Cork City Research Articles

Developing a community engagement toolkit for health impact assessment in Ireland

Abstract Background Community involvement is a core principle of Health Impact Assessment (HIA). However, current guidance for HIA published by Ireland’s Institute for Public Health does not include guidelines on community engagement in HIA. As part of the project HIA-IM - ‘Development of a Health Impact Assessment Implementation Model: Enhancing Intersectoral Approaches in Tackling Health Inequalities,’ a Community Engagement Toolkit was created, with the aim of providing guidance for those carrying out HIAs and engaging with community in the process. The project will implement two HIAs, on the Cork City Development Plan (2022-2028) and the national Climate Action Plan (2024). Incorporating the learnings from the first HIA, the Toolkit will be employed in the second HIA of the project. Methods To develop the toolkit, a literature review of community engagement in HIA was conducted, with benefits and challenges, key approaches, and case studies of HIA’s gathered from grey literature and peer reviewed articles. In line with the participatory nature of HIA, a public consultation event was held, which was presented as a case study within the Toolkit. Results Findings from the literature review contend that engaging with community in HIA captures the lived experiences and local circumstances of the community, fostering empowerment and greater health awareness. However, many practitioners find community engagement to be practically challenging, citing factors such as time and resource constraints; with risks of consultation fatigue and raising expectations. Conclusions The review identified tools that have been used to mitigate these challenges and risks to facilitate meaningful community participation. These findings, along with learnings from conducting the first HIA, has informed the content of the Toolkit. Therefore, this Toolkit aims to complement national HIA guidance to centre the community voice in future HIA practice. Key messages • Developing a toolkit to strengthen participatory approaches and community engagement in health impact assessment in Ireland. • Centering the community voice in health impact assessment: the inclusion of lived experiences and local circumstances in health impact assessment practice in Ireland.

Realising the health benefits of City Development Plan in Ireland: The process and influence of HIA

Abstract Background The built environment is a major determinant of health. This research examined the process of implementing a health impact assessment (HIA) of a city development plan, using HIA guidance developed by Institute of Public Health Ireland. HIA is an established approach to facilitate a Health for All Policy approach and is a practical tool used to appraise the potential health effects of a policy, programme or project prior to implementation. Methods This mixed methods study underpinned by action research and implementation science frameworks, explored the process and experiences of undertaking an HIA on the Cork City Development Plan (2022-2028). A total of 36 stakeholders across a variety of institutions, sectors, and including members of the public, were involved in the HIA. Results We found there was an appetite for HIA’s use to facilitate cross sectoral working to identify, mitigate, and address health inequalities. Data derived from interviews, surveys and workshops indicate that while most stakeholders involved saw the value HIA could bring to their work, further efforts are required to realise the benefits of HIA as a decision-support tool. Barriers included lack of familiarity of HIA across sectors, and for those involved in carrying out the HIA, lack of adequate training, time and access to local data. Conclusions HIA can contribute to embedding a Health for All Policies approach, however, greater effort from the public health professionals is required to advocate for HIA as a tool to influence policy. Our results suggest that its practical application requires (i) intersectoral training on HIA that supports a broader understanding of the social determinants of health, (ii) knowledge of the purpose and remit of the policy, plan or programme being appraised and (iii) ensuring a broad range of relevant expertise and experience on the steering group tasked with leading the HIA. Key messages • HIA can contribute to embedding a Health for All Policies approach. • Stakeholders do see the value that HIA can bring to their work, however, further efforts are required to realise the benefits of HIA as a decision-support tool.

Data fusion for enhancing urban air quality modeling using large-scale citizen science data

Rapid urbanization has led to many environmental issues, including poor air quality. With urbanization set to continue, there is an urgent need to mitigate air pollution and minimize its adverse health impacts. This study aims to advance urban air quality modelling by integrating a dispersion model output with large-scale citizen science data, collected over a 4-week period by 642 participants in Cork City, Ireland. The dispersion model enabled the identification of major sources of NO2 air pollution while also addressing gaps in regulatory monitoring efforts. Integrating the diffusion tube data with the dispersion model output, we developed a data fusion model that captured localized fluctuations in air quality, with increases of up to 22μg/m3 observed at major road intersections. The data fusion model provided a more accurate representation of NO2 concentrations, with estimates within 1.3μg/m3 of the regulatory monitoring measurement at an urban traffic location, an improvement of 11.7μg/m3 from the baseline dispersion model. This enhanced accuracy enabled a more precise assessment of the population exposure to air pollution. The data fusion model showed a higher population exposure to NO2 compared to the dispersion model, providing valuable insights that can inform environmental health policies aimed at safeguarding public health.

Palliative medicine during the pandemic: a medical student's perspective

Tucked away in the outskirts of Cork City is Marymount University Hospital and Hospice. This facility with 44 beds houses the most frail, immunocom- promised and terminally ill patients from all across Munster. That being said, providing palliative care was significantly affected by the challenges brought on from the ongoing global pandemic.

Enhancing the accuracy of wind power projections under climate change using geospatial machine learning models

This paper presents a geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) approach for generating wind power projection maps employing various Machine Learning (ML) models. These models include Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Tree (DT), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Support Vector Regression (SVR), which collectively aim to provide insightful wind power forecasts under the effects of climate change. The framework considers different influential parameters affecting wind speed, including pressure gradient, temperature gradient, humidity, and topography. The study’s geographic focus is Cork City, Ireland. The investigation covers a historical period from 2000 to 2014 and extends to encompass two future climate scenarios, between 2015 and 2050. A comprehensive set of statistical skill scores is computed to gauge the models’ performance. The study’s findings underscore the efficacy of the ML models in generating dependable estimates of wind power fluctuations. Notably, the SVR model emerges as the frontrunner in performance across most pixels examined. Despite the inherent complexity of wind power dynamics, this research highlights that the SVR model can produce accurate wind power maps, even when operating with limited input data. The results emphasize the importance of considering influential factors in wind speed projections. This approach opens up promising avenues for improving the management of renewable energy resources.

Climate services: Co-development in Cork City, Ireland

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time [1]. It will reshape our world and impact all of society. Cities are where the majority of people live and where most of the world’s population directly experiences climate change impacts. No one individual or organisation will be able to deliver adaptation to climate change for society – we need collaboration across scales, disciplines and societal actors. To help combat climate change impacts that are now unavoidable, Cork City (Ireland) is working in conjunction with 19 partners across Europe, as part of the EU Horizon REACHOUT project, to co-develop user friendly climate services that will help the city prepare for and adapt to these impacts, in line with the strategic development plans for the city and the region. Cork City is exposed to a range of climate related risks, including flooding, heat and wind, all of which are expected to increase in the future under climate change. Cork City Council, University College Cork and technical partners across Europe have been working with local communities to co-develop a range of climate service tools that will be particularly valuable for Cork City and its residents. These tools are intended to support building local resilience to, and understanding of, climate impacts within the city, and to motivate citizens to engage in climate action. This paper explores how these tools may be used to provide climate services in the context of Cork City and how they perform in terms of accessibility, relevance, usability and capacity.

Forecasting of compound ocean-fluvial floods using machine learning

Flood modelling and forecasting can enhance our understanding of flood mechanisms and facilitate effective management of flood risk. Conventional flood hazard and risk assessments usually consider one driver at a time, whether it is ocean, fluvial or pluvial, without considering the compound nature of flood events. In this paper, we developed a novel approach for modelling and forecasting compound coastal-fluvial floods using a two-step framework. In step one, a hydrodynamic model is used to simulate floodwater propagation; while in step two, machine learning (ML) models are used to generate flood forecasts. The architecture of hydrodynamic-ML forecasting system incorporates a hydrodynamic model covering a specific domain, with individual ML models trained for each pixel. In total 7 ML models including: Support Vector Regression (SVR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Radial Basis Function (RBF), Linear Regression (LR), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Decision Tree (DT), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were applied in this study. Forecasting compound floods is achieved using two sets of inputs: timeseries of river discharges in the upstream fluvial section and downstream ocean water levels in the coastal areas. The accuracy of the flood forecasting system is demonstrated for Cork City, Ireland; and modelling performance was evaluated using several statistical tools. Results show that the proposed models can provide reliable estimates of flood inundation and associated water depths. Overall, the RBF model exhibits the best performance. Despite the complexity of compound multi-driver floods, this study shows that the coupled hydrodynamic-ML approach can forecast coastal-fluvial flood with limited hydraulic and hydrological input data. This system overcomes the limitations of traditional hydrodynamic model-based systems where trade-offs between the always competing numerical model accuracy and computational time prohibit the model to be used for short-term flood forecasting. Once trained, the ML component of the coupled system can perform flood forecasting in near real-time, potentially integrating into a flood early warning system. Accurate flood forecasting has a wide range of positive societal impacts, including improved flood preparedness, increased confidence, better resource allocation, reduced flood damage, and potentially even flood prevention.

Phantoms in and of the Archive: Mary Cudmore’s Encounters with a Ghost in Cork in 1688 and 1689

AbstractIn October 1688, and again in May 1689, Mary Cudmore claimed to have encountered a ‘spectre’ in her employers’ house in Cork city. The great interest the story aroused among the townspeople is indicated in letters from prominent inhabitants and an examination of Mary by the bishop of Cork and Ross. They allow us access into the homes and heads of the people of Cork at a point when significant challenges were being mounted to the Protestant authorities’ dominance of the city, as the War of the Two Kings loomed, and as memories of other conflicts stirred. As observers weighed questions of scruple and certainty, and balanced concerns about imposture and creditworthiness, we also glimpse shifts in supernatural belief and contemporary debates about the construction of proof and truth. That anything of Mary’s experiences has survived is remarkable, given the loss of most of the contents of the Dublin Public Record Office in 1922. In the context of ongoing deliberate and negligent destruction of archives, this article thus also argues for consideration of and consideration to partial and phantom histories.

Development of a Health Impact Assessment Implementation Model: Enhancing Intersectoral Approaches in Tackling Health Inequalities- A Mixed Methods Study Protocol

Public health research presents compelling evidence that health is socially determined. To address structural inequalities and inequities in health, public policies require intersectoral development and implementation. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is an established approach for analysing potentially detrimental health impacts of policies, programmes, and projects, as well as potentially positive impacts and opportunities. National public health policy, Healthy Ireland (2013–2025), endorses an intersectoral whole-of-system approach to ensure that health is a central part of all relevant policy areas. HIA is endorsed in this policy as one way to drive this agenda. Synergising with this policy commitment for HIA, the all-island Institute of Public Health Ireland produced revised HIA guidance in 2021. Two HIAs will be carried out as part of this project, including one at a local policy level, addressing the Cork City Development Plan (2022–2028), and the second HIA at a national policy level, addressing the Irish Government’s Climate Action Plan (2024). The updated HIA guidance will be used in the conduct of these HIAs. This research project involves a co-creation of a Health Impact Assessment Implementation Model by employing an action research approach with implementation science frameworks to the conduct of the two HIAs. Therefore, the process of doing the HIAs will form the basis for the research study. In order to enhance meaningful community involvement in HIA in Ireland, the project will co-create a Community Engagement Toolkit for HIA. This Model will strengthen researcher, policy actor, practitioner, community, and voluntary sector capacity to collaboratively develop and implement intersectoral and equitable policy responses to major population health issues.

A multi-objective optimization model to minimize the evacuation time during a disaster considering reconstruction activity and uncertainty: A case study of Cork City

Disasters can potentially disrupt transportation systems, resulting in complete or partial blockages of specific links, which can limit the available options for transportation. During a disaster, crucial decisions must be made, such as planning the safe evacuation of people from affected areas and strategizing to repair damaged transportation links. The primary objective of this research is to develop a multi-objective optimization framework that can enhance the effectiveness of transportation networks in natural disasters, such as floods. To achieve this, the proposed model incorporates fuzzy set theory since it is challenging to determine parameters like capacity precisely in these situations. The model assumes that some damaged links can be reconstructed within the available resources and budget. The optimization model focuses on minimizing the total evacuation time and reconstruction cost, and its effectiveness is validated using a case study of Cork City with 100 nodes and 141 links. The model is solved, and optimal solutions are generated using an exact method to handle various uncertainty scenarios. The results demonstrate that developing the fuzzy optimization approach as an analytical tool can be used to make critical decisions for evacuation planning and emergency management.

Walkin’ blues: exploring the semiotic musicscape of Rory Gallagher’s Cork City

ABSTRACT This paper traces a walking tour of Cork City that I recently undertook, using an autoethnographic perspective to tap into the linguistic and semiotic features of places and spaces associated with the blues musician Rory Gallagher and how they are tied to specific music memories. To do this, I draw on the theory of semiotic landscapes, yet put forward the term semiotic musicscapes to account for the imagined, embodied and emotional aspects of the visual linguistic environment that such music walks entail. I argue that these forms of secular pilgrimage turn the ‘ordinary’ into the ‘extraordinary’, relying on both specialised music knowledge and the imaginarium to make true meaning from visual and verbal signs. The paper, thus, offers a new way for ethnomusicologists to explore the cultural geography of music, as well as for (socio)linguists to approach the study of semiotic landscapes, particularly when tied up with musical heritage. It also extends current scholarship on Rory Gallagher whose life and work remain underresearched, despite his importance as a founding figure of Irish rock music.

The distribution and engineering properties of interglacial deposits in Cork city and harbour

Abstract: A reassessment of existing data and additional testing on sediment core samples from one site was used to study the extent, nature, composition and engineering properties of the Quaternary interglacial deposits in an area of Cork city and harbour where many future developments are planned. A clear link is apparent between rockhead elevation and the presence of the interglacial deposits. Well-defined pockets of the deposit were proven. These are found mostly on the southern side of the Cork buried valley axis and increase in thickness to the north. The base of the interglacial deposits appears to mirror that of the rock-head and the western extent of the former coincides with a steep drop off in the latter. Much of the deposit encountered in commercial investigations is a thick relatively uniform silt/clay consistent with that described in previous studies. The sediment is predominantly silt sized, but its behaviour and engineering properties are consistent with those of a stiff clay. Sample disturbance effects were found to be significant and these likely result in an underestimation of the preconsolidation stress and the undrained shear strength of the material. Future work would benefit from the use of in-situ site investigation and geophysical techniques.

The Distribution and Engineering Properties of Interglacial Deposits in Cork City and Harbour

A reassessment of existing data and additional testing on sediment core samples from one site was used to study the extent, nature, composition and engineering properties of the Quaternary interglacial deposits in an area of Cork city and harbour where many future developments are planned. A clear link is apparent between rockhead elevation and the presence of the interglacial deposits. Well-defined pockets of the deposit were proven. These are found mostly on the southern side of the Cork buried valley axis and increase in thickness to the north. The base of the interglacial deposits appears to mirror that of the rockhead and the western extent of the former coincides with a steep drop off in the latter. Much of the deposit encountered in commercial investigations is a thick relatively uniform silt/clay consistent with that described in previous studies. The sediment is predominantly silt sized, but its behaviour and engineering properties are consistent with those of a stiff clay. Sample disturbance effects were found to be significant and these likely result in an underestimation of the preconsolidation stress and the undrained shear strength of the material. Future work would benefit from the use of in-situ site investigation and geophysical techniques.

The City of Cork Food Policy Council – Inter-agency collaboration towards a fairer, healthier, more secure and sustainable local food system

Abstract Food has long played a significant part in Cork's identity and Cork regards itself as ‘the food capital of Ireland’. In contrast Cork city has areas of severe social disadvantage and, in line with other parts of the country, there are rising levels of diet-related ill-health and where up to one in eight households experiences food poverty (Kenny and Sage, 2019). To date, Cork City does not have an Urban Food Strategy. The Cork Food Policy Council is a partnership between representatives of the community, food retail, farming, fishing, restaurant/catering, education, environmental and health sectors and local authorities. It was established in 2012 to work towards the achievement of a fairer, healthier, more secure and sustainable food system within the City and throughout the region. As a multidisciplinary group that works closely with the Cork Healthy City initiative, it has pioneered innovative approaches to bring food systems thinking into the city, working at both local and policy levels. This recognises the position and value of food within the fabric of city life, and for its multifunctional benefits to health, community, infrastructure and spatial thinking. The presentation will focus on the interagency nature of this group and how a greater understanding and collaboration among local policy drivers has led to innovative actions in the city and the groundwork towards co-creating a food strategy for the City.

Implementing an action plan for the WHO designated Cork Healthy City, Ireland 2020-2030

Abstract Issue With current UN predictions that by 2050 two thirds of the planet's citizens will live in cities, a Healthy Cities approach promoting health equity and advancing the WHO One Health agenda is an important public health intersectoral process. This is the overarching mission of WHO designated Cork Healthy Cities, Ireland, which emphasizes a collaborative, community-led and inter-agency approach at the heart of its business. Description Cork Healthy Cities launched its ten-year action plan (2020-2030) to address the six themes (the 6 Ps) outlined for Phase VII of WHO European Healthy Cities Network: People, Places, Participation, Prosperity, Peace, and Planet. The Cork City Profile, which informs the action plan with an evidence-base, is an important interagency aspect to the work of Cork Healthy Cities. Results A range of actions for each of the 6 Ps have been planned within the Cork Healthy Cities Action Plan. Results from sample projects for each of the 6Ps will be presented, including Child Friendly City (People); Let's Play Cork (Places); Sexual Health Network (Participation); Deliver the PSYCHED (Positive Support You Can Have Every Day) Initiative (Prosperity); the development of the Trauma Informed City (Peace); and Green Spaces for Health initiative (Planet). Lessons The actions outlined above have been included in the Cork City Development Plan (2024-2028), providing evidence of the public health actions being integrated into local government strategic planning processes. The collaborative and intersectoral experience of Cork Health Cities provides important learning for other cities across Europe. Public health actions within the Cork Healthy Cities Action Plan were the first of their kind in an inter-agency partnership platform such as Healthy Cities in Cork. Key messages • Create meaningful working relationships across public health, city council, researchers, and community groups. • Engage with city planning to develop an environment for positive health for all.

A theoretical framework for developing a health impact assessment implementation model in Ireland

Abstract Background A Health Research Board (HRB) four-year research study, which commenced in January 2023, seeks to explore the process of carrying out Health Impact Assessments (HIAs) with a view embedding the approach as normal practice in local and national policy development in Ireland. Methods A theoretical framework has been constructed to develop an HIA implementation model. The framework is based on the all-island Institute of Public Health Ireland's HIA guidance. The theoretical framework will examine factors affecting HIA implementation, using both the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and Normalisation Process Theory (NPT). An action research methodological approach will be used to gather data on the experiences that participants will reflect on while doing the HIA. Participants included in the study will be the members of the two HIA Steering Groups created for each HIA (12 participants in each HIA) and policy end-users of the HIA evidence from the city council and government ministries (20 participants for each HIA). Results The theoretical framework will be applied to two HIAs, in order to generate data in creating the HIA implementation model. HIA 1, commencing October 2023, will be conducted on the local government Cork City Development Plan. HIA 2, commencing January 2025, will be carried out on the Irish Government's Climate Action Plan. Preliminary results on the application of the theoretical framework to HIA 1 will be presented, as well as reflections for the planned HIA 2. Conclusions For the first time in Ireland and beyond, a theoretical framework has been developed employing innovative methodological approaches to building a contextualised HIA implementation model. Using action research in assessing the implementation of HIA, with a view to analysing the lived experience of Steering Group members as they conduct the HIAs, and policy end-users, will ensure an enhanced HIA implementation model. Key messages • The development of an innovative theoretical framework for the study of HIA. • The building of HIA capacity in Ireland using the newly revised Institute of Public Health guidance.

Assessing the impacts of climate change on precipitation through a hybrid method of machine learning and discrete wavelet transform techniques, case study: Cork, Ireland

Study regionCork City, Ireland. Study focusReconstruction of precipitation timeseries is gaining increasing attention for monitoring and prediction studies. To address the challenges posed by non-smooth distributions of precipitation data, this research proposes an innovative reweighting method combining simulations from machine-learning and wavelet methods. By amalgamating multiple models, it aims to generate enhanced results, based on the concept that increasing the diversity of simulations and reweighting them improve the accuracy. New hydrological insights for the regionParticularly in regions like Cork City, which have experienced heavy precipitation events, accurate prediction is vital for informed decision-making. Here, monthly precipitation simulations from 35 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP) models of Phase 6 of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) were utilized. The simulations considered the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs): SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, for the hindcast and forecast periods of 1990–2014 and 2076–2100, respectively. Using the proposed technique, the results demonstrate the superior performance of the approach in reconstructing precipitation timeseries from NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 simulations, particularly in dealing with high precipitation intensities, while maintaining accuracy for low intensities. Additionally, the projections indicate that precipitation is expected to decrease from 122.88 during 1990–2014–115.67 (SSP1–2.6) and 118.71 mm/month (SSP5-8.5) in 2076–2100. The findings support the effectiveness of the hybrid method in improving data accuracy and reducing potential uncertainties in simulations.

Stormy Weather: Textile Art, Water and Climate Emergency

This paper entwines the voices of art historian Dr. Fionna Barber and Artist Scholar Prof. Jools Gilson to propose the critical importance of textile art in contemporary debates about the climate emergency. Framed in collaborative counterpoint to previous work on femininity and water (notably Neimanis 2012, 2017), this discussion focuses on three textile-based projects through two meteorological exhibitions; Mapping Climate Change: The Knitting Map & The Tempestry Project at the Berman Museum of Art in Pennsylvannia, US and Strange Attractors at Tate St. Ives, UK, both 2021. The paper proposes The Knitting Map as a way of thinking about textiles and climate, as well as an artwork. It visits Cork City, the Irish bog, and Cornwall, traversing tropes of landscape, weather and national identity as it tangles textiles, analysis, and story.

Developing a COVID-19 Vaccination Program for Seafarers in Cork

Introduction:The pandemic brought to the fore the importance of maritime transport as an essential sector for the continued delivery of critical supplies and global trade in times of crisis. Timely vaccination of seafarers secures their health and enables the chain of infection to be broken with the international propagation of the virus via maritime traffic. As part of the COVID-19 vaccination program, the Health Service Executive in conjunction with the Port of Cork company developed a unique pathway for seafarers to access COVID-19 vaccinations once they arrived in Cork.Method:An Excel template was developed by HSE and Port of Cork that would capture key information for seafarers to avail of vaccinations. Once data was captured by the ship's Captain, it was sent to the shipping agent and reviewed by the HSE South Emergency Management Office. Once the data was validated it was sent to the vaccination center so that the seafarer's details could be entered onto the system. Once confirmed, travel arrangements were made from the vessel to the vaccination clinic ensuring a safe staffing level remained on the vessel.Results:A total of 84 seafarers registered for the seafarer's vaccination program. 70 of these seafarers received one or more doses in Cork City Hall Vaccination Centre with the remainder having received one dose in pharmacies in Cork City.Conclusion:This joint initiative developed by the HSE Emergency Management Office and the Port of Cork, the first seafarer's COVID-19 vaccination program in Ireland, ensured seafarers were allowed to avail of a COVID-19 vaccination when they arrived at the Port of Cork. This highlights the requirement for future vaccination programs to consider and incorporate the requirements of seafarers acknowledging the essential role they play in the global supply chain.

Combined statistical and hydrodynamic modelling of compound flooding in coastal areas - Methodology and application

This paper presents a robust cost-effective framework for assessment of coastal-fluvial flooding due to compound action of multivariate dependent drivers. The methodology is an 8-step process that links statistical and hydrodynamic models to determine probabilities of multiple-driver flood events and associated hazards. The method involves individual and combined extreme value analysis, assessment of dependencies and interactions between flood drivers, multivariate joint probability determination accounting for dependencies, high-resolution hydrodynamic modelling of flood scenarios derived from multivariate statistical analysis, and ultimately mapping of inundation.Using Cork City, on the south coast of Ireland, as a study case, the research shows that the interactions and dependencies between tides, surges and river flows affect flood severity when they occur jointly. Tide-surge interactions have a damping effect on the total water level, while dependence between the surge residual and river flow amplifies the risk of flooding. The multivariate joint exceedance probability occurrence of high discharges and water levels represents a more realistic representation of the spatially variable water surface profiles then the combined univariate marginal scenarios. Multivariate analysis allows also considering multiple combinations of joint probability solutions along RP iso-curves. The results show that the quantification of compound flood impacts must be performed along the entire RP probability curve. This is because the physical/hydrological impacts of multiple-driver same-RP flood events can be very different leading to substantially different characteristics of flooding. The multi-scale nested flood model (MSN_Flood) was used to simulate flood wave propagation over urban floodplains for an ensemble of statistically derived flood scenarios. The hydrodynamic runs provide inundation maps that can be used to draw inferences about flood mechanisms and impacts.