Copy Reference Research Articles

Baker & McKenzie's regular article tracking developments in EU law relating to IP, IT & telecommunications

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie's column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and telecommunications. This article summarises recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, e-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. Additional commentary is also provided in relation to a few select areas of particular interest. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU update: Baker & McKenzie’s regular article tracking developments in EU law relating to IP, IT & telecommunications

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie's column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and telecommunications. This article summarises recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, e-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. Additional commentary is also provided in relation to a few select areas of particular interest. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

Baker & McKenzie’s regular article tracking developments in EU law relating to IP, IT & telecommunications

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and telecommunications. This article summarises recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, e-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. Additional commentary is also provided in relation to a few select areas of particular interest. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

Baker & McKenzie’s regular article tracking developments in EU law relating to IP, IT & telecommunications

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article summarises recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. Additional commentary is also provided in relation to a few select areas of particular interest. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

DETECTION OF N-MYC GENE AMPLIFICATION IN NEUROBLASTOMA BY COMPARATIVE, IN SITU,AND REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

We have used semiquantitative comparative and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to detect n-myc gene-amplification in 20 frozen neuroblastoma biopsies and IMR 32 cell line to predict biological behavior of the tumors. Two primer pairs were used for the semiquantitative method to co-amplify a 520-bp fragment of the beta-globin gene--used as a single copy reference standard--and a 258-bp fragment of the n-myc gene. After 30 cycles the PCR products were electrophoresed through an agarose gel and were compared to each other with use of a gel-densitometer. Real-time quantitative analyses were performed in a LightCycler instrument. A single primer pair was used to amplify a 120-bp fragment of the n-myc oncogene and a LC640-labeled fluorescent probe pair to detect the product. Calibration curve, set up from a serial dilution including samples with 1, 2, 10, 13, 25-fold n-myc oncogene amplification, was used for quantitative analysis. The semiquantitative method did not show distinct difference between tumor groups with no amplification and less than 10-fold amplification, whereas quantitative LightCycler analysis was able to detect even 2-fold amplification. Differentiated neuroblastomas seldom show n-myc amplification. In spite of this, we have found two partly differentiated tumor samples that contained n-myc amplification. In these cases in situ PCRs were performed to examine the tumor heterogeneity. We used biotinated ATP labeling and the same primer pair as for the LightCycler analysis. In both cases differentiated cells did not show n-myc gene amplification, whereas considerable amplification was detected in the neuroblasts.

EU update: Baker & McKenzie’s regular column tracking developments in EU law relating to IP, IT & telecommunications

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie's column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article summarizes recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. Additional commentary is also provided in relation to a few select areas of particular interest. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU update: Baker & McKenzie’s regular article tracking developments in EU law relating to IP, IT & telecommunications

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie's column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article summarises recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of intellectual property, information technology, e-commerce and telecommunications areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

DETECTION OF N-MYC GENE AMPLIFICATION IN NEUROBLASTOMA BY COMPARATIVE, IN SITU,AND REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

We have used semiquantitative comparative and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to detect n-myc gene-amplification in 20 frozen neuroblastoma biopsies and IMR 32 cell line to predict biological behavior of the tumors. Two primer pairs were used for the semiquantitative method to co-amplify a 520-bp fragment of the beta-globin gene--used as a single copy reference standard--and a 258-bp fragment of the n-myc gene. After 30 cycles the PCR products were electrophoresed through an agarose gel and were compared to each other with use of a gel-densitometer. Real-time quantitative analyses were performed in a LightCycler instrument. A single primer pair was used to amplify a 120-bp fragment of the n-myc oncogene and a LC640-labeled fluorescent probe pair to detect the product. Calibration curve, set up from a serial dilution including samples with 1, 2, 10, 13, 25-fold n-myc oncogene amplification, was used for quantitative analysis. The semiquantitative method did not show distinct difference between tumor groups with no amplification and less than 10-fold amplification, whereas quantitative LightCycler analysis was able to detect even 2-fold amplification. Differentiated neuroblastomas seldom show n-myc amplification. In spite of this, we have found two partly differentiated tumor samples that contained n-myc amplification. In these cases in situ PCRs were performed to examine the tumor heterogeneity. We used biotinated ATP labeling and the same primer pair as for the LightCycler analysis. In both cases differentiated cells did not show n-myc gene amplification, whereas considerable amplification was detected in the neuroblasts.

EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT & TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article summarizes recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. Additional commentary is also provided in relation to a few select areas of particular interest. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT & TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article summarizes recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range . of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. Additional commentary is also provided in relation to a few select areas of particular interest. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT & TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article summarizes recent developments which are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. Additional commentary is also provided in relation to a few select areas of particular interest. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT & TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article summarizes recent developments which are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, e-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. Additional commentary is also provided in relation to a few select areas of particular interest. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

ANNUAL SUMMARY OF EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT & TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article summarizes the developments in 2001 which are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on recent developments in EC law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This column is updated for each edition of this Journal to reflect those developments on a European level which are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. For clarity, developments are not always kept on the table once finalised, readers should revert to earlier issues/academic texts for legislation which is more than six months old. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on recent developments in EC law relating to IP, IT and telecommunications. This article is updated for each edition of this Journal to reflect those developments on a European level which are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. For clarity, developments are not always kept on the table once finalized, readers should revert to earlier issues/academic texts for legislation which is more than six months old. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside websites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on recent developments in EC law relating to IP, IT and telecommunications. This article is updated for each edition of this Journal to reflect those developments on a European level which are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. For clarity, developments are not always kept on the table once finalized, readers should revert to earlier issues/academic texts for legislation which is more than six months old. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside websites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU Developments in IP, IT and Telecommunications Law

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on recent developments in EC law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article is updated for each edition of this Journal to reflect those developments on a European level which are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. For clarity, developments are not always kept on the table once finalized, readers should revert to earlier issues/academic texts for legislation which is more than six months old. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside websites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie's column on recent developments in EC law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article is updated for each edition of this Journal to reflect those developments on a European level which are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. For clarity, developments are not always kept on the table once finalized, readers should revert to earlier issues/academic texts for legislation which is more than six months old. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside websites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.

Detection of c-erbB-2 Gene Amplification in Cervical Scrapes Positive for Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

c-erbB-2 gene amplification has been described in a variety of human cancers, but it has been poorly studied in noncancerous cytological samples from genital specimens positive for human papillomavirus (HPV). Furthermore, the relationship between this genetic event and the presence of high-risk and low-risk HPV types is poorly studied. Eighty-four noncancerous cytological samples from exocervical specimens that were positive for HPV types 6, 16, and 18 were analyzed for c-erbB-2 gene amplification using the genomic differential polymerase chain reaction with the single copy reference gene. An association between c-erbB-2 gene amplification and the group corresponding to HPV type 6 was found. Within the low-risk HPV group, c-erbB-2 amplification was associated to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade I (CIN I). Because in the samples analyzed, most of the CIN I stage was characterized by a koilocytotic pattern, c-erbB-2 amplification could be related to this kind of cellular alteration. It would be important to study c-erbB-2 gene amplification and also gene expression in different CIN stages in order to determine its role and significance in cervical cancer.

EU DEVELOPMENTS IN IP, IT AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie's column on recent developments in EC law relating to IP, IT and Telecommunications. This article is updated for each edition of this Journal to reflect those developments on a European level which are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, E-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. For clarity, developments are not always kept on the table once finalised, readers should revert to earlier issues/academic texts for legislation which is more than six months old. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside web sites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.