Copy Machine Research Articles

Gilbert J. Clausman, AHIP, FMLA, 1921–2011

Gilbert J. Clausman, AHIP, FMLA, 1921–2011

Rewiring Old Architecture: Why U.S. Courts Have Been So Slow and Uneven in Their Take-Up of Digital Technology

Given the centrality of information and communication to the activities and institutions of law and government it is not surprising that during the early turbulent days of the digital revolution enthusiasts imagined that the new technology would work dramatic changes on this critical sphere, changes far greater in magnitude than those flowing from such past innovations as calculators, tape recorders, or copy machines. Students of government and consultants drew analogies between transformations taking place in the private sector (the emergence of e-commerce and distributed, virtual enterprises) and what governments might or should or would become (e-government). Greater efficiency, improved accessibility and performance, and even gains in public accountability were predicted. Judged against such visions and the changes digital technology has brought about in important commercial areas over the past decade, the take-up of digital technology by U.S. courts has been both slow and uneven. This article examines some of the institutional factors that have produced this result. Three applications of the new technology to the work of courts furnish the basis for this investigation. In order, the article examines the extent to which U.S. court systems have: 1) adopted new modes of case citation that are independent of print law reports; 2) assured the availability of adequate and consistent online legal information to judges; and 3) transformed litigation from a process carried out by means of paper filings, paper orders and judgments, held and ultimately archived in official paper records to one reliant on electronic filings and data.

Curve-induced distortion of polynomial space curves, flat-mapped extension modeling, and their impact on ANCF thin-plate finite elements

The Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF) is a relatively new nonlinear finite element type that uses Hermite splines for shape functions. In this investigation, the ANCF is examined as a possible tool for use in modeling the media in flexible media transport systems, such as printers, copy machines, and roll-to-roll systems. However, it is demonstrated using an example of a thin plate-type ANCF finite element that these elements can suffer from significant membrane locking, which can be problematic for paper or paper-like media. One source of this locking is identified to be a property of all parametric curves that are composed of polynomials. The property is that for parametric polynomial curves, changes in the state of curvature of the curve cause changes in the distribution of points along the curve. This property is labeled Curve-Induced Distortion (CID) by the authors of this paper. CID can cause axial and membrane strain distortion in elements, causing them to be overly stiff. A new solution method is proposed to directly counteract CID in finite elements that use cubic Hermite curves for shape functions, specifically for modeling problems in which bending occurs primarily around one axis, such as paper in printing and media transport machinery. This method is labeled Flat-Mapped Extension Modeling (FMEM). FMEM is a mixed field method that uses a 1D Hermite polynomial kinematically linked to the 3D Hermite curve to represent the axial displacement field. FMEM significantly reduces the effect of CID in the ANCF element tested here. This investigation demonstrates using a single ANCF plate element type that the ANCF’s accuracy can be significantly improved by FMEM with only a small increase in computational cost. It is shown with this plate-element example that without correcting CID, the ANCF element tested is computationally much slower than contemporary methods like the co-rotational formulation for similar accuracy. But with FMEM, the ANCF is significantly faster than the co-rotational formulation for similar accuracy.

Some Speculation About Mirror Neurons and Copyright

internet, a world-wide copy machine, caused some rethinking of copyright law. Cognitive science increasingly suggests that humans are smaller scale, more adaptable, copy machines. Copyright law may again change. V.S. Ramachandran’s The Tell-Tale Brain discusses how mirror neurons may enable imitation, detection of others’ intention, and empathy. Ramachandran suggests that mirror neuron circuits could provide the neural substrate for cultural transmission, language, and even consciousness.This essay speculates on the implications for copyright law. It’s not news that people copy. But if cognition and culture depend on the bottom-up imitation by mirror neurons, perhaps some of the central tenets of copyright bear reexamining. Copyright’s central doctrine, the idea/expression dichotomy, could prove illusory if abstraction is dependent on embodied cognition - meaning that abstract ideas cannot be so easily separated from their expression as copyright law assumes. If cultural transmission is so directly tied to literal copying, fair use would have to give more respect to what it now terms merely reproductive uses. There would be reason to reexamine the Supreme Court’s statement in Eldred v. Ashcroft that mere copiers had little expressive interest. There could be more weight for such recent proposals to take into account the value of user innovation or to give protection to personal uses. On the flip side, in extending protection, copyright might give greater respect to the creative aspect of mere copiers.It remains to be seen whether mirror neurons underlie imitation, and whether that builds into language and cultural transmission. But copyright law may awaken from its dogmatic slumbers and take more seriously the question of how our minds work.

Visualizing Latent Fingerprints on Color-Printed Papers Using Ultraviolet Fluorescence

Laser detection of latent fingerprints on a white paper has been performed, previously. Ultraviolet fluorescence from various kinds of printer toner and ink used for home printers were measured to study fluorescence imaging of fingerprints on a color-printed white paper. The experimental system consisted of a nanosecond pulsed tunable laser and a cooled CCD camera. Excitation wavelengths are 230 and 280 nm. Fourteen printers consisting of three color laser printers, three color inkjet printers, five monochrome laser printers, two monochrome copy machines, and a color copy machine were tested. Toner and ink of most printers exhibited fluorescence in the region from 360 to 550 nm. In most cases, clear fluorescence images were obtained by time-resolved imaging with a band-pass filter and 280-nm excitation. However for toners from laser color printers that showed strong fluorescence, better results were obtained with 230-nm excitation. Latent fingerprints on a photograph page and a black-character page of a newspaper were also imaged.

S162013 用紙音発生メカニズムに関する研究 : 用紙衝突音の改善([S16201]柔軟媒体ハンドリングと画像形成システム(1))

Copy machines are becoming much faster and are demanded to reduce noise at the sometime. The proportion of collision noise of a paper becomes larger as the copy machines become faster. On the other hand, the sound emission of a paper affects sound quality. The purpose of this study is to achieve a pleasant sound by changing the quality of the sound of radiated sound of the paper without increasing the noise level. Experiments were conducted by experimental equipment based on paper handling machine. The collision noise were generated by giving an impact force on one end of the paper. Resonant frequency of the paper by edge emission and by surface emission were nearly identical. Also, the resonant frequency of a paper appeared mainly in low frequency band. When controlled wave that has passed 100" 500Hz band pass filter was applied on collision noise of the paper, the low frequency region was emphasized. This changed the quality of collision noise of the paper, and a pleasant sound was aand achieved without increasing the noise level.

P-1-1 ANC法による柔軟媒体の動的挙動解析(柔軟媒体ハンドリング/画像形成機器,ポスター要旨講演)

Collision noise of a sheet with guides in sheet-handling mechanism is getting louder with the higher sheet feeding speed in printers or copy machines. In order to design silent sheet-handling mechanism efficiently, it is necessary to predict and evaluate these collision noises analytically. Therefore as the first step in analytical approach of the dynamic behavior of a sheet near guides, Absolute Nodal Coordinate method which consider Rayleigh damping and fluid drag between flexible media - guide was proposed to analyze dynamic behavior of sheets. Then, effectiveness was validated by comparing with the result of experiment. The comparison of ANC method and multi link model analysis as a conventional analytical method was conducted and the result also showed high accuracy of ANC method.

Measurement of secondary products during oxidation reactions of terpenes and ozone based on the PTR-MS analysis: effects of coexistent carbonyl compounds.

Continuous measurements using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) can be used to describe the production processes of secondary products during ozone induced oxidation of terpenes. Terpenes are emitted from woody building materials, and ozone is generated from ozone air purifiers and copy machines in indoor environments. Carbonyl compounds (CCs) are emitted by human activities such as smoking and drinking alcohol. Moreover, CCs are generated during ozone oxidation of terpenes. Therefore, coexistent CCs should affect the ozone oxidation. This study has focused on the measurement of secondary products during the ozone oxidation of terpenes based on the use of PTR-MS analysis and effects of coexistent CCs on oxidized products. Experiments were performed in a fluoroplastic bag containing α-pinene or limonene as terpenes, ozone and acetaldehyde or formaldehyde as coexistent CCs adjusted to predetermined concentrations. Continuous measurements by PTR-MS were conducted after mixing of terpenes, ozone and CCs, and time changes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations were monitored. Results showed that, high-molecular weight intermediates disappeared gradually with elapsed time, though the production of high-molecular weight intermediates was observed at the beginning. This phenomenon suggested that the ozone oxidation of terpenes generated ultrafine particles. Coexistent CCs affected the ozone oxidation of α-pinene more than limonene.

Open access journals: Why are we not there yet? (!)

Open access journals: Why are we not there yet? (!)

Orientation Program Sets New Employees Off on the Right Foot

H ave you ever walked into a new job and been uncertain where to go on your first day or gotten lost in the facility? Never been properly introduced to key co-workers? Or found yourself still unable to use the copy machine after three weeks on the job? These and other hurdles commonly faced by new employees are the subject of a comprehensive orientation program recently developed by the clinical engineering department at Aurora Health Care in eastern Wisconsin. The program aims to ensure that every new employee receives a warm welcome, support, and comprehensive training in key areas. The goals are to reduce turnover, speed independence, and provide the highest probability of success for new staff.

Development of the standard ISO 7779 3rd edition: Revised and new contents.

ISO 7779 is a noise test code for airborne noise emission of information technology and telecommunications equipment (so called, ITTE). Since its 1st edition of 1988, ISO 7779 has stated, in detail, the installation and operating conditions for specific equipment categories. In nature of ITTE, however, changing of the product characteristics is much faster than the pace of standard document updates. For instance, most models of copy machines and printers (except some dedicated high speed machines) are almost being combined into new category, so called, multi‐functional devices. To catch such rapid changes up timely, it becomes impractical to state specific condition within this International standard. Therefore, ISO/TC43/SC1/WG23 which is responsible for ISO 7779 decided to propose new frame work so that 3rd edition should refer to ECMA‐74, annex C, which has been the industrial counterpart and also pilot standard of ISO 7779. This paper introduces background of key changes from 2nd edition and new technical contents for ITTE noise emission measurement methodologies.

Onomatopoeic Features of Sounds Emitted from Laser Printers and Copy Machines and Their Contribution to Product Image

Onomatopoeic Features of Sounds Emitted from Laser Printers and Copy Machines and Their Contribution to Product Image

擬音語を利用した音質評価 : 「ドタン」「バタン」から何が分かる?

擬音語を利用した音質評価 : 「ドタン」「バタン」から何が分かる?

A Study of Multifunctional Document Centers that are Accessible to People who are Visually Impaired

The capabilities of modern photocopy machines have advanced beyond the simple duplication of documents. In addition to the standard functions of copying, collating, and stapling, such machines can be a part of telecommunication networks and provide printing, scanning, faxing, and e-mailing functions. No longer just copy machines, these devices are more aptly described as multifunctional document centers. In the past, the accessibility of basic photocopy machines was not a significant issue for people with visual impairments (that is, those who are blind or have low vision). Typically, copiers had simpler user interfaces, with tactile keypads for selecting the number of copies and Start, Clear, and Stop buttons. As technology has advanced, the user interface was redesigned and has become more complex. Many multifunctional document centers also include a small, embedded touchscreen visual display. Advancements in technology and changes to the user interface of multifunctional document centers created accessibility barriers for employees with visual impairments that previously did not exist. In addition, legislation and demographic factors contributed to the need to develop accessible multifunctional document centers. Although estimates vary, it has been reported that approximately 21.2 million Americans have vision loss, 6.2 million of whom are aged 65 and older (Pleis & Lethbridge-Cejku, 2007). People with vision loss were defined by the 2006 National Health Interview Survey are those who reported that they have trouble seeing, even when wearing eyeglasses or contact lenses, are blind, or are unable to see at all. Recent employment data shows that of working age Americans with significant vision loss, nearly 60% are not employed or in the labor force (U.S. Department of Labor, 2009). As it has been commonly noted for more than a decade, nearly 70% of individuals in the United States who are legally blind are unemployed (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995). Many factors contribute to this high unemployment rate, including the inaccessibility of common workplace technology. Over time, the problem will be compounded as the baby-boomer generation ages, because the population of older people with visual impairments will increase significantly. The enactment of Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998 prohibits the federal government from procuring, developing, maintaining, or using electronic and information technology that is inaccessible to people with disabilities. In addition, more than 20 states have also implemented this law. Section 508 applies to office equipment products including multifunctional document centers. In recent years, Canon and Xerox have introduced multifunctional document centers that provide accessibility features. Although they provide a similar level of access, these manufacturers use different product architecture to address the requirements of accessible design. This report presents an evaluation of the accessibility and usability of the access solutions for people who are visually impaired of Canon's and Xerox's multifunctional document centers. It also takes the first steps in addressing the lack of a display standard for small visual displays, such as those used in both multifunctional document centers described here, and investigates how to optimize for people with visual impairments the parameters of designs of such displays (see Box 1). METHOD Eghtesadi et al. (2002) noted that office workers who are blind or have low vision need to use all the major functionalities of a multifunctional document center, including duplicating, collating, and stapling. To create office equipment that is accessible to a wide range of people, manufacturers need to take a universal design approach. The seven principles of universal design focus on creating products that are usable by the widest possible array of people and that can be operated in the widest range of conditions. …

20602 減衰を有する多リンクモデルによる柔軟媒体の動的挙動解析(動的挙動解析,一般講演)

This paper describes the analysis of the dynamic behavior of flexible media near a guide in a feeding path in printers or copy machines. At first, flexible media is considered as a multi-link model. And, comparing the static analysis result using this model with the experimental one of the static deflection curve, Young's modulus could be identified. Next, the stable dynamic analysis is developed based on the modal analysis. Then, damping coefficient could be obtained by comparing this analysis result considering simplified fluid force with the experimental one of the dynamic behavior of flexible media without a guide. Furthermore, fluid analysis is performed about the air between flexible media and a guide on the assumption that the air is ideal fluid and the gap is sufficiently narrow. Finally, Analytical method of the dynamic behavior of flexible media near a guide is established and confirmed its utility.

Geometric equation and machining method for the sidewall of a piston

Engine pistons are generally cut with a copy machine or a CNC machine. In recent years, CNC machining has become more popular due to the necessity for increased productivity and accuracy in piston machining. CL data are essential for CNC machining, and such data are usually generated from a 3D CAD model. When using a 3D CAD model, the intersection curves between the surfaces and the cross-sectional plane must be calculated, which is both time-consuming and imprecise. In this paper, a geometric equation for the sidewall of a piston is proposed as a solution to this problem. The geometry consists of an ellipse, recesses, eccentricities, and an offset. The equation for the sidewall of a piston is expressed in terms of the distance from the center. This equation makes it possible to calculate CL data very quickly, and facilitates the compensation of tracking error. A specialized four-axis CNC lathe, suitable for machining the sidewall of a piston, is also introduced. The proposed method has been tested by actual turning using this four-axis lathe. The results demonstrate the practicality of the method in the manufacturing of pistons.

Exhausting lifetime by multitiered reuse with forced circulation in closed-loop manufacturing

In closed-loop manufacturing, the reuse option is adopted to reduce the environmental load by exhausting the lifetimes of products and parts. There are two reasons why the reuse is effective. They are different frequencies of usage of products by users and different lifetimes of parts composing the product. It is, therefore, necessary to make use of these differences properly for effective implementation of the reuse option. For this purpose, this paper proposes a life cycle model that incorporates forced circulation and multitiered reuse. The effectiveness of this model was demonstrated by applying it to the case of photoconductor drum units of copy machines. Units were taken back by compulsion and circulated among other users depending on the volume of copies. When a unit's lifetime was exhausted, it was disassembled and its parts were reused to produce a new unit.

Non-destructive Measurement of the Growth of Leaf Area by Means of a Portable Copying Machine

Non-destructive Measurement of the Growth of Leaf Area by Means of a Portable Copying Machine

The Study and Development of Roll Heat Pipe Performance

A new type of heat pipe called roll heat pipe (RHP) is considered in this study. In RHP, the evaporator and the condenser are separated in the radial direction, and the energy is moved in radial direction. RHP is composed of two concentric annular pipes of unequal diameter, wick structure, and bridge wicks, which provide the return path of the working fluid to evaporator. A heat source is inserted in the inner pipe, which works as the evaporator region. RHP can be applied as heat roll in the laser printers or copy machines where isothermal heating as well as rapid response is desired. Three RHP samples are fabricated and tested in this work. They differ in the number of bridge wicks and inner tube diameter. The length of all samples is 300 mm. In this paper, the transient thermal characteristics of RHP samples are investigated experimentally and compared with numerical analysis results. Also, the effects of fill charge on the performance of RHP samples are studied. By using infrared thermography camera, we observed that the level of temperature uniformity on the outer surface of heat roll is very good in comparison with real heat roll.

Personal Accounts: Community Psychiatry in the 1960s: A History Lesson

Personal Accounts: Community Psychiatry in the 1960s: A History Lesson