Corcyra Cephalonica Research Articles

Biometric studies of <em>Corcyra cephalonica</em> (Stainton) at different temperature levels

The observed progression factors for larval head capsule width, body length, body width and body weight at 20 0C temperature were 1.05, 1.25, 0.97, and 1.32, respectively. The corresponding values at 25 0C, 30 0C and 35 0C temperature were (1.16, 1.40, 0.99 and 1.38), (1.23, 1.38, 0.99, and 1.37) and (1.16, 1.25, 0.99 and 1.48), respectively.

Development of rice moth Corcyra cephalonica on sorghum based growth media

Laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the life cycle of rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) on sorghum grains based growth media. Life parameters viz., larval, pupal and total developmental period, adult emergence and sex ratio were evaluated. The larval period was the shortest in first and third instars and longest in sixth instar. The adult emergence observed was 56.66% with 49.99% female moths.

In vivo and in vitro culturing and virulence of Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema glaseri

The comparative virulence of Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema glaseri multiplied in vivo and in vitro is evaluated on Corcyra cephalonica in this study. The results reveal that in vivo mass multiplied nematodes caused the least LC50 (15.83 IJ/larva) and LT50 (34.08 h/larva). Among in vivo and in vitro, invivo one was superior.

Qualitative Determination, Quantitative Evaluation and Comparative Insecticidal Potential of Ruta Graveolens Essential Oil and Its Major Constituents in the Management of Two Stored Pests Sitophilus Zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) And Corcyra Cephalon

Eco-chemical control based on essential oil mediated plant-insect interactions is an alternative method to the unsystematic use of insecticides, due to advanced structural diversity and allelopathic potential of essential oils. In this sense, present work was aimed at qualitative and quantitative investigation of chemical composition and the evaluation of insecticidal activities of Ruta graveolens essential oil and its major constituents against Sitophilus zeamais and Corcyra cephalonica in stored maize. Fresh leaves were subjected to hydrodistillaton and the chemical composition of oil was studied. Essential oil and its major constituents were then assessed for their allelopathic activity on test insects. Fifty components were identified, where long chain aliphatic 2-methyl ketones predominated the oil as major constituents. Results revealed strong concentration-, insect species- and time-dependent toxicities, in which oil caused 100 % mortalities at concentrations of 1.52 and 0.46 µL/cm2 against S. zeamais and C. cephalonica respectively after 24 hours of exposure. In aliphatic 2-methyl ketone series, respective congeners having odd and even number of carbon atoms were more effective on S. zeamais and C. cephalonica. These findings provide a scientific basis for the eco-potential of using essential oil of R. graveolens and its major constituents in integrated insect pest management programs.

First report on biodegradation of low density polyethylene by rice moth larvae, Corcyra cephalonica (stainton)

Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), rice moth larvae were used for biodegradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE). The role of larval gut microorganisms in LDPE biodegradation was studied by force feeding the larvae with a cocktail of antibiotic solution. After force feeding, the larvae were left in contact with LDPE films. Larvae which were unfed with antibiotic solution were used as controls. Degradation rate was checked by measuring the weight loss after 20 day period of contact with LDPE films in insect rearing bottles. The DNA of both antibiotic fed and unfed larvae was isolated. There was no DNA band of antibiotic fed larvae which indicated the gut microorganisms were eliminated. Larvae fed with antibiotic digested 21 % and those which were unfed with antibiotic showed 25 % weight loss of LDPE films. We report the gut microorganisms were not solely responsible for biodegradation of LDPE. The digestive enzymes could also play a major role in digesting the plastic in insect’s gut.

INSECTICIDAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM (L.) MERRILL AND PERRY

The present study was designed to appraise the insecticidal and antibacterial potential of Clove, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) against some laboratory hosts and Escherichia coli respectively. The phytochemicals constituents were extracted with two solvents methanol and acetone. The result of the phytochemical analysis revealed that methanol extract has alkaloids, steroids, tannins, saponins, flavonids, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds and aromatic acids but in acetone extract all the constituents are similar as methanolic extract except aromatic acids. Results of the repellent activity observed against Tribolium castaneum and Corcyra cephalonica implies that silver based nanoparticles from methanol extract of 1% concentration showed maximum repellent activity of 71% against T.castaneum. Antibacterial efficacy of clove extracts tested against Gram negative bacterium E. coli revealed that 1% of methanolic extract of clove is found to have maximum growth inhibition (25mm). Results of the larvicidal activity tested against Bombyx mori recorded 100% mortality in 4% acetone extracts of clove. Keywords: Syzygium aromaticum, Tribolium castaneum, Corcyra cephalonica, Bombyx mori, Repellent activity, Larvicidal ac

Gender associated morphological differences in Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The sexual dimorphism in pupal and adult stages of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied. Distinct slit on eighth abdominal segment is present in female pupa, while it absent in male pupa. Female moths have longer and snout- like palpi and male moth has shorter and blunt labial palpi.

Pengaruh tipe penggunaan lahan dalam membentuk komunitas semut dan layanan ekosistem yang diberikan

Semut menyediakan berbagai layanan ekosistem, seperti predasi dan penguraian. Layanan ekosistem semut pada berbagai tipe penggunaan lahan dapat dipengaruhi oleh jenis-jenis semut yang dominan di wilayah tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh tipe penggunaan lahan dalam membentuk komunitas semut dan layanan ekosistem yang diberikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada empat tipe penggunaan lahan, yaitu hutan sekunder, hutan karet, perkebunan karet, dan perkebunan kelapa sawit di Jambi dari bulan April sampai Juni 2014. Pada setiap tipe penggunaan lahan dibuat empat plot berukuran 50 m x 50 m sebagai ulangan. Semut dikoleksi menggunakan metode pengumpanan dengan larva Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) yang direkatkan pada piring plastik kemudian diletakkan di permukaan tanah dan batang pohon. Layanan ekosistem semut diukur dengan mengamati larva C. cephalonica yang berhasil diangkut oleh semut dalam waktu satu jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hutan sekunder memiliki jumlah spesies semut tertinggi dibandingkan dengan tipe penggunaan lahan lainnya. Tipe penggunaan lahan tidak berdampak pada jumlah spesies semut, namun berdampak pada komposisi spesies semut. Pengangkutan larva C. cephalonica terbanyak yang dilakukan oleh semut terjadi di hutan sekunder. Semut yang berperan penting dalam layanan ekosistem sebagai predator pada penelitian ini adalah Achantomyrmex sp. 01, Aenictus sp. 01, Carebara sp. 01, dan Tetramorium sp. 02, Odontoponera denticulata, Tetramorium sp. 03 Crematogaster sp. 02. Anoplolepis gracilipes dan Rhoptromyrmex sp. 01.

Evaluation of acute lethal response of Corcyra cephalonica to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Var. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351, an isolate of strain HD-1

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the most successful among other microbial pesticides. The microbe formulations are being implemented in many IPM programs. Among many subspecies, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Var. kurstaki subspecies is specifically used against lepidopteran pests. Its strain ABTS-351 (Btk ABTS-351) is the active biocide product in several new Bt formulations and is essentially an isolate of strain HD-1. Efficacy screening is imperative due to chances of pest insects developing resistance to Bt formulations. This study was conducted to characterize Btk ABTS-351 strain for potent insecticidal activity against Rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica larvae in local conditions. The LC50 value (with 95% confidence limits) of Bt on C. cephalonica 4th instar larvae for 24 hr was 65.813 (52.946 – 85.689) mg/mL. This value is comparatively higher than those observed in other lepidopteran larvae. The toxicity and mode of action of this formulation can be used efficiently to manage stored grain pests like C. cephalonica, and also has the potential to be combined with other compatible IPM control strategies.

Tri-trophic interaction of different diet fed Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) on feeding efficiency of reduviid predator, Sycanus collaris (Fab.) under laboratory condition

Sycanus collaris Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are voracious and polyphagous reduviid predators of economically important insect pests of agriculture and forest. Only limited work has been done in case of S. collaris , but life history of these predators on Corcyra cephalonica Stainton were documented. The present study was carried out at the Bio-control laboratory, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.), during February to May, 2018 with an aim to assess influence of various diets fed C. cephalonica larvae on feeding efficiency of reduviid predator, S. collaris , which are responsible for preference and non-preference of reduviid bugs for mass rearing in laboratory conditions. For this experiment, ten freshly hatched first instar S. collaris nymphs were placed in Petri-dish, replicated thrice and larvae of C. cephalonica reared on twelve different diets were provided throughout their life cycle and the feeding efficiency was recorded. Results indicated that feeding efficiency of S. collaris was found to be maximum (183.31) in T1 (Rice), whereas it was found to be minimum (91.33) in T9 (Maize + Groundnut) reared larvae of C. cephalonica .

Effect of host egg storage on the storage amenability of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The mass production of widely used bio-control agent Trichogramma chilonis primarily depends on the constant supply of their host eggs and availability of suitable storage techniques. Experiments were conducted to develop such techniques of three Trichogramma chilonis Ishii strains (viz. Nilgiris, Kodaikanl and lab) on stored and un-stored Corcyra cephalonica eggs. Differential response was noticed when pupal storage was attempted on un-stored host eggs at 5 and 10 °C. At 10 °C (L: D- 8:16, RH-70 ± 10%), T. chilonis Nilgiris strain could retain its developmental arrest for the longest duration (60 days), followed by T. chilonis Kodaikanal (50 days). All the three tested strains showed a reduced storage capacity at 5 °C (L: D- 0:24, RH-70 ± 10%). However, T. chilonis Nilgiris and Kodaikanal strains could be stored for upto 35 days with 60% emergence rate and lab strain for upto 30 days where emerged adults could survive for 3 days. The study revealed that when stored host eggs are used, the parasitized cards (parasitoids in their pupal stage) are amenable for further storage of minimum 30 days at both 5 and 10 °C. To overcome seasonal fluctuation in host availability, stored C. cephalonica eggs can be used to store pupal stages of the three different strains of T. chilonis at 5 °C for a total duration of 50 days (host egg storage: 20 days + pupal T. chilonis storage: 30 days).

Morphology, Biology and Predation Capacity of Amphiareus constrictus (Stål) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae).

A minute pirate bug, Amphiareus constrictus (Stål) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), the biology of which has been less studied, was successfully reared in the laboratory for more than 20 generations. Studies were conducted to understand its biology, life table parameters, and predatory potential. Besides the adult, the egg and all five nymphal instars are described with live images, which can serve as additional characters for identification. The biological parameters were studied at different temperatures. Rearing temperatures of 25 and 30°C were found to be suitable for hatching and nymphal survival to adult stage (88.5 and 75%, respectively). Life table parameters like net reproductive rate (R0), precise intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ) and hypothetical F2 females were higher at 25°C. A nymph could consume a total of 32.8 ± 1.8 Corcyra cephalonica Stainton eggs. Male and female adult consumed a total of 179.0 ± 15.6 and 388.5 ± 58.6 C. cephalonica eggs, respectively. The data generated through studies on biology, fertility, and predatory potential led to the standardization of a simple production protocol for A. constrictus utilizing the eggs of the rice moth C. cephalonica. Predatory potential studies on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) indicated that a nymph could consume 154.8 eggs during nymphal duration. Male and female adults could consume 1280.5 and 1435 eggs, respectively. The mass-reared A. constrictus can be field evaluated against the tomato pinworm TT absoluta and the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål.

Factitious host species impact on the outcome of multiparasitism between egg parasitoids

Trichogramma parasitoids are biological control agents of a large number of lepidopterous pests. Mass production of these Trichogramma parasitoids is carried out on different factitious host eggs where the cost for mass rearing is high and the production efficiency is low. Therefore, efficient means and techniques for mass production of these parasitoids are needed. Host eggs of Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi, not only proved effective for the mass production of a single Trichogramma species but also showed great potential for simultaneously producing two different Trichogramma species through multiparasitism. Here, we evaluated the outcomes of multiparasitism between Trichogramma chilonis and T. leucaniae reared on the eggs of two factitious hosts, Antheraea pernyi and Corcyra cephalonica. Our study indicated that parental wasps of both Trichogramma species reared on A. pernyi performed outstandingly in all aspects of multiparasitism on A. pernyi eggs. In contrast, significantly low parasitism rates for parental wasps reared on C. cephalonica and subsequently low emergence rates for their offspring were recorded for multiparasitism on A. pernyi eggs. Parental wasps reared on different host eggs significantly affected the emerged offspring numbers for both Trichogramma species per A. pernyi egg. Significantly high numbers of offspring for specific species of Trichogramma emerged per A. pernyi egg when the parental wasps of that species were reared on A. pernyi eggs compared to the other species reared on C. cephalonica eggs. The present study concluded that rearing host species had a great impact on the performance of parental wasps in the multiparasitism of Trichogramma parasitoids on A. pernyi eggs and clearly confirmed that T. chilonis and T. leucaniae parasitoids can be massively produced on A. pernyi eggs through multiparasitism. Our results provide useful information about rearing hosts, which could provide two different Trichogramma species in the field at a time for the suppression of pest populations.

Study on different diets on the biological parameters of rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton)

The present investigations were undertaken in laboratory on “Study on factitious host Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) against storage of egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) cards under laboratory conditions” during the year 2018 in the bio-control laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U. P.) India. The effects of different rearing media on some biological parameters of factitious host, C. cephalonica are based on results are most effective performance with T3 (Sorghum + Groundnut + Yeast powder, 50:50 + 5g Yeast), treatments i.e. larval, pupal, male and female moths emergence, and egg production in cc and followed by 17530, 16667, 15131,14875, 13545 and 11830 i.e. T3 (Sorghum + Groundnut + Yeast powder, 50:50 + 5g Yeast), T5 (Sorghum + Soyabeen + Yeast powder, 50:50 + 5g Yeast), T6 (Sorghum + Cowpea + Yeast powder, 50:50 + 5g Yeast), T4 (Sorghum + Gram powder + Yeast powder, 50:50 + 5g Yeast), T2 (Sorghum + Green Gram + Yeast powder, 50:50 +5g Yeast), T1 (Sorghum + Black gram + Yeast powder, 50:50 + 5g Yeast) and T7 (Sorghum alone (check) eggs per cc of Sorghum + Groundnut + Yeast powder, 50:50 + 5g Yeast and wheal), respectively.

Biology and rearing protocol for Dortus primarius Distant, a predatory mirid (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Dortus primarius Distant (Miridae: Deraeocorinae) was observed to feed on thrips and other soft bodied insects in the field. Biology, morphology and feeding potential of this species were studied for the first time in the laboratory (at 26 ± 2˚C and 65 ± 2% RH) on UV irradiated Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) eggs. A total of five instars were observed, with nymphal duration of 17.2 days. Mean fecundity was 127.6 eggs per female. Female longevity was higher than male. One nymph could consume a total of 363 C. cephalonica eggs in its life span. Adult male and female fed on a total of 713 and 1014.75 eggs, respectively. Cost of producing 100 D. primarius nymphs and adult nymphs neonate/first instar was INR 10.34/- and INR 200/-, respectively. In this paper all immature stages, eggs and adults are described with live images. Results showed that this species could be reared on UV irradiated C. cephalonica eggs and bean pieces successfully. Further studies are needed to evaluate this species against insect pests in field.

Development of an Optimum Diet for Mass Rearing of the Rice Moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and Production of the Parasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for the Control of Pearl Millet Head Miner.

The rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica Stainton, an alternate host for the production of the parasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor Say, was reared on different diets, including pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] (Poales: Poaceae) flour only, and in combinations of flours of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (Poales: Poaceae), peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) (Fabales: Fabaceae), and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] (Fabales: Fabaceae) to identify the optimal and economical proportion to be used under the conditions of Niger. The addition of cowpea or peanut to the pearl millet diet slightly increased C. cephalonica larval development time. Likewise, the addition of cowpea or peanut to cereal diets yielded a higher C. cephalonica larval survival. Female moths emerging from larvae fed on cereal and legume mixed diets produced higher eggs compared to the ones fed on sole and mixed cereals. Among legumes, cowpea addition is most interesting in terms of cost/production of C. cephalonica larvae. However, female moths emerging from larvae fed on different millet cowpea mix (5, 25, and 50%) laid significantly more eggs than those fed on sole pearl millet. Further, individual C. cephalonica larvae fed on 75% pearl millet + 25% cowpea produced significantly more H. hebetor. With an initial 25 C. cephalonica larvae kept for a 3-mo rearing period, the number of H. hebetor parasitoids produced will reach 2.68–10.07 million. In terms of cost/production ratio, the 75% pearl millet: 25% cowpea yielded better results.

Towards development of a parasitoid cottage industry of the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor (say): optimum rearing and releases conditions for successful biological control of the millet head miner Heliocheilus albipunctella (De Joannis) in the Sahel

Augmentative biological control by the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the most promising strategy to control millet head miner, Heliocheilus albipunctella (De Joannis) a major insect pest of pearl millet in the Sahel. As H. hebetor survival is somehow challenging during the nine month long off-season when the host, H. albipunctella is in diapause, there needs to be a sufficient supply of parasitoids for fresh release each year. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a small-scale parasitoid rearing process adjusted to the Sahel conditions that can be scaled-up as necessary. We conducted experiments to fine-tune and standardize the rearing technique of H. hebetor for cottage industrial use. The results showed that parasitoids fed with 30% honey solution and supplied daily with one late-larval-stage Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidotera, Pyralidae) produced highest number of progeny. The optimal times for mating and egg fertilization, was achieved when a male and female pair was confined for 24 h in a 30-cc vial. Our findings indicated that, compared with the conventional rearing method -2 females supplied once with 25 C. cephalonica larvae-, this new method resulted in 14-times greater parasitoid production. Furthermore parasitoid female can be stored for up to three weeks at fluctuating 23–32°C temperature and 25%–80% relative humidity for numbers accumulations prior to on-farm augmentative releases without altering its fitness.

Performance of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (H\xfcbner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest with a wide geographic distribution. This pest first arrived in Brazil in 2013, and since then studies on possible control methods for it have been necessary. A possible method for the control of H. armigera is using the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of T. pretiosum on H. armigera eggs, which are known to represent suitable hosts for the development of this parasitoid species in the laboratory. Parasitism and emergence rates and the duration of the egg-to-adult period of T. pretiosum were investigated following 24- and 48-h exposures of this parasitoid to H. armigera and Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. The longevity of offspring after the 24-h exposure was studied, as well as the frequency of parasitism and emergence, host preference, and the emergence of offspring from eggs of different ages or oviposited by lepidopterans on different days. Parasitism was 14.4 and 34.9% more frequent on C. cephalonica than on H. armigera after 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively. In C. cephalonica, parasitism was 27.2% higher after 48 h. Parasitism was more frequent on C. cephalonica eggs collected on the second day of oviposition (76.2%), and on H. armigera on the third day of oviposition (71.1%). Parasitism frequency was lower on 2-day-old C. cephalonica eggs (63.3%) and on 3-day-old H. armigera eggs (41.3%). When tested with a chance of choice between hosts, T. pretiosum preferred H. armigera, while in the test with no chance of choice there was no difference in preference. Thus, T. pretiosum may be considered a tool for the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of H. armigera.

Potential of Fenoxycarb on the Growth Duration and Longevity of Adults of Rice Moth, Corcyra Cephalonica Staint .(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Exposed as Second Instar Larvae

Potential of Fenoxycarb on the Growth Duration and Longevity of Adults of Rice Moth, Corcyra Cephalonica Staint .(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Exposed as Second Instar Larvae

Impact of modified atmospheres on respiration of last instar larvae of the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Effect of modified atmospheres (MAs) containing CO2 at 20, 40, 60 and 80% or containing N2 at 97 and 98% on the mortality of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sixth instar larvae was studied to determine the LT values at 30 °C. The respiration rates of untreated and treated larvae with 60% CO2 and/or 98% N2 at LT50 were measured using Q-Box RP1LP low range respirometry package. Total protein and triglycerides of treated and untreated larvae were assayed. Complete larval mortality was recorded after 72 and 144 h of treatment with 60% CO2 and 98% N2, respectively. Calculated LT50 values were 39.3 at 60% CO2 and 87.5 h at 98% N2 MAs. Respiration quotient (RQ) in the light of consumed O2 and produced CO2 of untreated larvae was 1.0 while it was 0.85 at 60% CO2 and 0.72 at 98% N2. Duration time necessary for produced CO2 curve to reach the maximum point (2000 ppm) was significantly shorter at untreated larvae (27.64 min) in comparison with that recorded at CO2 (35.48 min) which also significantly less than that obtained at N2 (98.54 min). At all treatments, total protein was decreased while triglycerides were increased in comparison with control.