Cord Blood Of Pregnant Women Research Articles

통영지역 임산부의 생선섭취가 제대혈의 수은 농도에 미치는 영향

어류는 두뇌발달에 중요한 영양소이기도 하지만 신경독인 메틸수은을 함유하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 메틸수은은 임산부가 임신 중에 태아의 두뇌에 치명적인 손상을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 연구자들은 생선소비와 임산부 제대혈 중의 메틸수은 함량을 확인하기 위하여 통영지역 임산부 159명을 대상으로 2010년 10월부터 2011년 3월 사이에 임산부의 생선소비와 제대혈의 수은농도의 관계를 조사하였다. 어류소비 관련자료는 설문조사를 통하여 수집하였고 통계처리는 one way ANOVA 를 이용하였다. 조사에 참여한 임산부의 평균나이는 30.1세이었고 임산부 제대혈의 수은 함량은 0.01-14.80 ppb 범위에 평균 <TEX>$2.69{\pm}2.50ppb$</TEX>이었다. 제대혈의 평균 수은함량은 WHO 기준인 5.0 ppb를 초과하지는 않았지만 159명 중 17명(10.7%)이 WHO 기준을 초과하였다. 연령별로는 30세 이상이 0.01-14.8 ppb 범위, 평균 <TEX>$3.18{\pm}2.74ppb$</TEX>로 29세 이하에서 0-8.00 ppb 범위, 평균 <TEX>$2.04{\pm}2.00ppb$</TEX> 보다 1.6배 높았으며 유의적 차이가 있었다. 이 연구에서 생선섭취가 제대혈의 수은농도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 1주일에 3회 이상 섭취군이 평균 <TEX>$4.15{\pm}4.02ppb$</TEX>로 주 1-2회 섭취군의 <TEX>$2.63{\pm}2.22ppb$</TEX>, 먹지 않는 군의 <TEX>$1.60{\pm}1.44ppb$</TEX> 보다 2.6배와 1.6배 각각 높게 나타났으며 적게 먹는 군과 먹지 않는 군과의 사이에는 유의적 차이가 없었고, 많이 섭취하는 군과는 유의적 차이 (p < 0.05)가 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 제대혈의 수은 농도는 생선섭취량과 관련이 있는 것으로 판단되며 가임기 여성이나 임산부에게 생선섭취를 제한하는 것이 제대혈의 수은 농도를 낮출 수 있고 향후 있을지도 모를 신생아의 신경발달 장애나 뇌 신경학적 손상을 줄일 수 있는 방법이라고 생각되었다. Fish contain both the neurotoxin methyl mercury (MeHg) and nutrients important for brain development. The developing brain appears to be most sensitive to MeHg toxicity and mothers who consume fish during pregnancy expose their fetus prenatally. Although brain development is most dramatic during fetal life, it continues for years postnatally and additional exposure can occur when a mother breast feeds or the child consumes fish. This raises the possibility that MeHg might influence brain. We evaluated the relationship between fish consumption and mercury exposure levels in umbilical cord blood of the pregnant women of the city of Tongyeong city, Korea. A total of 159 pregnant women residing in the city of Tongyeong, Korea were recruited for the study between October 2010 and March 2011. Fish consumption was evaluated using food frequency questionnaires including detailed questions on fish consumption. We used ANOVA to estimated the particular relevance between the frequency of fish consumption and the umbilical cord blood mercury concentration, and other various factors. The average mean concentration of mercury levels in umbilical cord blood of pregnant women who participated in our study were <TEX>$2.69{\pm}2.50ppb$</TEX>, ranging from 0.01 to 14.80 ppb. The mean concentration of umbilical cord blood mercury exposure was lower than the level recommended by WHO (5.0 ppb), but the mercury exposure level exceeded the WHO recommended in 17 (10.7%) cases of umbilical cord blood. Mercury levels in cord blood of pregnant women were <TEX>$2.04{\pm}2.00ppb$</TEX>, ranging from 0 to 8.00 ppb in below 29 years old and <TEX>$3.18{\pm}2.74ppb$</TEX>, ranging from 0.01 to 14.80 ppb in more 30 years old. In this study, there was a significant difference for the frequency of eating fish between the groups (p < 0.01). The level of the groups that ate fish 3 to more times per week (<TEX>$4.15{\pm}4.02ppb$</TEX>) was significant higher as compared with the level of other groups that ate fish 1 to times per week (<TEX>$2.63{\pm}2.22ppb$</TEX>) and none per week (<TEX>$1.06{\pm}1.44ppb$</TEX>), respectively. We found that the mercury concentration of umbilical cord blood associate with fish consumption and this was statistically significant and this fact revels that fish consumption is positively related to mercury levels in the umbilical cord blood. We need systematic and periodic research on the general population to prevent mercury poisoning, which can be cause by low-level mercury exposure from dietary intake such as chronic fish consumption.

Total and methyl mercury in maternal and cord blood of pregnant women in Korea

The level of mercury exposure in pregnant women directly influences the health of fetus. This study was designed to examine the mercury concentration f pregnant women and the main causes of exposure in Korea. Questionnaire information about dietary habit, dental amalgam use, recent vaccination, etc. were asked, and two types of blood; venous and cord blood were sampled from 141 volunteer pregnant women in Seoul and Busan area, Korea. Total mercury (THg) was analyzed from whole samples and methyl mercury (MeHg) from 36 random samples. THg were 1.02–11.53 μg/L, 1.48–15.97 μg/L in vein and cord blood respectively. THg concentration in cord blood was about 150% compared to that in venous blood. MeHg levels of 36 participants were 2.60±1.11 μg/L in venous blood and 4.70±1.97 μg/L in cord blood. It appeared that MeHg were 85% and 91% level of the THg in vein and cord blood of Korean pregnant women respectively. A close relationship was not found between dental amalgam treatments and mercury concentration within recent 6 months. Some participants who had vaccinations showed high concentration of mercury in their blood and cord blood, however without the statistical significance. On the other hand, fish intake was an important factor in mercury level of the pregnant women in Korea. Mercury concentration showed an increasing tendency with the increase of fish intake, which suggests that further studies are needed to investigate the mercury levels in fish. In the mean while, it is recommended to reduce mercury intake in pregnant women.

Simultaneous analysis of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in cord blood plasma by online solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin are the most used insecticides in Taiwan. Exposure to both pesticides has been associated with reproductive and developmental health effects in humans and animals. This study describes an online solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC/HESI/MS/MS) method to analyze chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in cord blood of pregnant women. Calibration curves showed good linearity ( r 2 > 0.998) for both pesticides within the range of 0.1–100 ppb. Limits of detection (LODs) were 0.01 and 0.05 ppb and recoveries in cord blood were 97.2 ± 4.8% and 93.5 ± 9.5% for chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin respectively. After analysis of 396 samples, the mean concentrations of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were 0.38 and 1.08 ppb respectively. These results demonstrate that LC/HESI/MS/MS is effective for the simultaneous analysis of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in cord blood with excellent sensitivity and specificity and may also be effective for high throughput assay in future epidemiology studies.