Core Motives Research Articles

Russian

The sequencing of genomic DNA fragments of holsteinizated cattle with a length of about 550 nucleotides, flanked by inverted repeats of microsatellites (GAG)6C and (AG)9C and search their homology to the reference bovine genome in GenBank database was first performed. In most cases, homologous (GAG)6C sequences were localized in immune genes and cellular signaling systems or in their 5‘ flanks in the intergenic space. The most frequently sequenced of genome reginons, flanked by inverted repeat (AG)9C met areas of homology with long dispersed nuclear element LINE-1, species specific for Bos taurus – L1-BT, or the products of recombination between them. This leads to the conclusion that the microsatellite AG is closely linked with this product of recombination. The data obtained indicate that microsatellites, even with the very similar core motives, such as (GAG)6C and (AG)9C, differed significantly from each other in association with different genomic elements. The data obtained must be considered when using different microsatellites in order genomic scanning. A possible value for these differences of susceptibility of

Simplicity Does Not Always Lead to Enlightenment: A Critical Commentary on “Adaptation Processes Affecting Performance in Elite Sport”

This paper is a critical commentary on the article “Adaptation Processes Affecting Performance in Elite Sport” (Schinke, Battochio, Lidor, Tenenbaum, Dube, & Lane, 2012). We review relevant literature and highlight theoretical and conceptual concerns regarding Schinke et al.’s model, particularly regarding their characterization of adaptation as a process versus an outcome, and the role of appraisals, emotions, emotional regulation, coping, and Fiske’s (2004) core motives within their model of adaptation. Adaptation or adjustment among elite athletes is a valuable area of research in sport psychology; however, Schinke et al.’s model oversimplifies the adaptation process and has limited utility among sport psychology researchers and practitioners.

Tourist behaviour and the contemporary world

offers an aptly-timed, fascinating and in-depthexploration of tourist beha viour. A contempor ary tourism stud y, besides pr oviding an outlineof the emerging themes of tourist behaviour, this book endeavors to provide an understandingand realistic application of a number of research paradigms and conceptual schemes whichthe readers can pick up for future research. The book is well organised into seven chapters.The first chapter is the most important and complex, especially for readers who are notfamiliar with r esear ch on tourist beha viour . Pear ce be gins the intriguing jour ney by first settingscenes where he examines the various definitions of tourist behaviour, followed by acomprehensive review on the relevant conceptual schemes. In this book, a holistic definitionfor ‘tourist behaviour’ is adopted which encompasses tourists’ senses, emotions, attitudes,perceptions and beha viour s. Subsequentl y, the author rig orousl y revie ws the emic-etic per specti veand paradigmatic issues pertinent to tourist behaviour research. The final part of this introductorychapter introduces 12 conceptual schemes, including travel career pattern model, role theory,equity theor y, social r epresenta tions, etc. Pearce opines tha t conce ptual sc hemes w hich can belikened to mini-theories are more significant to tourism studies rather than the large scaleclassic theories which have limited explanation power to specific areas of interest. The conceptualdiscussion in Chapter 1 prepares the readers with the fundamental knowledge to apprehendthe following chapters where the author reviews five emerging topics in tourist behaviour.The rest of the book comprises six chapters with the first five featuring different emergingthemes and the last one pr oviding ad ditional per specti ves on contempor ary tourist beha viour.Chapter two outlines advances in technology in tourism and its impact on tourist behaviour.Pearce examines the e xisting liter atur e on We b 2.0 comm unica tions and ad dresses the benef itsand pitfalls of these social platforms. It is noted that digital elasticity is replacing the conceptof liminality. New mobile technology has led to cultural confusion as tourists stay in thebubble of familiar cultural practices when confronting novel destinations and challengingconditions. As a result, mobile technology helps soften cultur al shock but at the same time, itdiminishes the experience of travel. Chapter three features the safety and security issues intourism with special reference to tourist scam, crime, and health-related risks. Pearce bringstogether motivation theory and attribution theory to explain why some tourists choose toengage themselves in adventurous yet risky activities. The discussion is f ollowed by a detailedintroduction to Travel Career Pattern (TCP) – a tourist motivation model developed byPearce in his previous studies. TCP illustrates the changing patterns of 14 core motives

Aggression and offence motivation in prisoners: exploring the components of motivation in an adult male sample

This study examined aggression and offending motivation. Participants were 206 adult male prisoners. All completed the Aggression Motivation Questionnaire [Ireland, 2008], the Offending Motivation Questionnaire [Gudjonsson and Sigurdsson, 2004], the Multidimensional Anger Inventory [Siegel, 1986] and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding [Paulhus, 1991]. It was predicted that aggression motivation would separate into two factors, one reflecting proactive aggression and the other reactive aggression. It was predicted that aggression motives would vary by offence type. It was also predicted that the offending motives identified in previous research (i.e. Excitement, Compliance, Provocation and Financial) would be reflected in this study. Levels of anger and social desirability were also examined for their relationship with aggression and offending motives. Results indicated that aggression motivation separated into four core motives; protection, social recognition, perceived positive outcome, and pleasure. Violent and nonviolent offenders were found to differ in their underlying motives for recent acts of aggression. Anger was related to all core aggression motives, whereas social desirability was related only to some. Offending motives were similar to previous research although some differences were found. Results are discussed with reference to their theoretical and clinical implications.

The Adaptation Process of National Hockey League Players

Through adaptation studies in elite sport, researchers can delineate the strategies that amateur and professional athletes employ during career transitions (e.g., promotion, relocation). Fiske (2004) identified five core motives as catalysts to adaptation: understanding, controlling, self-enhancement, belonging, and trusting, which were recently contextualized in sport as a result of one archival study examining the second hand experiences of National Hockey League (NHL) players. The purpose of the present study was to learn about the adaptation process of NHL players based on a first hand data source (i.e., semi-structured interview). A semi-structured open-ended interview guide was utilized to learn about the experiences of four groups of NHL players (n = 11): prospects (n = 3), rookies (n = 3), veterans (n = 2), and retirees (n = 3). There is an indication that adaptation strategies and sub-strategies vary according to the player’s career stage and the challenges related to seeking and maintaining a roster spot. The findings are also consistent with Fiske’s five core motives and earlier adaptation sub-strategies, in addition to uncovering three novel sub-strategies (i.e., understanding one’s performance, distraction control, and trusting player agents). Implications and recommendations are provided for sport researchers and practitioners.

The Adaptation Challenges and Strategies of Adolescent Aboriginal Athletes Competing Off Reserve

Within the motivation literature, it has been indicated that athletes respond more effectively to sport’s contextual challenges through effective adaptation skills. Fiske identified five core motives as facilitators of the adaptation process across cultures: belonging, understanding, controlling, self-enhancement, and trusting. Through a cultural sport psychology approach, the adaptation challenges and strategies of Canadian Aboriginal adolescent athletes from one community (Wikwemikong) are described as they traveled off reserve to compete in mainstream sporting events. Concurrently, Fiske’s core motives are considered in relation to youth sport participants from the aforementioned Aboriginal community. Culture sensitive research methods among the Wikwemikong, including community meetings, talking circles (TCs), indigenous coding, and coauthoring, were employed in this article. Data are reflected in three themes: (a) challenges pursuing sport outside of the Aboriginal community in advance of bicultural encounters, (b) challenging bicultural encounters in Canadian mainstream sport contexts, and (c) specific responses to racism and discrimination.

Re-thinking Monetary Exchange: Some Lessons from England

This paper critically evaluates the recent shift away from a “thin” reading of monetary exchange, which views money transactions as universally market-like and profit-motivated, towards “thicker” readings of exchange, which identify the permeation of wider economic relations and not-for-profit logics. To do this, an empirical study is reported of what happens when money penetrates informal exchanges between family, friends and neighbours. The research findings lead to a more nuanced reading of monetary exchange being brought to light. The main finding is that the imagery and perception of paid informal transactions may be constructed and interpreted in “thin” terms by participants, even if the core motives and personal relations involved in paid mutual aid remain “thick.” Significantly, while such a finding does not constitute a change in behaviour towards “thin” marker readings of economic exchange, it may explain why some people are dissuaded from undertaking paid mutual aid. In this way, while the paper does not reject the social and cultural embeddedness of economic exchange, it does serve to problematize the move towards thicker descriptions.

On the Psychology of the Uncertain Self and the Integration of the Worldview Defense Zoo

In this paper, I focus on two issues raised against the uncertainty management model that I proposed. The first issue has to do with the need for deeper insight into psychological processes instigated by uncertainty concerns, including the possibility of positive responses to uncertainty. The second issue revolves around the question to what extent uncertainty management is the core motive (vs. a core motive) of worldview defense and sense-making. By discussing these two issues, I hope to (a) make my view on uncertainty management processes clearer, (b) note explicitly that I was advocating a core motive of worldview defense (not the core motive), and (c) propose a research agenda for future research. I end the article with a plea for research studies that focus on moderators of worldview defense motives. These moderator studies may help to integrate the large variety of core motives proposed in the literature to underlie worldview defense strategies.

Understanding the Adaptation Strategies of Canadian Olympic Athletes Using Archival Data

Athletes employ a variety of adaptation strategies when adjusting to competitive environments. Fiske (2004) identified five core motives that facilitate human adaptation: (a) understanding, (b) controlling, (c) self-enhancement, (d) belonging, and (e) trusting. Recent qualitative analyses (Schinke, Gauthier, Dubuc, & Crowder, 2007) revealed that these motives correspond to particular adaptation strategies that professional athletes employ in stressful settings. The present study uses analysis of archival data (i.e., journalistic accounts) to explore the adaptation efforts of Canadian Olympic athletes (N = 103) as they prepared for and participated in summer (n = 35) and winter (n = 68) games. Contextual experts with extensive Olympic experience were enlisted to clarify the archival record. Findings revealed that the Olympic athletes used strategies corresponding to each of Fiske’s five motives, as well as numerous specific substrategies. Use of substrategies was consistent across athletes, regardless of Olympic experience, gender, or season (e.g., winter or summer games). Discussion explores the implications of adaptation strategies for Olympic athletes and their supporting staff.

Understanding Athlete Adaptation in the National Hockey League through an Archival Data Source

The study of adaptation in elite sport delineates the adjustment strategies of amateur and professional athletes during career transitions (e.g., promotion, relocation). Fiske (2004) recently identified 5 core motives as the vehicles to adaptation: belonging, understanding, controlling, self-enhancement, and trusting. The goal was to verify and contextualize these core motives with 2 respondent groups of professional athletes from the National Hockey League. The groups consisted of those experiencing rookie adaptation and veteran adaptation. A total of 58 athletes were divided into groups representing the Canadian mainstream, Canadian Aboriginal culture, and Europe. There were 175 newspaper articles that were retrieved using online and library resources. The similarities and discrepancies in and across groups provides insight into this hard-to-reach population.

What drives car use? A grounded theory analysis of commuters’ reasons for driving

A grounded theory analysis of reasons for driving to work was undertaken following semi-structured interviews with 19 regular private car commuters in a small English city. Five core motives were identified: journey time concerns; journey-based affect; effort minimisation; personal space concerns; and monetary costs. An underlying desire for control underpinned many of these motives. The analysis revealed misconceptions regarding journey times and control in relation to car and public transport use, systematic underestimation of car-related monetary costs, and the importance of self- and identity-relevant consequences in relation to transport policy acceptance. Drivers' motives and misconceptions are discussed in light of transport demand management policies.

Teaching Students about Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination: An Interview with Susan Fiske

Susan T. Fiske is professor of psychology, Princeton University (PhD, Harvard University; honorary doctorate, Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium). She wrote Social Cognition (with Taylor) on how people make sense of each other. Currently, she investigates emotional prejudices (pity, contempt, envy, and pride) at cultural, interpersonal, and neural levels. She won the American Psychological Association's Early Career Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest for antidiscrimination testimony and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues' Allport Intergroup Relations Award for ambivalent sexism theory (with Glick). She edits the Annual Review of Psychology (with Schacter and Kazdin) and the Handbook of Social Psychology (with Gilbert and Lindzey). She just finished Social Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology and a year as President of the American Psychological Society. Amy Hackney received her BA in psychology from Indiana University and her MS and PhD in social psychology from Saint Louis University. She began her career as an assistant professor of psychology at Georgia Southern University in the Fall of 2003. She teaches courses in social psychology, psychology and law, psychology of gender, and research methods. She conducts research on racial and gender stereotypes and prejudice. She is particularly interested in how stereotypes and prejudice affect jury decision making and how minority members experience and cope with prejudice.

How Germany Wins out in the Battle for Foreign Direct Investment: Strategies of Multinational Suppliers in the Car Industry

Whilst many expected that mature industries such as automotive would necessitate strategic shifts in favour of low cost countries, we will demonstrate how the precise opposite has occurred, with respect to Germany. 1 We examined the investment and value-creating activities of 20 non-German multinational automotive suppliers in the German market and found that they invested $14 billion in Germany between 1987 and 1997. This discovery triggered our research to develop a conceptual framework to explain the core motives behind these investment activities. Two critical strategic propositions illuminate the activities: the first proposition tackles the pressure on suppliers to grow and diversify in response to the global trend of restructuring the value chain in the car industry. The second proposition uncovers the forces behind the current trend why automotive suppliers adjust their strategies globally. This proposition deals with the implications of the increasing use of global strategies in production and single sourcing by major automotive customers such as Volkswagen or DaimlerChrysler.

Answering the Free-Rider

In the last four paragraphs of his highly polished Enquiries* David Hume concludes by turning his attention to the alleged advantages of vice and the possible responses to a sensible knave whose guiding policy is [t]hat honesty is the best policy may be a good general rule, but is liable to many exceptions; and he ... conducts himself with most wisdom, who observes the general rule, and takes advantage of all the exceptions. 2 Hume promptly continues: I must confess that, if a man think that this reasoning much requires an answer, it will be a little difficult to find any which will to him appear satisfactory and convincing. / / his heart rebel not against such pernicious maxims, / / he feel no reluctance to the thoughts of villainy or baseness, he has indeed lost a considerable motive to virtue; and we may expect his practice will be answerable to his speculation. But in all ingenuous natures, the antipathy to treachery and roguery is too strong to be counter-balanced by any views of profit or pecuniary advantage. Inward peace of mind, consciousness of integrity, a satisfactory review of our own conduct; these are circumstances, very requisite to happiness, and will be cherished and cultivated by every honest man, who feels the importance of them. 3 This response to the problem of the 'free-rider' is quite in keeping with the view that moral evaluations are essentially subjective and that there are no external, objective moral standards, nor rights or duties to be reasoned to or intuited, nor even epistemological best answers independent of metaphysics. It is compatible with an acceptance that the core motives of action are not reason-based; that reason merely guides choices by showing probable consequences; that the inclinations and propensities propelling people are not monolithic or homogeneous. In short, this response to the free-rider problem corresponds with what one would

United States Intervention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War

AS SPAIN, THE UNITED STATES, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines approach the centenary of the 1898 war, scholars in all of these countries are reexploring the event that drew the United States into the Caribbean and Pacific as never before, elevating it to global-power status in an age of dynamic imperialism.' In recent years in the United States and abroad, historical studies have plumbed questions of American power, intentions, core motives, ideology (including gender-based, age-based, and race-based thinking), decisionmaking and leadership, politics, and public opinion, as well as the relationship between domestic and foreign crises and the ultimate failure of diplomacy.2 This article discusses these books and articles and suggests ways to approach the key questions and contexts of the role of the United States in the multinational 1898 war. The long title-Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War-is used here in order to represent all of the major participants and to identify where the war was fought and whose interests were most at stake.3 The tag Americans have given this conflict-the Spanish-American War-reveals United States biases that have essentially written Cubans and Filipinos out of the story. The first American biased assumption suggests that the Cubans and Filipinos accomplished little on their own in their quest for indepen-

Scanning museum visitors: Urban tourism marketing

The role of museums in developing urban tourism is researched with special attention to the motivation constructs of visitors and the possible added value of a “museumpark”. Interviews with visitors were held in order to identify their motivation. The laddering technique was used to analyze the data. Both the interviews and the survey results can be used for the purpose of strategic positioning of the museum and cultural urban tourism. Marketing implications can be deduced from core motives. In addition, for urban authorities and tourism marketers, the motivation and behavior patterns of museum visitors offer interesting clues when developing an attractive urban tourism product.