dried corn, high-protein corn, and wheat distillers grains.

BackgroundThe continuing growth of the ethanol industry has generated large amounts of various distillers grains co-products. These are characterized by a wide variation in chemical composition and ruminal degradability. Therefore, their precise formulation in the ruminant diet requires the systematic evaluation of their degradation profiles in the rumen.MethodsThree distillers grains plus soluble co-products (DDGS) namely, corn DDGS, high-protein corn DDGS (HP-DDGS), and wheat DDGS, were subjected to an in situ trial to determine the degradation kinetics of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). Soybean meal (SBM), a feed with highly degradable protein in the rumen, was included as the fourth feed. The four feeds were incubated in duplicate at each time point in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated Hanwoo cattle for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h.ResultsWheat DDGS had the highest filterable and soluble A fraction of its DM (37.2 %), but the lowest degradable B (49.5 %; P < 0.001) and an undegradable C fraction (13.3 %; P < 0.001). The filterable and soluble A fraction of CP was greatest with wheat DDGS, intermediate with corn DDGS, and lowest with HP-DDGS and SBM; however, the undegradable C fraction of CP was the greatest with HP-DDGS (41.2 %), intermediate with corn DDGS (2.7 %), and lowest with wheat DDGS and SMB (average 4.3 %). The degradation rate of degradable B fraction (% h−1) was ranked from highest to lowest as follows for 1) DM: SBM (13.3), wheat DDGS (9.1), and corn DDGS and HP-DDGS (average 5.2); 2) CP: SBM (17.6), wheat DDGS (11.6), and corn DDGS and HP-DDGS (average 4.4). The in situ effective degradability of CP, assuming a passage rate of 0.06 h−1, was the highest (P < 0.001) for SBM (73.9 %) and wheat DDGS (71.2 %), intermediate for corn DDGS (42.5 %), and the lowest for HP-DDGS (28.6 %), which suggests that corn DDGS and HP-DDGS are a good source of undegraded intake protein for ruminants.ConclusionsThis study provided a comparative estimate of ruminal DM and CP degradation characteristics for three DDGS co-products and SBM, which might be useful for their inclusion in the diet according to the ruminally undegraded to degraded intake protein ratio.

279 Effects of xylanase on growth performance and digestibility of fiber and energy in growing pigs fed corn, corn DDGS and soybean meal based diet supplemented with phytase

279 Effects of xylanase on growth performance and digestibility of fiber and energy in growing pigs fed corn, corn DDGS and soybean meal based diet supplemented with phytase

The effect of dietary fatty acid composition on adipose tissue quality and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in porcine livers

This study investigated different fatty acid profiles in dietary fat sources for pigs fed with corn DDGS (CDDGS) and determined their effect on adipose tissue quality and the expression of metabolism-related genes in the liver. The experiment was carried out on 32 fatteners (60–118kg of body weight) divided into four groups. Group I (control): feed mixture with rapeseed oil; Group II: feed mixture with rapeseed oil and CDDGS; Group III: feed mixture with beef tallow and CDDGS; Group IV: feed mixture with coconut oil and CDDGS. The results confirmed the relationship between dietary fatty acid profile and acid content in fat tissue. CDDGS reduced SFA/UFA ratios and increased iodine values (P<0.001) and TBA-RS in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of backfat. Replacing rapeseed oil in a diet including CDDGS with beef tallow or coconut oil enabled the pigs to accumulate more SFA in backfat and reduce iodine value. The genes selected in the present experiment, and which are believed to be associated with lipid metabolism, had been identified as DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in an RNA sequence experiment performed previously to explore the coexpression of these genes after different diets. Expression of the genes, evaluated by Real-Time q-PCR, was not affected in any case by the pig’s sex. The expression levels in liver tissue for genes APOA4, ACSL5, CYP2C49, CYP2B22, and GSTO1 were significantly different among groups, while for CYP7A1 the differences identified by RNA sequencing were not confirmed. The expression levels of estimated genes were correlated with the fatty acid profile in a diet, but not with fattening performance results or carcass quality traits. To summarize, CDDGS included in feed mixtures can negatively influence subcutaneous adipose tissue traits important for processing and shelf-life. Dietary factors, such as fat sources characterized by a high degree of saturation, improved the hardness and oxidative stability of the backfat. The fatty acid profile of dietary fat sources affected the expression levels of genes associated with lipid metabolism in the liver. Coconut oil and beef tallow increased the expression levels of genes ACSL5, APOA4, GSTO1, CYP2B22, and CYP2C49. Moreover, most of the genes were co-expressed within the diet, which suggests the possibility of their co-regulation. Further studies will be conducted on metabolic pathways in which the analyzed genes are involved to understand the molecular mechanisms of their activity and possible health effects of their overexpression.

Determination of the energy value of corn distillers dried grains with solubles containing different oil levels when fed to growing pigs.

This experiment used indirect calorimetry to determine the net energy (NE) content of five corn distillers dried grains with solubles (corn DDGS) containing different oil levels and to compare the NE obtained using indirect calorimetry with that calculated using previously published prediction equations. There were two samples of high-oil DDGS, one sample of medium-oil DDGS and two samples of low-oil DDGS. Twelve barrows (initial BW of 32.8±2.0kg) were used in a repeated 3×6 Youden square design with three periods and six diets. The diets were comprised of a corn-soybean meal basal diet and five diets containing 29.25% of one of the corn DDGS added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. During each period, the pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16days which included 7days for adaption to feed and environmental conditions. On day 8, the pigs were transferred to respiration chambers and fed one of the six diets at 2300kJME/kg BW0.6 /day. Faeces and urine were collected from day 9 to 13 and heat production (HP) was also measured. From day 14 to 15, the pigs were fed 893kJ ME/kg BW0.6 /day to allow them to adapt from the fed to the fasted state. On the last day of each period (day 16), the pigs were fasted and fasting HP was measured. The digestible energy value was 16.0, 17.1 and 15.3MJ/kg DM, the metabolizable energy value was 14.6, 15.5 and 13.7MJ/kg DM and the NE value was 10.7, 11.0 and 9.4MJ/kg DM, for the high-oil, medium-oil and low-oil corn DDGS, respectively. The NE obtained with indirect calorimetry in the present study did not differ from values calculated using previously published prediction equations.

Can the environmental impact of pig systems be reduced by utilising co-products as feed?

The implications of using co-products from the supply chains of human food and biofuels in pig diets for the environmental impacts of Canadian pig systems were examined using Life Cycle Assessment. The functional unit was 1 kg expected carcass weight (ECW) and environmental impacts were calculated as: Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Global Warming Potential (GWP), Nonrenewable Energy Use (NRE) and Nonrenewable Resource Use (NRRU). Maximum inclusion limits which would not negatively affect animal performance were defined for: meat meal (55), bakery meal (87), corn DDGS (261) and wheat shorts (291) (numbers in brackets represent average across all feeding phases in g/kg as fed). Nutritionally equivalent grower/finisher (G/F) diets containing maximum inclusions of these co-products were formulated individually. These diets were compared to a simple control diet based on corn and soya meal using 1000 parallel Monte-Carlo simulations. The maximum inclusion of meat meal reduced NRRU and NRE per kg ECW by 9% and 8% compared to the control (P < 0.001), EP and AP increased by 10% and 7% (P < 0.001), with no significant change in GWP. Maximum inclusion of bakery meal was found to reduce all environmental impacts for all categories modelled by <5% (P < 0.001). Maximum inclusion of corn DDGS in the G/F diets resulted in relatively large increases in NRRU (56%), NRE (48%) and GWP (16%) (all P < 0.001). The maximum corn DDGS diet caused a mean reduction of <1% in AP (P = 0.01) and did not significantly alter EP. Maximum inclusion of wheat shorts reduced GWP, NRE and NRRE by >10% (P < 0.001) but did not significantly alter EP or AP. The environmental impact implications for pig farming systems of high inclusion levels of co-products in G/F diets formulated for economic goals (i.e. least cost per kg live weight gain), were also modelled for the first time. Four further G/F diets were formulated on a least cost basis at 100%, 97.5%, 95% and 92.5% of the energy density required for maximum feed efficiency. Minimum nutrient to net energy ratios were defined in the formulation rules to ensure the first limiting resource of all diets for growth was energy. The least energy dense diet contained the highest level of co-products (294 g/kg as fed) and the most energy dense diet contained the least (108 g/kg as fed). The least energy dense diet reduced NRE and NRRU by 9% (P < 0.001) and GWP by 4% (P = 0.018) when compared to the diet designed for maximum feed efficiency, but increased AP and EP by <1% (P < 0.001). The other two intermediate levels of energy density followed the same pattern but the effects were not linear. The increased inclusion of co-products in G/F diets formulated for economic goals can produce environmental impact reductions for some environmental impact categories in pig farming systems.

Effect of 2 net energy feeding programs in combination with ractopamine on grow-finish pig growth performance and carcass characteristics

ABSTRACT Crossbred barrows were blocked by BW (28.4 kg) and allocated to 1 of 4 treatments (10 pens per treatment, 5 per pen) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 2 NE levels [control vs. low (LE)] and with or without 7.5 mg/kg ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) during the last 21 d of the 105-d feeding trial. The objectives were (1) to evaluate the BW growth, energy intakes, and energetic efficiency of high growth barrows fed high and low energy density diets during the grow-finisher phases, and (2) to evaluate the effect of feeding RAC when pigs were fed either high and low energy diets. Control diets were based on corn, soybean meal, corn DDGS, and LE diets were created by adjusting inclusion rates of soybean hulls and wheat middlings. Diets were formulated on an equal standardized ileal digestible Lys:NE basis within phase, and RAC diets had increased amino acid concentrations compared with non-RAC diets. From d 0 to 84, control pigs had greater ( P P P P P P P P P

In vitro study of the effect of corn dried distillers grains with solubles on rumen fermentation in sheep

The aim of the in vitro study was to determine the effect of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (corn DDGS), used as a replacement for the concentrate ingredients of sheep diet, on rumen fermentation. The material for the study was the ruminal fluid of Polish Merino sheep which was incubated during 4-, 8- or 24-hour periods. Five groups of samples were prepared for in vitro fermentation: C - control, incubated with the substrate consisting of the concentrate ingredients; D1, D2 and D3, where DDGS was used as a substrate added in proportions of 10, 20 and 30% of dry matter of the concentrate; and D4, where 100% DDGS was used as a substrate. After fermentation, the gas and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) analyses were performed using gas chromatography. The ammonia concentration and pH were also determined, and the SCFA utilization index (NGR), the fermentation efficiency (FE) and the index of cell yield of ruminal microorganisms (CY) were calculated. This research showed no effect of DDGS on the methane emission. The positive correlations between the amount of methane and ammonia concentrations in the 8- and 24-hour fermentation periods were found. DDGS addition increased propionate proportion, but decreased production of acetate (p<0.01). Additionally, D1, D2, D3 and D4 substrates lowered isobutyrate (p<0.05) and isovalerate (p<0.01) production. Based on the results obtained, it can be stated that partial substitution of the concentrate ingredients with DDGS did not have deleterious effect on sheep rumen fermentation processes.

THE EFFECT OF CORN DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES INCLUSION RATE AND BIOCONVERSION ON THE NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND ENERGY METABOLISM OF PIGLETS

DDGS has some disadvantages (high fiber content, possible heat damage of amino acids) which may be able to be improved with a newly developed technique called bioconversion (a special fermentation technique). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of DDGS and bioconverted DDGS on the N, P and energy digestibility and retention of piglets. Twenty-four weaned piglets weighing 8-10 kg were housed individually in a flat-deck cage. The diet of piglets in the control group did not contain DDGS, while other three diets contained DDGS or bioconverted DDGS in increasing amount: 5, 10 or 15%, respectively. The experimental diets had similar nutrient content. The results of this study indicated that corn DDGS and bioconverted DDGS had similar values for energy digestibility and retention.The average DE for the corn DDGS that was calculated in the present experiment was 14.42 MJ/kg of DM, and the average ME was 13.8 MJ/kg of DM. Adding increasing amounts of untreated DDGS to the diet tended to increase P digestibility and retention in the experiment. While the bioconversion improved both phosphorous digestibility and retention. Calcium digestibility and retention were similar for weaned piglets fed the DDGS diet compared to the bioconverted DDGS diets. Our research confirms that even 15% corn DDGS can be included in diets of weaned piglets if highly digestible other components are used. The bioconversion does improve the feeding value of corn DDGS, but the actual inclusion in practical feeding will be depended on economical considerations.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 37-42

Effects of Storage Type and Inclusion of Sodium Propionate on Microbial Profile of Feed Ingredients Commonly Used in Pig Diets

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of storage type and inclusion of antifungal agent (sodium propionate) on microbial profile of feed ingredients commonly used in pig diets. Total of six feed ingredients (corn, wheat, soybean meal (SBM), corn DDGS, fish meal and poultry by-products) were stored in granary or feed bin with or without antifungal agent (0.30% sodium propionate) for 8 weeks period and microbial profile were investigated at the beginning of the experiment (week 0) and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of storage. At the beginning of the experiment, microbial profile of all feed ingredients were not different (p>0.05) among ingredients stored in granary or feed bin with or without sodium propionate. Irrespective of storage type and addition of sodium propionate, salmonella was not detected in any of all feed ingredient during 8 weeks of storage period. Inclusion of sodium propionate reduced (p 0.05) on populations of staphylococci, clostridia, coliforms, total bacterial count, yeast and mold counts during any storage period. The results obtained in the present study indicated that microbial profile of feed ingredients was not affected by storage type (granary vs. feed bin), but the inclusion of sodium propionate improved the microbial profile of all feed ingredients commonly used in pig diets.

In vitro ruminal fluid fermentation as influenced by corn-derived dried distillers' grains with solubles.

This study was conducted to evaluate changes to in vitro ruminal fluid fermentation due to the use of corn-derived dried distillers' grains with solubles (corn DDGS) as a partial or complete replacement for crushed cereal and oilseed meals in the fermentation substrate. The control substrate consisted of mixed cereal and oilseed meals (barley, wheat, soybean and rapeseed), while the experimental substrates were the same meals with increasing portions replaced with corn DDGS. Including corn DDGS decreased the total VFA concentration (P<0.05), ammonia level (P<0.001), methane emission (P<0.05) and total gas production (P<0.001) during microbial fermentation. Using DDGS-containing substrates did not change the proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate, but did decrease the proportions of isobutyrate and isovalerate (P<0.001). The fermentation efficiency, VFA utilization index, cell yield coefficient and pH of the ruminal fluid also remained unchanged. The partial replacement of cereal and oilseed meals with corn DDGS had no deleterious effects on ruminal fluid fermentation.

Beyond ethanol: a techno‐economic analysis of an integrated corn biorefinery for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals

AbstractDried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) are potential feedstocks for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals from catalytic pyrolysis. This study evaluates the economic feasibility of a 2000‐metric‐ton‐corn‐per‐day integrated biorefinery with an add‐on facility processing corn DDGS to hydrocarbons. In addition to ethanol, the integrated facility would produce a wide range of hydrocarbons, including aromatics, olefins, and synthetic gasoline and diesel. The hydrocarbon products command a substantially higher market value than that of the pre‐processed DDGS: $109 million per year vs. $78 million per year. The add‐on DDGS conversion facility contributes an extra $152 million of capital investment compared with the stand‐alone corn ethanol production scenario. The operating costs for the integrated scenario are also higher than for the stand‐alone scenario, mainly due to increases in utilities, labor costs, and capital depreciation. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) for the integrated scenario is $2.27/gallon, which is comparable to the MFSP of $2.18/gallon for the stand‐alone scenario. Sensitivity analysis shows that the feedstock cost, hydrocarbon yield, and fixed capital investment have the greatest impacts on the MFSP. With the benefit of products diversity, the proposed integrated corn biorefinery may be competitive with conventional stand‐alone ethanol production. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd

Feeding excess crude protein to gestating and lactating beef heifers: Impact on parturition, milk composition, ovarian function, reproductive efficiency and pre-weaning progeny growth

Angus–Simmental beef heifers confirmed pregnant to a single sire (n=78) were used to determine the effects of feeding excess CP during late gestation and early lactation on parturition, milk composition, reproduction, and pre-weaning progeny growth. At 192d in gestation, heifers were allotted by BW within BCS to receive either a corn silage-based control diet balanced to meet or exceed NRC recommendations (2000) (CON), or a diet that considerably exceeded CP requirements consisting of corn stover and DDGS, where DDGS were fed as a primary energy source (HP). Diets were formulated to provide similar daily energy intake (2.09Mcal/d NEg). Dietary treatments were stopped at 118±4d postpartum (DPP) and cow/calf pairs were comingled. Calving parameters and pre-weaning calf performance were assessed. At 64±4 DPP, milk samples were collected to determine composition and fatty acid profile. At 32±4 DPP, a single follicular wave was mapped via ultrasonography in 12 anestrous heifers per treatment. Starting 34±4 DPP, blood samples were taken every 10d until synchronization to determine resumption of estrous cyclicity. Gestation was longer (P=0.02) and incidence of dystocia was greater (P=0.003) for HP than CON, respectively. Birth BW was greater (P<0.001) in HP than CON progeny. However, milk fat, total solids and energy corrected milk production were greater (P≤0.03) in CON than HP, respectively. In contrast, milk urea N, MUFA, PUFA, and CLA content was greater (P<0.01) in HP than CON, respectively. During the anestrous period, dominant and secondary follicle diameter was greater (P≤0.05) and follicle wavelength tended (P=0.08) to be greater in HP than CON, respectively. Proportion of cyclic heifers at estrous synchronization did not differ between treatments, but HP tended (P=0.10) to resume estrous activity at fewer DPP than CON. Timed-AI and breeding season pregnancy rates did not differ (P≥0.30) between the HP and CON treatment. Calf BW was greater throughout the pre-weaning period (P<0.001) for HP than CON progeny. Results indicate that feeding DDGS as a primary energy source to first-parity heifers during late gestation and early lactation altered ovarian function and resulted in increased pre-weaning growth performance of progeny.

Short Communication: Effects of supplemental canola meal and various types of distillers’ grains on growth performance of backgrounded steers

Yang, W. Z., Xu, L., Li, C. and Beauchemin, K. A. 2012. Short Communication: Effects of supplemental canola meal and various types of distillers’ grains on growth performance of backgrounded steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 281–286. A growth study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein source on growth performance of backgrounded steers. Partly replacing barley grain with canola meal (CM), corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (cDDGS) or fractionated corn dried distillers grains with solubles (fDDGS) increased averaged daily gain and feed conversion efficiency of backgrounded steers. Steers fed corn DDGS (cDDGS, fDDGS) improved feed conversion efficiency compared with steers fed wheat dried distillers’ grain with solubles (wDDGS). These results indicate that inclusion of protein ingredients in barley-based diets is necessary to improve growth performance of growing cattle. To maximize profits, the choice of protein source in cattle rations will depend upon availability and cost of ingredients.

Feeding Corn Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs) And Its Effect On Egg Quality And Performance Of Laying Hens / Zastosowanie DDGS z kukurydzy w żywieniu kur niosek i jego wpływ na jakość jaj i wyniki produkcyjne

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of corn DDGS as a feed ingredient on egg quality and performance of laying hens. The experiment was conducted in three feeding groups of 100 hens each (10 replicates of 10 layers). ISA Brown laying hens were administered a feed mixture containing 15% (E1) or 20% (E2) corn DDGS for 18 weeks. The hens from the control group (C) received a standard diet based on soybean meal as the main protein source only. Laying performance, average egg weight, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded over the study period. Egg quality traits (egg weight, thick albumen quality, yolk colour, yolk content, shell content and shell thickness) were evaluated twice: at the start and at the end of the experiment. On both dates, all daily laid eggs from each group were analysed, i.e. 90, 93 and 92 eggs from groups C, E1 and E2, respectively at 31 weeks, and 92, 94 and 81 eggs, respectively at 48 weeks of age. Compared to the other groups, the hens from group E2 (20% DDGS) were characterized by a slight - though statistically significant (P≤0.01) - decrease in laying performance and by a higher FCR value. The content of DDGS in the feed mixture had no significant effect on mean egg weight nor on daily feed intake. At the end of the experiment, the eggs laid by the hens from group E2 were characterized by significantly poorer (P≤0.01) albumen and shell quality. Yolk colour in both experimental groups was significantly darker (P≤0.01) than in the C group. The 15% addition of corn distillers dried grains with solubles to feed mixtures for commercial flocks of laying hens is advisable. At corn DDGS addition exceeding 15%, a slight decrease in production results and deterioration in selected parameters of egg quality shall be expected.

Evaluation of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques for total and phytate phosphorus of common poultry feed ingredients

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of estimating the total and phytate P content of common poultry feed ingredients by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Samples of 8 plant-origin feedstuffs were collected from poultry producers in the USA and Canada during the summer of 2009: corn (133), soybean meal (114), corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 89), bakery by-product meal (95), wheat (22), wheat middlings (31), canola meal (21), and wheat shorts (15). The samples were assayed by standard wet chemical techniques for total and phytate P contents. There was considerable variation found in most of the ingredient components. The average values for the laboratory determinations versus NIRS predictions were all within 0.030 for total phosphorus and 0.012 for phytate P. For phytate P, the magnitude of the standard errors of the predictions ranged from 0.009% for soybean meal to 0.012% for canola meal. These values may be sufficiently precise for nutritionists to use the NIRS predictions to estimate how much of the P in their ingredients is not available to the birds. For total P, the magnitude of the standard errors of the predictions ranged from 0.027% for corn DDGS to 0.142% for wheat middlings. In general, total P predictions by NIRS were not generally sufficiently precise for most nutritionists to use in feed formulation. Decision making may be quite easy in using NIRS estimates for the phytate P content of bakery by-product meal [R(2) = 0.89 for predicted = f (determined)] but not for the total P content of soybean meal (R(2) = 0.03). It is concluded that precise estimates of phytate P through NIRS should allow nutritionists for more efficient formulate and mix feed, lowering feed costs and reducing the amount of residual polluting phosphorus in poultry excreta.

Rapid determination of swine available energy and amino acids in corn distillers dried grains with solubles by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The possibility of using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for quantitative determination of available energy (calculated digestible energy and metabolizable energy for swine) and essential amino acids in corn DDGS was investigated in this study. Ninety-three samples were collected from 18 plants in China over a three year period and randomly split into a calibration set (N=70) and a validation set (N=23). Calibrations were performed by modified partial least squared algorithm and 15 different spectral pretreatments. The results showed that the second derivative mathematical treatment gave the best prediction performance for most constituents. The coefficient of determination for cross-validation (RCV2) and validation (Rval2) were excellent for available energy (RCV2 ranged from 0.93 to 0.94, Rval2 ranged from 0.88 to 0.91) and most essential amino acids (RCV2 ranged from 0.85 to 0.93, Rval2 ranged from 0.88 to 0.95) with the exception of arginine, lysine, tryptophan and valine. The prediction performance measuring amino acids by NIRS was better than that obtained by protein regression. These results indicate that NIRS can be used as a quantitative method for the rapid determination of energy and most amino acids in corn DDGS.

Phytate and other nutrient components of feed ingredients for poultry

Samples of feed ingredients were collected from poultry feed mills in the United States and Canada: corn (133), soybean meal (114), corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 89), bakery by-product meal (95), wheat (22), wheat middlings (31), canola meal (21), and wheat shorts (15). The samples were assayed by standard wet chemical techniques for CP, fat, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, calcium, phosphorus, phytate phosphorus, and ash. There was considerable variation found in most of the ingredient components. Forty-two of the 64 CV were above 10.0%. The calcium contents of the ingredients were the most variable, followed by the fat contents. The CP contents were the least variable. There were some fairly consistent relationships observed across samples; in general, acid detergent fiber and NDF were positively correlated, as were ash and mineral levels. Crude protein and fiber levels were positively related, except for wheat shorts, but the relationships were not strong. Phytate P was found to be positively related to ash and total P, as expected, except for corn DDGS. The fat content of corn was found to be negatively related to the NDF content. Significant (P < 0.004) linear regressions were found between phytate P and total P for corn, soybean meal, bakery by-product meal, wheat, wheat middlings, and wheat shorts. The average nonphytate P content of the ingredients was 49.8%, ranging from 38.8% for wheat middlings to 73.2% for DDGS. The phytate P content of wheat and wheat by-products could be predicted from their proximate compositions, with coefficients of determination in excess of 0.740. Predictions for the other ingredients were not as good.