Core Alignment Research Articles

Philosophical Investigations into AI Alignment: A Wittgensteinian Framework

We argue that the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language and mathematics, substantially focused on rule-following, is relevant to understand and improve on the Artificial Intelligence (AI) alignment problem: his discussions on the categories that influence alignment between humans can inform about the categories that should be controlled to improve on the alignment problem when creating large data sets to be used by supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms, as well as when introducing hard coded guardrails for AI models. We cast these considerations in a model of human–human and human–machine alignment and sketch basic alignment strategies based on these categories and further reflections on rule-following like the notion of meaning as use. To sustain the validity of these considerations, we also show that successful techniques employed by AI safety researchers to better align new AI systems with our human goals are congruent with the stipulations that we derive from the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy. However, their application may benefit from the added specificities and stipulations of our framework: it extends on the current efforts and provides further, specific AI alignment techniques. Thus, we argue that the categories of the model and the core alignment strategies presented in this work can inform further AI alignment techniques.

A Study of Sleep Time Alignment of CPU Cores for Power Saving

A Study of Sleep Time Alignment of CPU Cores for Power Saving

Listeria monocytogenes, a silent foodborne pathogen in Ecuador.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can produce serious, even fatal, infections. Among other foods, it can be found in unpasteurized dairy and ready-to-eat products. Surveillance of L. monocytogenes is of great interest since sources of infection are difficult to determine due to the long incubation period, and because the symptoms of listeriosis are similar to other diseases. We performed a genomic study of L. monocytogenes isolated from fresh cheeses and clinical samples from Ecuador. Sixty-five isolates were evaluated and sequenced, 14 isolates from cheese samples and 20 from clinical listeriosis cases from the National Institute of National Institute of Public Health Research, and 31 isolates from artisanal cheese samples from 8 provinces. All isolates exhibited heterogeneous patterns of the presence of pathogenicity islands. All isolates exhibited at least 4 genes from LIPI-1, but all references (26 L. monocytogenes closed genomes available in the NCBI database) showed the complete island, which encompasses 5 genes but is present in only two Ecuadorian isolates. Most isolates lacked gene actA. Genes from LIPI-2 were absent in all isolates. LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 were present in only a few references and isolates. With respect to the stress survival islets, our samples either presented SSI-1 or SSI-F2365, except for one isolate that presented SSI-F2365 and also one gene from SSI-1. None of the samples presented SSI-2. The predominant ST (sequence type) was ST2 (84.62% 55/65), and the only ST found in food (93.33% 42/45) and clinical samples (65% 13/20). Isolates were not grouped according to their sampling origin, date, or place in a phylogenetic tree obtained from the core alignment. The presence of ST2 in food and clinical samples, with high genomic similarity, suggests a foodborne infection risk linked to the consumption of fresh cheeses in Ecuador.

Optical Fiber Alignment Aid with Image Processing on FPGA-based System

This paper introduces an innovative and efficient solution for achieving precise optical fiber alignment in fiber optic splicing applications. By harnessing the capabilities of FPGA-based real-time image processing, the system surpasses the required frame rate of 20 frames per second, ensuring swift and accurate alignment. With a verified resolution of approximately 1 pixel per µm, the system offers high precision suitable for various applications. Through advanced image processing techniques, the system calculates precise correction values for each frame, resulting in fast and accurate alignment of fiber cores and cladding. This unique feature enhances performance and adaptability, leading to substantial reduction in splice wastage. By integrating motorized alignment stages and guided machine vision, the system provides a robust and automated approach to fiber optic alignment. The FPGA-driven stepper motors enable precise and controlled fiber movements with micrometer-level step resolutions. The calculated correction factors effectively guide the alignment process, with deviations from actual results impressively low – a maximum of 12 µm in the Y correction factor and 7 µm in the X correction factor. This reliability makes the system a crucial component in any optical fiber splicing machine. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the ability to handle specialty fiber alignment contributes significantly to cost-effective manufacturing of fiber optic components and modules. By ensuring precise and optimal fiber alignment, the system mitigates signal loss, leading to improved performance and reduced production costs.

High transport Jc in 7-filament Cu/Ag sheathed Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 tapes manufactured by ambient pressure sintering

In regard to iron-based superconductors (IBS), the multi-filament Cu/Ag composite sheathed Ba-122 tape is particularly attractive for industrial high-field applications owing to its prominent properties. By a cost-effective and scalable way, ambient pressure sintering, a high transport critical current density (Jc) of 7-filament Cu/Ag sheathed Ba-122 tapes reached 4.5 × 104 A cm−2 at 4.2 K and 10 T, whose corresponding engineering critical current density (Je) has achieved to 104 A cm−2. An optimized powder-in-tube (PIT) method was adopted aiming at overcoming the difficulty of ambient pressure sintering to obtain high-density superconducting core and grain alignment. Improvements in the manufacturing process, such as drawing without intermediate annealing and rolling from larger initial diameter to thinner tapes, have resulted in high grain connectivity and good c-axis texture, which are the major factors contributing to high Jc. Our results demonstrate that the ambient pressure sintering process is a viable method to fabricate long-length multifilamentary Cu/Ag composite sheathed IBS tapes with high Jc for practical high-field applications.

A modernised ECT reflecting EU values and objectives: a multilateral framework promoting energy investment in a sustainable way?

In recent years, the Energy Charter Treaty has come under immense scrutiny and criticism for allegedly protecting the fossil fuel industry and undercutting sovereignty. As a key stakeholder in the modernisation process, the EU has been determined to reform the investment protection standards and the investor–state dispute settlement mechanism to include new provisions on sustainable development and climate change. However, after three years of protracted negotiations, the proposed reform of the Energy Charter Treaty needs to appropriately address the escalating global challenges regarding climate action and sustainable development. With member states such as Poland, Spain and the Netherlands announcing their intention to withdraw, the future of the Charter is hanging in the balance. This article focuses on the modernisation of the Energy Charter Treaty and whether the reformed Charter is fit for purpose, from an EU perspective, to address the impacts of climate change. In the absence of meeting core EU objectives and alignment with the Paris Agreement, this article questions whether the EU can deviate from the only multilateral framework in the energy sector to address the EU’s climate policy goals. The extent to which the Charter is capable of a new lease of life, moving from the ashes of the Cold War as an instrument facilitating investment protection to a green treaty promoting sustainable development and climate change, remains to be seen.

Impact of Assimilating Adaptively Thinned AIRS Cloud-Cleared Radiances on the Analysis of Polar Lows and Mediterranean Sea Tropical-Like Cyclone in a Global Modeling and Data Assimilation Framework

Abstract Polar lows, and mesoscale convective cyclones bearing resemblance to tropical cyclones but originating outside of the tropics, are storms that are challenging to represent accurately in global analyses and models because of their small size, rapid growth at subsynoptic scales, occurrence in data poor oceanic regions, and difficulties in objectively validating them in analysis. Building on previous positive results obtained with respect to the representation of tropical cyclones (TCs) in a global model, a set of observing system experiments (OSEs) performed using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS, version 5) are investigated, focusing on three case studies—a polar low in the Sea of Okhotsk, a polar low in the Southern Ocean, and a Mediterranean Sea tropical-like cyclone that occurred during the boreal fall season of 2014. Experiments assimilating adaptively thinned cloud-cleared hyperspectral infrared radiances from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on board the NASA Aqua satellite, with higher density in the vicinity of each storm and its pre-cyclogenesis environment, and lower density elsewhere, demonstrate a positive impact on the analyzed representation of each storm. The adaptive thinning experiments improve the storm intensity and structure, including vertical alignment, depth, symmetry, strength, and compactness of warm core compared to the reference experiments. The results suggest that jet-level processes associated with extremely strong horizontal velocity gradients as represented in the model analysis can be useful to locate dynamically active regions of the extratropical atmosphere where denser data coverage is likely to improve the analyzed representation of polar lows and other similar marine mesoscale convective cyclones. Significance Statement Extratropical maritime mesoscale convective cyclones are short-lived, elusive features that are difficult to represent accurately in global analyses. Previous work by this team demonstrated a positive impact of an adaptive thinning methodology for infrared radiances applied to the tropical cyclone (TC) analysis. The methodology allows a relatively greater volume of radiance data to be assimilated around TCs within a TC-centered moving domain in a global model, yielding an improvement in TC structure and intensity forecast. A similar approach is explored here for two polar lows and a Mediterranean Sea tropical-like cyclone, wherein infrared radiances are more densely assimilated in the vicinity of each storm and its pre-cyclogenesis environment, resulting in a positive impact on the representation of the storm. Strong jet-level horizontal velocity gradients appear to precede each storm, and could be used to automate the adaptive thinning strategy in the future.

Validation of Calibrated Model Parameters for Jet-in-Crossflow

Previous efforts determined a set of calibrated, optimal model parameter values for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations of a compressible jet in crossflow (JIC) using a turbulence model. These parameters were derived by comparing simulation results to particle image velocimetry (PIV) data of a complementary JIC experiment under a limited set of flow conditions. Here, a model using both nominal and calibrated parameters is validated against PIV data acquired from a much wider variety of JIC cases, including a realistic flight vehicle. The results from the simulations using the calibrated model parameters showed considerable improvements over those using the nominal values, even for cases that were not used in the calibration procedure that defined the optimal parameters. This improvement is demonstrated using a number of quality metrics that test the spatial alignment of the jet core, the magnitudes of multiple flow variables, and the location and strengths of vortices in the counter-rotating vortex cores on the PIV planes. These results suggest that the calibrated parameters have applicability well outside the specific flow case used in defining them and that with the right model parameters, RANS solutions for the JIC can be improved significantly over those obtained from the nominal model.

Analyzing 500,000 TeachersPayTeachers.com Lesson Descriptions Shows Focus on K-5 and Lack of Common Core Alignment

TeachersPayTeachers.com (TpT) is the largest online teacher resource exchange, boasting over 3 million materials and over 1 billion downloads of those materials and not enough is known about the kinds of materials teachers access through TpT. We used web-scraping, cluster analysis, and natural language processing to break down the pre-pandemic TpT marketplace of over 500,000 resources along dimensions of grade level, content focus, resource type, cost, authorship, and ratings. We also relate the features we observe to the number of ratings received, offering a glimpse into the factors that may predict teachers’ use of these materials. We draw three main conclusions from this work: First, TpT predominantly serves elementary school grades; second, Common Core standards, while present, are not a focal point of most content; and third, close to 70% of material is characterized as being a “printable” or an “activity,” which suggest direct pedagogical values. We discuss the implications of this work and suggest that TpT suffers from pitfalls associated with being a market-based platform that is not bound by the need to adhere to sound learning theory or best pedagogical practices.

ERANET JTC 2011: Submission and Activation of an International Academic Translational Project in Advanced Breast Cancer. Experience From the ET-FES Study.

Background: Academic research is important to face unmet medical needs. The Oncological community encounters many hurdles in setting up multicenter investigator-driven trials mainly due to administrative complexity. The purpose of a network organization at a multinational level is to facilitate clinical trials through standardization, coordination, and education for drug development and regulatory approval.Methods: The application of an European grant foresees the creation of a consortium which aims at facilitating multi-center academic clinical trials.Results: The ERA-NET TRANSCAN Call 2011 on “Validation of biomarkers for personalized cancer medicine” was released on December 2011. This project included Italian, Spanish, French and German centers. The approval process included Consortium constitution, project submission, Clinical Trial Submission, and activation on a national level. The different timescales for submitting study documents in each Country and the misalignment of objections by each Competent Authority CA, generated several requests for changes to the study documents which meant amendments had to be made; as requested by the 2001/20/EC Directive, the alignment of core documents is mandatory. This procedure impacted significantly on study activation timelines. Time to first patient in was 14, 10, 28, and 31 months from the date of submission in Italy, France, Spain, and Germany, respectively. Accrual was stopped on 22nd January 2021 due to an 18F FES shortage as the primary reason but also for having exceeded the project deadlines with consequent exhaustion of the funds allocated for the project.Conclusions: Pharmaceutical companies might be reluctant to fund research projects aimed at treatment individualization if the approval for a wider indication has already been achieved. Academic trials therefore become fundamental for promoting trials which are not attractive to big pharma. It was very difficult and time consuming to activate an academic clinical trial, for this reason, a study may become “old” as new drugs entered into the market. National institutions should promote the development of clinical research infrastructures and network with competence in regulatory, ethical, and legal skills to speed up academic research.

Rational design of colloidal AgGaS2/CdSeS core/shell quantum dots for solar energy conversion and light detection

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) with core/shell architecture can offer tailored electronic and optical properties which are promising for various optoelectronic applications. Here, we report the growth of multifunctional AgGaS 2 (AGS)/CdSeS core/shell QDs via a simple two-step synthetic method. In comparison to the bare AGS QDs, as-synthesized core/shell QDs revealed enhanced visible light absorption, red-shifted emission and prolonged exciton lifetime, demonstrating the type II band alignment of the AGS core and CdSeS shell structure for improved charge separation/transfer, as further verified by the measured ultrafast carrier dynamics. The heterostructured core/shell QDs were used to fabricate both the photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells and photodetectors for efficient solar energy conversion and light detection, showing a maximum photocurrent density of ~4.8 mA/cm 2 under visible light irradiation and a detectivity of 3.3 × 10 10 Jones under wavelength of 510 nm, respectively. These findings indicate that the rational design of core/shell architecture is promising to tailor the optoelectronic properties and band structure of QDs for versatile and high-performance optoelectronic applications. A new type of colloidal AgGaS 2 (AGS)/CdSeS core/shell QDs are developed, showing improved visible light absorption, red-shifted emission and extended exciton lifetime as compared to pristine AGS core QDs. The tailored optical properties of such core/shell QDs demonstrate a type II band structure with efficient charge separation and transfer, resulting in high-efficiency QDs-based solar energy conversion and light detection applications. • AgGaS 2 (AGS)/CdSeS core/shell QDs were prepared by a two-step synthetic approach. • CdSeS shell coating enabled largely improved visible optical properties of AGS QDs. • Ultrafast TA spectroscopy was used to uncover the detailed charge dynamics in QDs. • The core/shell QDs were successfully applied in PEC cells and photodetectors.

Molecular potential anisotropy probed by electron rescattering in strong-field ionization of molecules

One of the main differences between rescattering following laser-induced ionization of atoms and molecules and electron-ion collisions performed with electron beams is the quivering dynamics of the electron around the ionic site in laser experiments. This report is aimed at probing the effect of the anisotropic potential of linear and symmetric molecular ions on the departing electron following tunnel ionization and rescattering by an intense femtosecond laser field at $0.8\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and ${10}^{14}{\phantom{\rule{3.33333pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{Wcm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The laser excitation conditions are chosen so that the maximum collision energy remains of the order of 20 eV. In the energy range where rescattering is significant, the angular widths of the photoelectron angle-resolved energy spectra are found to be significantly larger for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and ${\phantom{\rule{3.33333pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules aligned perpendicularly to the laser polarization than the angular widths of angle-resolved energy spectra recorded in parallel alignment, although ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and ${\phantom{\rule{3.33333pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ obey opposite tunnel ionization dynamics with respect to alignment. In the associated collision energy and angle ranges where this effect is observed, the lowest values of the impact parameter are less than one atomic unit. It is conjectured that the approach of the quivering departing electron may be sufficient for its trajectories to be dependent on the molecular ion core alignment, i.e., the anisotropic molecular potential.

Transdermal microneedles for the programmable burst release of multiple vaccine payloads.

Repeated bolus injections are associated with higher costs and poor compliance and can hinder the implementation of global immunization campaigns. Here, we report the development and preclinical testing of patches of transdermal core-shell microneedles-which were fabricated by the micromoulding and alignment of vaccine cores and shells made from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) with varying degradability kinetics-for the preprogrammed burst release of vaccine payloads over a period of a few days to more than a month from a single administration. In rats, microneedles loaded with a clinically available vaccine (Prevnar-13) against the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae induced immune responses that were similar to immune responses observed after multiple subcutaneous bolus injections, and led to immune protection against a lethal bacterial dose. Microneedle patches delivering preprogrammed doses may offer an alternative strategy to prophylactic and therapeutic protocols that require multiple injections.

Furtherance in Splicing Technique of Optical Fiber Communication

The improvement in technology over long distance communication using optical fiber has been regulated over past few decades, and it took drastic enhancement in one of the major parameter for joining two OFC cable (splicing). The different experiments performed in order to bring about the result that can give nearly 0dB splice loss when there is shifting of entire set up of Optical Fiber Communication. The splicing loss is created by the joining of two SMF using fiber optic fusion splicing. The objective of this paper is to determine the low splice loss in joining two single mode or multimode optical fiber, such that long distance communication that required multiple infrastructure assembly for its operational unit can be made relocatable as there is large investment and material and electronic circuitry is associated to it. Therefore to reduce that cost we have sets of analysis that splicing loss can be reduced to 0dB for SMFSMF end face connection or at least no improvement in splice losses while relocation of OFC infrastructure from one place to other place as the result of the tested experiment. Based on experiment conducted we came to conclusion that with essential requirements for establishing a low-loss and high-speed communication line using optical fibers, the need for quality of splicing technology along with perfect core alignment angle is required to reduce splice loss, such that the infrastructure can be shifted to many different location without any additional cost of new material and new resources. The exact measurement of splice loss can be insured by another set of formula which we came across during the experimental performance.

Core/Shell Quantum Dots Solar Cells

AbstractSemiconductor nanocrystals, the so‐called quantum dots (QDs), exhibit versatile optical and electrical properties. However, QDs possess high density of surface defects/traps due to the high surface‐to‐volume ratio, which act as nonradiative carrier recombination centers within the QDs, thereby deteriorating the overall solar cell performance. The surface passivation of QDs through the growth of an outer shell of different materials/compositions called “core/shell QDs” has proven to be an effective approach to reduce the surface defects and confinement potential, which can enable the broadening of the absorption spectrum, accelerate the carrier transfer, and reduce exciton recombination loss. Here, the recent research developments in the tailoring of the structure of core/shell QDs to tune exciton dynamics so as to improve solar cell performance are summarized. The role of band alignment of core and shell materials, core size, shell thickness/compositions, and interface engineering of core/thick shell called “giant” QDs on electron–hole spatial separation, carrier transport, and confinement potential, before and after grafting on the carrier scavengers (semiconductor/electrolyte), is described. Then, the solar cell performance based on core/shell QDs is introduced. Finally, an outlook for the rational design of core/shell QDs is provided, which can further promote the development of high‐efficiency and stable QD sensitized solar cells.

Effect of grain size of the precursor powder on the plastic deformation and the current carrying capacity of Bi-2212 wires

In the past two years, the record of current carrying capacity of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) wire has been broken many times by using improved powder, which shows that the precursor powder plays an important role in the preparation of Bi-2212 wire. In order to improve the quality of Bi-2212 precursor powder, this paper explored the effect of the grain size of the precursor powder on the uniformity of the plastic deformation of the wire, the grain alignment of the superconducting cores and the current carrying capacity of the wire. It was found that the plate-like large-grain precursor powder had the obvious bridging effect, which effectively prevented the Ag sheath of single-core wires from expanding freely inward, so that the single-core Bi-2212 wires with smooth Ag/oxide interface could be obtained. In addition, the precursor powder with the large plate-like grain size also had excellent slippage performance, resulting in the improving of the plastic deformation properties of multi-core wires. It could reduce the core breakage rate of multi-core Bi-2212 wire, and further improved the smoothness of Ag/oxide interface and the grain alignment of Bi-2212 cores. Under the combined action of the above two aspects, multi-core Bi-2212 wire with the uniform cores, orderly superconducting grains and low core breakage rate were prepared by large-grain precursor powder. The current carrying capacity of the final Bi-2212 wire was increased by more than 15%.

Core position alignment in polymer optical waveguides fabricated using the Mosquito method.

We fabricate multimode polymer optical waveguides with circular graded-index (GI) cores which are aligned in parallel at desired positions using the Mosquito method. In the Mosquito method, three-dimensional wiring patterns can be formed with a simple process. However, the core position is likely to deviate from the designed position because of multiple fabrication factors. Hence, in this paper, the dominant parameters to influence on the core height in the cladding are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In particular, a linear relationship between the core height and the needle-tip height is confirmed with theoretical fluid analysis. Using this relationship, we succeeded in fabricating a waveguide in which the maximum variation of the core height from the designed value is controlled to be less than 10 µm.

Phosphine-Free, Highly Emissive, Water-Soluble Mn:ZnSe/ZnS Core–Shell Nanorods: Synthesis, Characterization, and in Vitro Bioimaging of HEK293 and HeLa Cells

Phosphine-free, highly luminescent one-dimensional Mn2+ ion-doped ZnSe(core)/ZnS(shell) nanorods (NRs) were synthesized by heating-up method (core) followed by hot injection route (shell). Effect of Mn2+ doping and shell thickness on structural and optical properties is reported. The NRs were formed with wurtzite-structured Mn:ZnSe core (diameter 2.52 nm) encapsulated epitaxially by a wurtzite-structured ZnS shell (thickness of 3.51 nm) with 3.1% lattice mismatch that alters the band alignment of the overall core–shell structure. A redshift was observed in optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) emission due to an overall size increase with increasing shell thickness. Because of the reduction of defects/traps by surface passivation, the maximum photoluminescence quantum yield (QY) was obtained to be 49.35%. The exciton radiative lifetime for the core–shell NRs (1.678 ms) was more prolonged than that of the core (0.573 ms). A clear dependence of QY and lifetime was established on the Mn2+ content and...

Robust image authentication via locality sensitive hashing with core alignment

Robust image hashing is a promising technique to represent image’s perceptual content. However, when it comes to image authentication, tradeoff between robustness and discrimination is a non-negligible issue. The allowed content preserving operations and sensitive malicious manipulations on images are quite subjective to human’s perception. So it needs tactics to design good hashing methods. In this paper we incorporate the novel concept of core alignment into hashing, where the proposed core alignment improves the performances of balance. First, we formulize the hashing as a supervised minimal optimization problem based on Locality Sensitive Hashing, in which p-stable distribution is exploited to maintain high dimensional locality features. Then we solve this problem by two sub-optimization problems, i.e., searching for optimal shift and searching for optimal quantization intervals. By using particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing programming approaches we develop two stochastic solutions to those two problems, respectively. Experimental results show that our proposed hashing optimizations can find optimal solutions with limited steps, and the hashing method is superior to other state-of-the-art methods in terms of authentication and robustness.

Speeding Up Large-Scale Next Generation Sequencing Data Analysis with pBWA

Newly available DNA sequencing technologies can generate billions of DNA sequences in a single machine run, making it feasible to obtain an individual’s entire genome sequences very quickly and at a very affordable cost. These personal genome sequences can be used to identify genetic variations associated with variable traits, but they must first be aligned to a reference genome sequence using computer algorithms that make use of approximate string matching methods. The process of aligning a very large number of short sequence reads is computationally expensive and has led to the development of many sequence mapping programs. While new software, such as BWA, SOAP2, and Bowtie, efficiently align large numbers of short DNA sequences, we proposed that parallel computing would provide additional speedup in data processing to accommodate the rapidly increasing sequencing throughput. For this purpose, we developed pBWA, an efficient parallel version of BWA, based on the Open MPI library. pBWA retains the multi-threading capability provided by BWA while adding efficient parallelization for its core alignment functions. We have shown that pBWA’s wall-time speedup is bounded only by the size of the parallel system. pBWA can run in both parallel and multi threaded environments simultaneously, allowing it to be tailored to run on parallel systems of all configurations and sizes. By taking the advantage of high performance computing cluster, the use of pBWA can cut down the computing wall-time for the reference alignment step from weeks to hours for extremely large DNA sequence data. We expect that the availability of pBWA should facilitate the analysis of large-scale genome sequencing data generated by the new generations of sequencing technologies. The source code and detailed user manual of pBWA are freely available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/pbwa.