Core Infrastructure Research Articles

국가핵심기반 기능연속성체계의 최대허용중단기간 산정 연구

In this study, we tried to suggest a method for calculating the maximum tolerable period of disruption (MTPD) in water supply facilities among national core infrastructure facilities. Currently, the method for estimating the MTPD of national core infrastructure includes the amount of resources available and the recovery time of functions, but there is no specific standard or methodology. By analyzing previous studies and case studies, the framework for determining MTPD using added value among economic factors was confirmed and verified. Based on the framework, it was possible to determine the applicability by deriving estimates in Gongchon. Water Purification Plant in Incheon among domestic water supply facilities. In future research, we intend to conduct verification research on the possibility of actual utilization by identifying the reduction rate of added value targeting national core infrastructure in other fields and applying the framework derived through case study.

Exploiting Multi-modal Contextual Sensing for City-bus’s Stay Location Characterization: Towards Sub-60 Seconds Accurate Arrival Time Prediction

Intelligent city transportation systems are one of the core infrastructures of a smart city. The true ingenuity of such an infrastructure lies in providing the commuters with real-time information about citywide transport like public buses, allowing them to pre-plan their travel. However, providing prior information for transportation systems like public buses in real-time is inherently challenging because of the diverse nature of different stay-locations where a public bus stops. Although straightforward factors like stay duration extracted from unimodal sources like GPS at these locations look erratic, a thorough analysis of public bus GPS trails for 1,335.365 km at the city of Durgapur, a semi-urban city in India, reveals that several other fine-grained contextual features can characterize these locations accurately. Accordingly, we develop BuStop , a system for extracting and characterizing the stay-locations from multi-modal sensing using commuters’ smartphones. Using this multi-modal information BuStop extracts a set of granular contextual features that allows the system to differentiate among the different stay-location types. A thorough analysis of BuStop using the collected in-house dataset indicates that the system works with high accuracy in identifying different stay-locations such as regular bus stops, random ad hoc stops, stops due to traffic congestion, stops at traffic signals, and stops at sharp turns. Additionally, we develop a proof-of-concept setup on top of BuStop to analyze the potential of the framework in predicting expected arrival time, a critical piece of information required to pre-plan travel at any given bus stop. Subsequent analysis of the PoC framework, through simulation over the test dataset, shows that characterizing the stay-locations indeed helps make more accurate arrival time predictions with deviations less than 60 seconds from the ground-truth arrival time.

Mechanism, Tools and Techniques to Mitigate Distributed Denial of Service Attacks

Abstract: Attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) continue to menace the Internet. Attackers are able to use larger bandwidths because they concentrate on application layers. In order to create novel prevention strategies, it is crucial to understand the nature of distributed denial of service assaults. One of the most upsetting types of attacks on the Internet today is the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. When fundamental Internet infrastructure and services, such as the Domain Name System, are targeted or misused, such attacks become far more powerful and deadly (DNS). The DNS is a key component of the Internet's core infrastructure, and it plays a significant role in supporting many popular Internet applications like e-mail, VoIP, etc. in addition to translating human-readable names into IP addresses. Attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) continue to menace the Internet. Attackers are able to use larger bandwidths because they concentrate on application layers. In order to create novel prevention strategies, it is crucial to understand the nature of distributed denial of service assaults. The development of proactive preventative techniques is a crucial area of study, just like in other security-related fields. This essay examines recently released preventative measures. Additionally, it emphasizes the cloud era and how its systems are safeguarded against DDoS assaults

The dynamic nature of patient engagement within a Canadian patient-oriented kidney health research network: Perspectives of researchers and patient partners.

Canadians Seeking Solutions and Innovations to Overcome Chronic Kidney Disease (Can-SOLVE CKD) is a pan-Canadian health research network that engages patients as partners across 18 unique projects and core infrastructure. In this qualitative study, we explored how research teams integrated patient partners into network research activities to inform our patient engagement approach. To capture a breadth of perspectives, this qualitative descriptive study purposively sampled researchers and patient partners across 18 network research teams. We conducted 4 focus groups (2 patients and 2 researchers; n = 26) and 28 individual telephone interviews (n = 12 patient partners; n = 16 researchers). Transcripts were coded in duplicate, and themes were developed through an inductive, thematic analysis approach. We included 24 patient partners and 24 researchers from 17 of the 18 projects and all core committees within the network. Overarching concepts relate participants' initial impressions and uncertainty about patient engagement to an evolving appreciation of its value, impactand sustainability. We identified four themes with subthemes that characterized the dynamic nature of patient engagement and how participants integrated patients across network initiatives: (1) Reinforcing a shared purpose (learning together, collective commitment, evolving attitudes); (2) Fostering a culture of responsive and innovative research (accessible supports, strengthened process and product); (3) Aligning priorities, goalsand needs (amenability to patient involvement, mutually productive relationships, harmonizing expectations); (4) Building a path to sustainability (value creation, capacity building, sustaining knowledge use). Our findings demonstrate the dynamic and adaptive processes related to patient engagement within a national, patient-oriented kidney health research network. Optimization of support structures and capacity are key factors to promote sustainability of engagement processes within and beyond the network. This project was conceived in collaboration with a Can-SOLVE CKD patient partner (N. F.), with lived experience of kidney failure. He also co-designed the study's protocol, led focus groupsand researcher interviews, and contributed to data analysis. L. G. has lived experience as a caregiver for a person with CKD and facilitated patient partner focus groups. The patient partners, both of whom are listed authors, provided important insights that shaped our interpretation and presentation of study findings.

Bipartite networks to enable management of internet core and metro infrastructure

In Telecommunications, core and metro network infrastructure provide high-speed, low-latency internet service to national-level areas. Their optimal operation and management are essential for today's increasing internet service demand. The usual representation of such infrastructure as a complex network considers router stations and other main internet sites as network nodes, connected by links that represent fibre-optic cables. However, this representation comes with important simplifications. One of them is that two nodes are connected by one single link when in reality there are involved multiple links in that connection. This paper explores bipartite networks to model the detail of multiple links connecting two network nodes, zooming-in process. To avoid dimensional complexities, the cable disentangles will only be in place at local sub-networks where the analysis may have a particular focus of interest. For instance, this process will support the decision-making associated to re-routing operations after a traffic anomaly has been detected. To show the efficiency of this multi-resolution network approach, the paper uses the case study of the core and metro infrastructure of one of the major UK internet service providers.

Low Cost and Sustainable Test Methods to Study Vulnerabilities of Large-Scale Systems against EMP

Intense electromagnetic pulses are electromagnetic waves with sharp rise time, high field strength and short duration. They have attracted more and more attention in recent years because they can cause destructions or malfunctions of some key national core infrastructures, such as power grids, communication and financial networks, etc. Hence, it is important to harden these facilities to ensure that they can survive in the face of electromagnetic pulse attacks. A direct way to investigate the vulnerabilities of these facilities is placing them in the electromagnetic environments generated by EMP simulators. However, the scale of facilities under test are limited by the working volumes of simulators. With the increase in working volumes and field strength, the price and technical difficulty of simulators are increased. Therefore, low cost and sustainable test methods to investigate vulnerabilities of large-scale systems against EMP are proposed in this study. The study takes advantage of continuous wave immersion (CWI) test and pulse current injection (PCI) test methods, which are low cost and sustainable to predict the pulse responses and assess the nonlinear effect of large-scale facilities under EMP attacks. In a CWI test, the magnitude of the transfer function of large-scale systems or facilities can be measured, and the corresponding phase information of the transfer function can be reconstructed by minimum phase algorithm (MPA) if the systems meet the minimum phase condition. After acquiring the entire information of the transfer function, we can predict the responses of a system under threat-level EMP attacks. However, these responses are obtained under the assumption that the system does not have nonlinear effects. Because the CWI is a low-level test, it cannot simulate the threat-level EMP attacks. In the PCI test proposed here, a bulky pulse current is coupled into the system to stimulate enough current intensity, just as the system was attacked by threat-level EMPs. In this situation, the system would be destroyed, or any other nonlinear effect would occur in the system. After that, the problem is to determine the quantities of the injected current, and a few kinds of norms are introduced in this paper to define the quantities. The method proposed here innovatively takes the experimental results of CWI as reference inputs of PCI tests. In this paper, the accuracy of the response prediction is validated by means of simulations and experiments. Results show that as a low-level test method in the frequency domain, the CWI test method can not only analyze couplings of external electromagnetic energy from frequency domain but also predict responses of the facilities under high amplitude electromagnetic pulses. The nonlinear effect of large-scale facilities can be assessed by applying the PCI test method with the results from CWI prediction. Therefore, if infrastructures or facilities are too large to be tested under EMP simulators, an alternative approach is to carry out the CWI and PCI experiments.

Core Infrastructure and Manufacturing Activity in the Indian States: Does the Income Group Matter?

Taking the data for 17 Indian states for the period running 1991–2017, the study investigates relationship between infrastructure and manufacturing value added at the overall as well as segregated levels to study the spatial differences. Preliminary tests of cross-section dependence point to the existence of dependence among the cross sections after which second-generation testing procedures are applied. Spatial differential impact of infrastructure on the performance of manufacturing activity is estimated using fixed/random effect modelling. The empirical results show that infrastructure index exerts positive and significant impact on the manufacturing performance with estimate of 0.20 for all states in India and 0.49 for high-income states. Similarly, individual components of infrastructure influence manufacturing activity differently. Road infrastructure is influencing manufacturing performance negatively in high-income states while it is positive for other states; teledensity exerts positive influence in case of middle-income states while the impact is negative in case of low-income states. Dumitrescu and Hurlin’s causality test shows bidirectional causality from infrastructure to manufacturing output. JEL Codes: D02, E62, H54, L94, L96

“A win-win for all of us": COVID-19 sheds light on the essentialness of child care as key infrastructure

Child care centers in the United States allow many parents and caregivers to work in and outside of the home and support the growth and development of children. Child care closures and COVID-19 mitigation measures at the onset of the pandemic heightened the need for and awareness of the role of child care as core infrastructure. The purpose of our study was to examine the perceived role and benefits of child care based on the lived experiences of parents/caregivers and staff navigating child care during the pandemic. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with parents/caregivers (n = 20) of children who attended child care and staff (n = 12) who were working at child care programs in Ohio from September to November 2020. Qualitative data were coded and analyzed through the lens of four frameworks (i.e., capabilities, developmental, economics, and mutualism) related to child well-being. Our results highlight the perceived value of child care (a) for fostering capabilities and developmental growth in children; (b) for providing economic benefits for children, parents, and staff of child care programs; and (c) as an essential infrastructure that mutually benefits children, parents, families, staff, and the community. Findings support existing evidence regarding the broader impacts of child care and further investigation into the role of child care. We highlight the potential need for further investments in policies, resources, and supports for child care that reflects its essentialness and generative role.

Proactive and Sustainable Transport Investment Strategies to Balance the Variance of Land Use and House Prices: A Korean Case

The transport infrastructure sustaining the ascension of land values while synergizing with the industries is a condition optimized for economic sustainability. In general, although transport investment aims to create a more reliable, less congested, better-connected transport network, the secondary aim is to facilitate balanced and sustainable development by enhancing accessibility to infrastructures. Although the current investment principle in Korea more or less reflects the primary purpose, the second aim is not fully reflected and might be too strict about measuring the balanced and sustainable influence on the regional economy. Considering that the house price is an output of regional production, this research tried to establish more proactive quantitative models explaining how ‘transport accessibility to infrastructure’ raises the apartment price in South Korea while interacting with the industries. This study achieved four main results according to the model. First, most urban infrastructures raise apartment prices per square meter about ten times higher than most industries, given a percentage change. Second, the synergy between industrial sales and infrastructural accessibility was negative in most cases, showing a limit of infrastructural investment alone to facilitate sustainable development. Third, an impoverished area tends to conclude positive synergies between industries and infrastructures, justifying more infrastructural investment in those poor areas. Finally, a public service behaves as infrastructure, which re-examines public services’ functionality of the prime water. Conclusively, this research proved that accessibility to core infrastructures is essential in conjunction with land use status resulting from industrial geography to rebalance Korean apartment prices for sustainable investment in transportation sectors.

GNSS/Inertial Navigation/Wireless Station Fusion UAV 3-D Positioning Algorithm With Urban Canyon Environment

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become the core infrastructure of smart cities because of their fast, flexible, and strong environmental adaptability. However, signal occlusion caused by the urban canyon effect will seriously affect its global navigation satellite system (GNSS) reliability. The fusion algorithm represented by Kalman Filter cannot meet the real-time and stability requirements of UAV high maneuvering flight positioning due to its high complexity. In this article, integrated GNSS, inertial navigation, and wireless base station navigation, a 3-D UAV positioning method called GIW-UP, based on information geometry, is proposed. It converts the information of various types of navigation sources into probability density functions, and then the fusion is realized from the perspective of information probability. Given the differences in the information output time and navigation parameters of various navigation sources, the proposed GIW-UP method is compared with the least squares (LS) method, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) method, and the neural network-based multisensor two-stage fusion (MTFA) method in three aspects: stability, convergence speed, and computational complexity. The results show that the GIW-UP can effectively reduce the fusion computational complexity and improve positioning stability.

위기관리 핵심 수단으로서 상황관리 관계 법률 검토

The goal of emergency management is not only to secure the safety of the people, territory, sovereignty, and core infrastructure, but also to minimize damage by managing the emergency situations well. Methods to achieve this goal include the establishment of an integrated management system and emergency operation center, governance, and integrated command & control. The concrete and direct practice of these Methods can be done by managing the situation. Situation management requires specific legal reservations because it has urgency, importance, and the possibility of infringement of civil rights and interests. However, there are no or insufficient provisions on situation management in the laws enforced by each agency performing the situation management task. The law on situation management needs to be supplemented in the sense that it can protect workers at situation management, increase work efficiency, and more reliably guarantee people’s rights and interests. This review suggests a way to strengthen the legal system necessary for the situation management function to operate more efficiently.

Evaluating State Cybersecurity Laws and Regulations in United States

In the United States, cybersecurity laws and regulations are necessary to protect vital infrastructure, sensitive information or individuals' personal privacy. The present state of cybersecurity law and regulation at both national and local levels is assessed in this review paper. The report gives an overview of the key legislation and initiatives, analyses their efficiency, and reveals new trends. The research method comprises a thorough analysis of academic literature, government publications, official websites, legal sources, news items and experts' reports. The paper begins by pointing out the importance of cybersecurity in today's interconnected world, where cyber threats are constantly evolving and posing major risks to individuals, organizations and national governments. The report draws attention to studies which show that businesses have suffered financially and may face disruption in the core infrastructure as a result of cybercrime. Key legislation, such as the Federal Information Security Modernization Act, and the role of agencies such as the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), are covered in the overview of federal cybersecurity legislation and regulations. The scope, effectiveness and implications of such national measures to address cyber security challenges shall be assessed in the evaluation. New trends in cybercrime legislation, such as an increase in data breach reporting requirements and a focus on security of essential infrastructures are identified in the review paper. It examines legislative efforts to strengthen cybersecurity capabilities in key sectors such as healthcare. Consideration shall be given to the strengths and weaknesses of the existing legal framework, as well as recommendations for strengthening cybersecurity laws and regulations. Keywords: Cybersecurity Laws, Cybersecurity Regulations, Federal Legislation, State Initiatives, Data Breach Notification, Legislative Efforts. Aims Research Journal Reference Format: Yamcharoen P., Bayewu, A., Ojo, T.P. & Fatoye O.E. (2022): Evaluating State Cybersecurity Laws and Regulations in United States. Advances in Multidisciplinary and Scientific Research. Vol. 8. No. 3, Pp 47–56. www.isteams.net/aimsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/V8N3P4

Image-Aided Analysis of Ballast Particle Movement Along a High-Speed Railway

As a core infrastructure of high-speed railways, ballast layers constituted by graded crushed stones feature noteworthy particle movement compared with normal railways, which may cause excessive settlement and have detrimental effects on train operation. However, the movement behavior remains ambiguous due to a lack of effective measurement approaches and analytical methods. In this study, an image-aided technique was developed in a full-scale model test using digital cameras and a color-based identification approach. A total of 1274 surface ballast particles were manually dyed by discernible colors to serve as tracers in the test. The movements of the surface ballast particles were tracked using the varied pixels displaying tracers in the photos that were intermittently taken during the test in the perpendicular direction. The movement behavior of ballast particles under different combinations of train speeds and axle loads was quantitatively evaluated. The obtained results indicated that the surface ballast particle movements were slight, mainly concentrated near sleepers under low-speed train loads and greatly amplified and extended to the whole surface when the train speed reached 360 km·h−1. Additionally, the development of ballast particle displacement statistically resembled its rotation. Track vibration contributed to the movements of ballast particles, which specifically were driven by vertical acceleration near the track center and horizontal acceleration at the track edge. Furthermore, the development trends of ballast particle movements and track settlement under long-term train loading were similar, and both stabilized at nearly the same time. The track performance, including the vibration characteristics, accumulated settlement, and sleeper support stiffness, was determined to be closely related to the direction and distribution of ballast particle flow, which partly deteriorated under high-speed train loads.

Growth and Collaboration in the Atlas of Living Australia

Over the past three years, the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), a data infrastructure in its own right and the Australian node of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), has been both enjoying both rapid growth (now with over 50 employees covering a broad project portfolio), and maturing as an organisation with formal processes in place for strategy and workplan development, project management and planning. Having recently upgraded our core infrastructure to align with GBIF and now sharing a code base for our data ingestion pipelines, we have been working on extending the occurrence data model with a focus on ecological survey sites and events and will continue to participate in the development of GBIF's diversified data model. We have been developing a framework with our jurisdictional agencies for managing restricted data, which will see us develop our Sensitive Data Service to handle a broader range of data sensitivity scenarios than the current system, which obfuscates by species rules only, whereas there are requirements to manage sensitivity at the levels of dataset, provider or location. We have begun a cross-agency project for aggregating genomic data for Australian species from multiple platforms, and a new technical roadmap will guide us as we redevelop and modernise our suite of web services and applications. This presentation will give a very brief overview of our current major project work, relating it to our stated strategies to deliver trusted data and robust services, partner for impact, and support decision making.

P-049: A ROADMAP FOR DELIVERING A GLOBALLY ACCESSIBLE GENE THERAPY

Purpose: The convergence of innovative biotechnologies is propelling the field of gene therapy with consequential implications for treating and curing genetic and infectious diseases globally. Although dozens of gene therapies for a broad range of disease areas are expected to receive regulatory approval worldwide over the next decade, patients are unlikely to receive equitable access to these medical breakthroughs. In particular, the sophisticated infrastructure required to deliver gene therapies pose critical challenges for low and middle-income countries (LMICs) seeking to integrate gene therapies into resource-constrained health systems. Without critical foresight and targeted investments across LMICs, gene therapies will perpetuate global health inequity. Materials and methods: Using gene therapies for sickle cell disease and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan Africa as use cases, this project examined the necessary infrastructure required for effectively and sustainably delivering gene therapies in low-resource settings. Data was obtained through a series of interviews with expert stakeholders from sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and the US. Interviewees represented multiple sectors including hospitals and community clinics, gene therapy companies, manufacturing, patient advocacy and community engagement, technical training, and global health priority setting. Interviews were supplemented with an extensive literature review. Results: An analysis of stakeholder interviews revealed the need for core infrastructure across seven thematic areas: research; engagement and education; facilities and manufacturing; information systems, workforce, regulation; and finance. Although assessed individually, these domains are interdependent, highlighting the need to invest and co-develop across all areas simultaneously and synergistically. Conclusion: Building the requisite infrastructure for delivering gene therapies is a multi-decade endeavour. This long horizon should not discourage immediate action; rather, it should be acknowledged and appreciated as an opportunity for strategic preparation assuring future success. By establishing and maintaining infrastructure across several thematic areas, countries can accelerate the development and delivery of gene therapies. Throughout this process, key steps should be taken to improve outcomes: Engage communities early and often: The process of providing gene therapies must be patient-centred. Involving communities in the design and implementation process will lead to effective therapies that are acceptable and accessible. Leverage existing infrastructure: Maximizing the impact of limited resources and removing redundancy requires integrated services, multi-use facilities, and increased coordination. Collaborate internationally: While countries in SSA build research capacity, promote private sector innovation and commercialization, and update regulatory frameworks, international collaboration will facilitate the exchange of scientific equipment, knowledge and training, and policy. Improve and adapt iteratively: The success of gene therapy hinges on iterative cycles of feedback between research and clinical deployment. Infrastructure should support the ability of scientific and societal findings to inform healthcare practices and regulations. While this study focuses on gene therapy delivery and its requisite infrastructure, considerations of health systems strengthening should remain at the forefront. The delivery of gene therapies should expand to align with health priorities set by countries (e.g., attention to non-communicable diseases). A narrow focus on gene therapies can create vertical systems of planning, management, and monitoring and evaluation that are not suited for other health areas and do not maximize the use of limited resources. The authors do not declare any conflict of interest

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL TO EXAMINE THE IMPACT OF INFRASTRUCTURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CONVERGENCE

Core infrastructure, which covers transportation, information and communication (ICT), energy, water and sanitation systems, plays a significant role in economic growth. The development of core infrastructure – one of the European Union (EU) Cohesion Policy (CP) priorities – is heavily funded. However, it remains unclear whether these investments achieve the main aim, i.e. contribute to economic growth and convergence between EU countries and especially regions. A theoretical model addressing the identified issues is needed to assess the impact of infrastructure on economic growth and convergence comprehensively and as accurately as possible. To reach this aim, first, we have disclosed the definition of infrastructure and its structure. Also, we discussed different approaches to the relationship between infrastructure and economic growth. We developed a theoretical model for evaluating infrastructure impact on economic growth and convergence. Moreover, based on the neoclassical approach, we specified an econometric model that includes indicators of different types of infrastructure and assessed growth and convergence outcomes of infrastructure development. Even though we find that infrastructure positively affects growth and convergence, the estimated impact is not statistically significant except for some types of ICT and transport infrastructure.

RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION OF BEIDOU DATA FAST PROCESSING OF LARGE-SCALE GNSS REFERENCE STATION NETWORK

Abstract. GNSS reference station network is the core infrastructure for the establishment ,maintenance, renewal and service of national geodetic reference framework. At present ,nearly 3000 reference stations have been constructed in the national resources system ,of which about 2500 stations have the continuous observation capacity of BDS signal. In the face of daily massive observation data, the traditional sub-network and fully combined baselines can not meet the needs of rapid data processing for the maintenance of geodetic coordinate framework.In this paper, the high-precision and fast processing of BDS observation data of large-scale GNSS reference station network (≥ 300 stations) is realized through modular design, non difference model, parameter management to be estimated and flexible ambiguity processing. Through the whole network calculation of the 7-day BDS observation data of about 500 MGEX stations and national reference stations that selected all around the world from 211 to 217 days in 2017, the positioning results show that the average RMS values of the coordinates in the three directions of station N,E and U are ±2.3mm, ±2.8mm and ±4.6mm respectively. The orbit determination results show that the average accuracy of GPS satellite orbit in three directions is better than ±2cm; BDS MEO / IGSO track accuracy is better than ±20cm and GEO track accuracy is better than ±200cm.

Brief Review on Optical Fiber Sensing for the Power Grid

In this work, a brief review on the application of fiber optic sensors on power grid apparatus is presented. Power transformers, which are the nodes between electrical transmission lines, are the most expensive, critical and one of the central units of this network. The failure of electrical machines compromises the whole grid leading to power outages and income losses. Thus, constant monitoring of structural health and operating conditions of core infrastructures is sought. With different types of sensors either on the market or in the literature, it is possible to measure physical parameters that make this equipment more reliable.

Risk-adjusted Social Discount Rates

When evaluating public and private investment projects, those that contribute more to the collective risk should be more penalized through an upward adjustment of their discount rate. This paper shows how to estimate the risk-adjusted discount rate for different projects, with applications to the electricity sector. Using the standard framework of consumer theory, we express any investment project’s beta in terms of the easier-to-measure price and income elasticities of the goods generated by the project. When considering an investment in production capacity, the beta has a flat term structure, and is positive (negative) for normal (inferior) goods. When considering core infrastructures carrying goods or services, such as energy transmission and distribution assets, the beta has a decreasing term structure with very high values at short horizons for infrastructures facing capacity constraints. We provide a real-case example of a cross-border electricity connection with negative beta for the exporting country.

Analyzing Adoption of Smart Cities through System Dynamics

Smart city is one of the important part of construction sector that are initiated under Make in India National Program and part of Digital India Initiative. As stated in their objective India’s Smart City vision is part of a larger agenda of creating Industrial Corridors between India’s big metropolitan cities in India. Its other objectives also include giving a Sustainable System to cities there by giving a clean, green and quality life to its citizen. The application of Smart Solution will provide a core infrastructure which can bring sustainable and inclusive development. These developments include incorporation of new technology; technologies which are not there earlier in the life of general public. In a matter of fact as smart city will take some time to be fully available to be used by general public, the public will also take time to adopt these new technologies as part of their routine life. For this the proposed work is examining Smart City Mission through system’s approach and talk about ‘Virtuous’ - positive and ‘Vicious’ - negative factors. Further a generic model is also developed and with the help of some Sub- Sector, the Loop Dynamics is also elaborated to analyze Smart City initiative. Finally a causal Loop diagram is proposed to see the functioning and adoption of Smart city. The software used to capture the systems application are Stella and Vensim.