Core Concepts Research Articles

Wargaming for Learning: How Educational Gaming Supports Student Learning and Perspectives

To what extent does educational gaming add value to more traditional instructional models in learning core concepts of national security and warfighting? This paper presents the results from a quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, and longitudinal study of students taking two standardized courses in the Joint Military Operations department at the US Naval War College. Split into wargaming and non-wargaming sections by instructor preference, subject learning is measured through self-reported and objective measures at three points: prior to the start of the content block on “Operational Art”; after the case study of the WW2 battle of Leyte Gulf but prior to any wargaming; and for subjects in wargaming course sections, after participating in the Leyte Gulf scenario of the “War at Sea” wargame. The results support the hypotheses that wargaming increases learning and alter student preferences in favor of learning through gaming but fail to find evidence that students recognize the value of the debriefing phase of educational gaming. This article adds to existing studies by focusing on an understudied practitioner population—graduate-level career military officers at a professional military education (PME) institution—and mitigating several of the methodological challenges facing many scholarly projects in the study of educational gaming in political science.

Mechanisms of Emotional Experiences of Online Spectators of E-Sports Events From the Perspective of Interactive Ritual Chain

E-sports events play a crucial role as significant entertainment activities and platforms for emotional interaction among the public. This study seeks to delve into the processes underlying the emotional experiences of online spectators during interactive rituals within e-sports events. It employs the core concept of emotional energy within interaction ritual chains as framework for analysis. To accomplish this, we conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 20 online spectators actively engaged in the League of Legends professional league. These interviews specifically targeted their emotions, feelings, evaluations, behaviors, and other relevant experiences both preceding, during, and subsequent to spectating. Our analysis revealed four distinct stages within the emotional energy change process: emotional arousal, immersion, climax, and continuity. These stages collectively culminate in the formulation of a dynamic, continuous, and cyclical emotional energy model. Notably, spectators adeptly employ various emotional regulation strategies to mitigate the impact of disruptive factors. The integration of ritual symbols, coupled with the positive feedback loop of emotional energy, serves to connect the five identified stages and establish a cohesive cyclic upward mechanism. These findings not only offer unique insights into the micro-level emotional experiences of online spectators but also hold practical implications for the effective management of e-sports events.

Error Sources of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellites

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) processing techniques have been widely used to derive surface deformation or retrieve terrain elevation. Over the development of the past few decades, most research has mainly focused on its application, new techniques for improved accuracy, or the investigation of a particular error source and its correction method. Therefore, a thorough discussion about each error source and its influence on InSAR-derived products is rarely addressed. Additionally, InSAR is a challenging topic for beginners to learn due to the intricate mathematics and the necessary signal processing knowledge required to grasp the core concepts. This results in the fact that existing papers about InSAR are easy to understand for those with a technical background but difficult for those without. To cope with the two issues, this paper aims to provide an organized, comprehensive, and easily understandable review of the InSAR error budget. In order to assist readers of various backgrounds in comprehending the concepts, we describe the error sources in plain language, use the most fundamental math, offer clear examples, and exhibit numerical and visual comparisons. In this paper, InSAR-related errors are categorized as intrinsic height errors or location-induced errors. Intrinsic height errors are further divided into two subcategories (i.e., systematic and random error). These errors can result in an incorrect number of phase fringes and introduce unwanted phase noise into the output interferograms, respectively. Location-induced errors are the projection errors caused by the slant-ranging attribute of the SAR systems and include foreshortening, layover, and shadow effects. The main focus of this work is on systematic and random error, as well as their effects on InSAR-derived topographic and deformation products. Furthermore, because the effects of systematic and random errors are greatly dependent on radar wavelengths, different bands are utilized for comparison, including L-band, S-band, C-band, and X-band scenarios. As examples, we used the parameters of the upcoming NISAR operation to represent L-band and S-band, ERS-1 and Sentinel-1 to represent C-band, and TerraSAR-X to represent X-band. This paper seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by presenting an approachable exploration of InSAR error sources and their implications. This robust and accessible analysis of the InSAR error budget is especially pertinent as more SAR data products are made available (e.g., NISAR, ICEYE, Capella, Umbra, etc.) and the SAR user-base continues to expand. Finally, a commentary is offered to explore the error sources that were not included in this work, as well as to present our thoughts and conclusions.

Social Platform: Key to Market Innovation for Indian Artisans—A Case Study of Chanderi Cluster

India is a vast country with diverse cultures and crafts. The artisan in this country forms the base of the Indian industry. From the clothes we wear to lifestyle products we use; the artisans play a vital role in our lives. This article talks about the influence of COVID-19 on the Chanderi artisans’ community and how the community survived through pandemic using various digital platforms. The artisans’ behaviour of adapting the new technology for not only selling their products but also to gain knowledge is the core concept of this article.

Study on the Contribution of Pragmatics to the Development of Communicative Competence from the Perspective of Applied Linguistics

This article explores the contribution of pragmatics in the cultivation of communicative competence from the perspective of applied linguistics. Firstly, the development and definitions of applied linguistics and pragmatics were reviewed, and the theoretical system and core concepts of pragmatics were elaborated. Furthermore, the role of pragmatics in cultivating communicative competence was analyzed, including the cultivation of pragmatic awareness, learning of pragmatic knowledge, application of pragmatic strategies, enhancement of pragmatic competence, enhancement of language appropriateness, and cultivation of cross-cultural communicative competence. On this basis, the application of pragmatics in teaching practice was explored, such as the principles and methods of pragmatic teaching, the development and selection of pragmatic textbooks, and the design and implementation of pragmatic assessment. Finally, the challenges and coping strategies faced in cultivating communicative competence were analyzed. This article aims to provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for the cultivation of communicative competence in the field of foreign language education in China.

Entropy removal of medical diagnostics

Shannon entropy is a core concept in machine learning and information theory, particularly in decision tree modeling. To date, no studies have extensively and quantitatively applied Shannon entropy in a systematic way to quantify the entropy of clinical situations using diagnostic variables (true and false positives and negatives, respectively). Decision tree representations of medical decision-making tools can be generated using diagnostic variables found in literature and entropy removal can be calculated for these tools. This concept of clinical entropy removal has significant potential for further use to bring forth healthcare innovation, such as quantifying the impact of clinical guidelines and value of care and applications to Emergency Medicine scenarios where diagnostic accuracy in a limited time window is paramount. This analysis was done for 623 diagnostic tools and provided unique insights into their utility. For studies that provided detailed data on medical decision-making algorithms, bootstrapped datasets were generated from source data to perform comprehensive machine learning analysis on these algorithms and their constituent steps, which revealed a novel and thorough evaluation of medical diagnostic algorithms.

Student Perceptions and Reflections on Targeted Learning Outcomes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate student perceptions on targeted learning outcomes through reflections and engagement questionnaires. The learning outcomes used for the research were based on Fink’s Taxonomy, which offers an integrated model for significant learning. Participants responded to quantitative and qualitative prompts about their perceptions of core concepts related to learning. A subset of the sample completed reflective assignments as part of their coursework that aimed to understand learning goals related to human dimension and caring goals. These goals measure learning through the development of new feelings, interest, and values, and learning about oneself and others. Evaluating student responses on targeted learning outcomes is an effective tool in understanding effective approaches aimed at achieving significant learning.

Developing an international concept-based curriculum for pharmacology education: The promise of core concepts and concept inventories.

Over recent years, studies have shown that science and health profession graduates demonstrate gaps in their fundamental pharmacology knowledge and ability to apply pharmacology concepts in practice. This article reviews the current challenges faced by pharmacology educators, including the exponential growth in discipline knowledge and competition for curricular time. We then argue that pharmacology education should focus on essential concepts that enable students to develop beyond 'know' towards 'know how to'. A concept-based approach will help educators prioritize and benchmark their pharmacology curriculum, facilitate integration of pharmacology with other disciplines in the curriculum, create alignment between universities and improve application of pharmacology knowledge to professional contexts such as safe prescribing practices. To achieve this, core concepts first need to be identified and unpacked, and methods for teaching and assessment using concept inventories developed. The International Society for Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Education Section (IUPHAR-Ed) Core Concepts of Pharmacology (CCP) initiative involves over 300 educators from the global pharmacology community. CCP has identified and defined the core concepts of pharmacology, together with key underpinning sub-concepts. To realize these benefits, pharmacology educators must develop methods to teach and assess core concepts. Work to develop concept inventories is ongoing, including identifying student misconceptions of the core concepts and creating a bank of multiple-choice questions to assess student understanding. Future work aims to develop and validate materials and methods to help educators embed core concepts within curricula. Potential strategies that educators can use to overcome factors that inhibit adoption of core concepts are presented.

Troubles mentaux courants et usage de la force dans la police : intérêts et enjeux

This narrative literature review aims to articulate the interests and issues in investigating the potential links between the mental health of police officers and the use of force they may deploy during the course of their interventions. The first two sections delineate the definitions of the core concepts of police psychological health and the use of force, as well as their specific issues. The third addresses the issues underlying the study of potential relationships between these two fields. Due to the nature of their profession, police officers are at increased risk of developing mental health problems, which can be clinically significant and lead to several conditions known as common mental disorders (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, burnout, substance abuse, suicidal ideation). Their etiology among police officers is related to three main risk factors: organizational, operational, and individual. Organizational and operational factors are considered to have a direct impact on the development of common mental disorders, while individual factors are more indirect. They are mostly related to the ability to manage stress or reinforce the effect of direct factors. While there is a voluminous amount of literature on the topic of risk factors relating to post-traumatic stress or burnout, there is a lack of evidence concerning depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, or substance abuse among police officers. The mental health of police officers can have consequences on the missions they must carry out, including those involving the use of force. This concept is still relatively complex to define as it depends on both the legal framework and the policies and management practices within the police institution. The most widely accepted use-of-force theoretical model is the force continuum articulating escalation versus de-escalation of force and the degree of the officer's force and the offender's resistance. The identification of risk factors influencing the use of force is currently based on a non-consensual literature, although the key domains are relatively well established: officer, offender, encounter, and community characteristics. However, there is still little consensus as to the characteristics that constitute these domains, particularly regarding community, organizational, and individual characteristics. Only a few studies focus on the link between burnout and use of force. In this context, the intersection between organizational and work psychology and forensic psychology is of great interest, particularly in the development of a structured, empirical approach based on the modeling of risk factors.

Suffering and adjustment: a grounded theory of the process of coping with financial toxicity among young women with breast cancer.

To explore the process of coping with financial toxicity among young women with breast cancer and formulate a grounded theory that serves as a foundation for creating intervention strategies aimed at supporting cancer survivors. A qualitative study using the Corbin and Strauss variant of grounded theory. A series of in-depth interviews were carried out with young women with breast cancer (n = 29) using the theoretical sampling method. We analyzed data by coding core categories in the patients' coping processes and developing theory around these categories. Data collection and analysis were performed simultaneously. A substantial theory of the process of coping with financial toxicity among young female breast cancer survivors was constructed. Two core concepts, suffering and adjustment, were identified. Young women with breast cancer suffered from financial toxicity, which was related to risk factors, coping resources, and unmet needs. To overcome financial toxicity, young women with breast cancer adjusted by reshaping consumption concept, re-dividing of family functions, re-planning of occupation career, and rebuilding life confidence. This qualitative study constructed a theory delineating the coping strategies employed by young women with breast cancer in response to financial toxicity, offering profound insights into the intricacies of cancer-related financial toxicity. Identifying risk factors, enhancing coping resources, and meeting unmet needs would be helpful to patients' adjustment to financial stress.

A Deep-Learning and Transfer-Learning Hybrid Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm for FY4-AGRI: Development and Verification over Asia

The Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) is a mission-critical instrument for the Fengyun series of satellites. AGRI acquires full-disk images every 15 min and views East Asia every 5 min through 14 spectral bands, enabling the detection of highly variable aerosol optical depth (AOD). Quantitative retrieval of AOD has hitherto been challenging, especially over land. In this study, an AOD retrieval algorithm is proposed that combines deep learning and transfer learning. The algorithm uses core concepts from both the Dark Target (DT) and Deep Blue (DB) algorithms to select features for the machine-learning (ML) algorithm, allowing for AOD retrieval at 550 nm over both dark and bright surfaces. The algorithm consists of two steps: ① A baseline deep neural network (DNN) with skip connections is developed using 10 min Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) AODs as the target variable, and ② sunphotometer AODs from 89 ground-based stations are used to fine-tune the DNN parameters. Out-of-station validation shows that the retrieved AOD attains high accuracy, characterized by a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.70, a mean bias error (MBE) of 0.03, and a percentage of data within the expected error (EE) of 70.7%. A sensitivity study reveals that the top-of-atmosphere reflectance at 650 and 470 nm, as well as the surface reflectance at 650 nm, are the two largest sources of uncertainty impacting the retrieval. In a case study of monitoring an extreme aerosol event, the AGRI AOD is found to be able to capture the detailed temporal evolution of the event. This work demonstrates the superiority of the transfer-learning technique in satellite AOD retrievals and the applicability of the retrieved AGRI AOD in monitoring extreme pollution events.

CNN-based method for chromatic confocal microscopy

In view of the inevitable error problems caused by peak extraction, calibration curve fitting and other essential operations in the traditional data processing of chromatic confocal microscopy (CCM), a regression model based on convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed so that the above necessary operations are no longer required. This CNN-based regression model draws on the core concepts of the AlexNet model and has been moderately customized and optimized to make it more suitable for CCM application scenarios. The proposed method has been validated using a completely homemade CCM apparatus The experimental results showed that the CNN-based method is feasible for the CCM measurement and exhibits better stability and higher axial resolution than traditional methods, indicating that deep learning has good application value in the data processing of CCM.

Inclusion in education: Its bonds and bridges

Social AbstractSocial capital is one of the core concepts in the studies of education. This concept is broadly used in relation to inclusion. At the same time, the analysis of social capital of parents of children enrolled in mainstream schools in post-socialist countries is still missing in the literature. Based on a survey carried out in Russian mainstream schools in 2020 – 2021 by means of regression analysis with interaction terms and principal component analysis, we attempt to fill in this gap by examining and comparing social capital types among the parents of children with and without special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). On the one hand, the parents of a child with SEND have limited access to social capital resources. On the other hand, the level of structural social capital is higher for this group of parents as compared with those who have a child without SEND. This indicates that parents of children with SEND seek to interact with other parents more often than parents of children without SEND and are more actively involved in activities of public organizations and associations. When school policies prove to be more accessible and inclusive, parents of children with SEND decrease their bonding and increase bridging ties. This study outlines the main challenges of acquiring the social capital in post-socialist cultural and political context and formulates recommendations on how to facilitate social capital of families of children with SEND.

Parallel-swath-array analysis of passive source surface waves based on beamforming

The detection of mined-out coal area remains a pivotal subject in geophysical prospecting and presents an urgent issue requiring resolution. A refined and effective approach to tackle this challenge involves conducting dispersion analysis on passive surface waves, which are derived from ambient noises. While classical passive surface wave methods, such as the Spatial Autocorrelation Method (SPAC), rely on spatial and time domain stationary assumptions, these can be difficult to fulfill. This is especially true when using ambient noises with frequencies >1 Hz, leading to a growing disparity between basic assumptions and actual scenario. To reduce this discrepancy, it's crucial to account for the non-stationary features of noise sources. In this study, we introduce a pioneering approach for parallel-swath-array analysis of passive source surface waves based on beamforming, making full use of non-stationary ambient noises. The parallel-swath array allows for efficient data collection and high-density spatial observation. The method's core concept involves: 1) The collection of noise data by a 2-D array arranged in three parallel lines; 2) The use of a plane-wave basis function to directly scan the original noise records in a time-segment mode within the time domain. These are conducive to unveil the azimuths and time-variant characteristics of the noise sources, resulting in accurate surface wave dispersion information. To ascertain the feasibility and effectiveness of this innovative method, we simulated passive surface wave records for a geological model, accommodating both time-invariant and time-variant distribution of noise sources. The results demonstrate that the method successfully reveals the time-invariant or time-variant characteristics of noise sources and the associated surface wave dispersion information. Simultaneously, we employ the preprocessed steepest-descent (PSD) algorithm to invert the dispersion curves, and the low-velocity layer in the numerical tests can be clearly revealed. In conclusion, we deployed this method in a coal mine situated in Northern China, which encompasses abandoned mined-out areas. This procedure effectively disclosed the intricate azimuthal properties of the noise sources, yielding high-resolution dispersion images. The inversion outcomes depicted a 2-D S-wave velocity section plunging to a depth of 60 m. By interpreting the low-velocity features of the mined-out area, we can accurately delineate its boundaries. The results of the interpretation align coherently with the findings from the drilling data, to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of parallel-swath-array analysis of passive source surface waves based on beamforming in detecting coal mined-out area under non-stationary ambient noises.

Global sociology and its discontents

AbstractSociology emerged in the course of Western modernization; its major classical-era statements are preoccupied with modernity and its impact on national societies. After decolonization, ‘Third World’ modernization paved the way for the notion of globalization. The sociology of globalization is a current specialty within US and European sociological associations. The promise of global sociology has been on the agenda of the International Sociological Association since at least 1990. At a deeper level, global sociology requires un-thinking the role of core concepts such as modernity or religion or society vis-à-vis their Western origins. Global Studies and post-colonial sociology, two of the most widely known research fields claiming global intent, are examined with respect to whether they provide adequate conceptual resources for global sociology. While the research agendas of both offer promising insights, inquiry suggests that both suffer from important drawbacks. The sociological tradition is now facing an impasse; fragmentation may persist, but other possibilities also exist. No grand solution is perhaps possible. A truly global sociology may eventually emerge from the original interpretations that develop from non-Western historical paths.

Experimental Investigation of Novel Configuration of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a technology that harnesses the power of compressed air to store energy for future use. However, a drawback of compressed air energy storage lies in the relatively inefficient nature of the expanders used. To tackle this challenge, a novel configuration is proposed and thoroughly investigated through experimentation. The core concept of the system revolves around introducing compressed air into a water-filled cylinder, which then propels an oscillating mass back and forth. Magnets, generating a magnetic field, are strategically positioned around the cylinder. As the oscillating mass moves to and fro inside the main cylinder, it triggers specific valves at predetermined intervals, resulting in the generation of voltage. The peak voltage produced is used to calculate the power output and efficiency of the system. The calculated electrical power efficiency of the proposed configuration is determined to be 5.33%. This relatively low efficiency can primarily be attributed to the lower frequency of oscillations and the presence of resistance effects. However, the results also indicate that when considering mechanical efficiency, the concept achieves a significantly higher value of 52.14%. This finding suggests that the configuration holds greater potential for sustainable mechanical output. While this mechanism demonstrates promising capabilities as an air expander, the induction of voltage through this method proves to be inefficient for energy utilization.

Assessing physical literacy with school-aged children in occupational therapy practice: An exploratory qualitative study

Introduction: Physical literacy (the physical, psychological, social and cognitive capacities needed for movement and physical activity) is arguably important to occupational therapy yet is not explicit within current practice. This study aimed to understand how occupational therapists can engage with the physical literacy concept. Method: Eight paediatric occupational therapists were recruited by purposive sampling. Participants completed up to three semi-structured interviews to understand perspectives on physical literacy, introduce a novel pictorial assessment and to seek feedback on the assessment after trialling. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Sixteen interviews were conducted. Four themes were identified: ‘Foreign tongue’ (occupational therapists have an understanding of physical literacy but used different terminology); ‘Sounds very OT oriented’ (illustrating the connection between physical literacy and occupational therapy); ‘We need the child’s voice’ (measure highlights the child’s perspective); and ‘Contemporary, useful BUT not for all’ (measure had utility for some children but was dependant on child’s condition). Conclusion: Occupational therapists can apply the physical literacy construct to traditional models and core concepts. The assessment can be used in paediatric occupational therapy practice supported by clinical reasoning, although future tool iterations may need to accommodate some children with disability.

An Event-Centric Knowledge Graph Approach for Public Administration as an Enabler for Data Analytics

In a continuously evolving environment, organizations, including public administrations, need to quickly adapt to change and make decisions in real-time. This requires having a real-time understanding of their context that can be achieved by adopting an event-native mindset in data management which focuses on the dynamics of change compared to the state-based traditional approaches. In this context, this paper proposes the adoption of an event-centric knowledge graph approach for the holistic data management of all data repositories in public administration. Towards this direction, the paper proposes an event-centric knowledge graph model for the domain of public administration that captures these dynamics considering events as first-class entities for knowledge representation. The development of the model is based on a state-of-the-art analysis of existing event-centric knowledge graph models that led to the identification of core concepts related to event representation, on a state-of-the-art analysis of existing public administration models that identified the core entities of the domain, and on a theoretical analysis of concepts related to events, public services, and effective public administration in order to outline the context and identify the domain-specific needs for event modeling. Further, the paper applies the model in the context of Greek public administration in order to validate it and showcase the possibilities that arise. The results show that the adoption of event-centric knowledge graph approaches for data management in public administration can facilitate data analytics, continuous integration, and the provision of a 360-degree-view of end-users. We anticipate that the proposed approach will also facilitate real-time decision-making, continuous intelligence, and ubiquitous AI.

Differences in Psychological Inflexibility Among Men With Erectile Dysfunction Younger and Older Than 40 Years: Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Psychological inflexibility is a core concept of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), which is a comprehensive, transdiagnostic interpretation of mental health symptoms. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition that affects male sexual performance, involving the inability to achieve and maintain a penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity. Psychosocial factors primarily influence ED in men younger than 40 years, whereas biological factors are more likely to be the underlying cause in older men. This web-based cross-sectional study examined differences in depression, anxiety, and psychological inflexibility among men with ED younger and older than 40 years in a Japanese population. We used a web-based survey to gather data from various community samples. ED was assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire, while depression, anxiety, and psychological inflexibility were evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ), and Valuing Questionnaire-Obstacle Subscale (VQ-OB) questionnaires. The chi-square test estimated the scores of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 among men with ED, comparing those younger than 40 years and those older than 40 years. Additionally, a two-way ANOVA was conducted with ED severity and age group as independent variables, assessing psychological inflexibility. Valid responses from 643 individuals (mean age 36.19, SD 7.54 years) were obtained. Of these, 422 were younger than 40 years (mean age 31.76, SD 5.00 years), and 221 were older than 40 years (mean age 44.67, SD 2.88 years). There was a statistical difference in the prevalence of depression as judged by PHQ≥10 between men with ED younger and older than 40 years (P<.001). On the other hand, there was no difference in the prevalence of anxiety as judged by GAD≥10 (P=.12). The two-way ANOVA revealed that the interactions for CFQ (P=.04) and VQ-OB (P=.01) were significant. The simple main effect was that men with ED younger than 40 years had significantly higher CFQ (P=.01; d=0.62) and VQ-OB (P<.001; d=0.87) scores compared to those older than 40 years in moderate ED and severe ED. Additionally, it was found that men younger than 40 years with moderate to severe ED had significantly higher CFQ (P=.01; d=0.42) and VQ-OB (P=.02; d=0.38) scores compared to men younger than 40 years without ED. On the other hand, no interaction was found for AAQ-II (P=.16) scores. To the best of our knowledge, this web-based cross-sectional study is the first to examine the relationship between psychological inflexibility and ED. We conclude that men with moderate and severe ED younger than 40 years have higher psychological inflexibility and might be eligible for ACT.

Reflecting on the conceptual core and developing a short version of international posture

International posture (IP) is a construct postulated by Yashima (2002) to capture attitudes toward international communities, including readiness to approach and communicate with intercultural partners, interest in international affairs, and willingness to go overseas to stay and work, which are believed to relate to L2 learning motivation. A recent comprehensive review of 66 studies by Botes et al. (2020) identified IP's usefulness and raised certain issues. To address these concerns, this study aims to develop a short version of IP, while maintaining the conceptual core of the original construct, namely: a) Focusing on motivation to learn an L2 as a lingua franca without a clear target population to identify with; b) Addressing both integrative and instrumental motives to learn an L2 that can coexist in learners; and c) Capturing multiple dimensions that comprise the overarching concept of IP. We report the process of developing a 10-item short version of IP with exploratory factor analyses, validation of item selection, and confirmatory factor analyses of the 10 selected items, which show the same structures as the original longer version. Subsequently, correlations as well as structural equation modeling procedures confirmed the nomological position and construct validity of the short scale vis-à-vis motivation-related constructs.