Genital Research Articles

KMT2C Polymorphism in Familial Hypospadias.

Hypospadias, a common congenital anomaly of male genitalia, shows significant heritability and familial recurrence, particularly in consanguineous families. This study explored the role of KMT2C polymorphisms in a Yemeni family with two affected siblings. Comprehensive analysis identified 475 unique SNPs in KMT2C, with 59 shared between parents, suggesting common ancestry. Key interactions with genes such as MAP3K1, ATRX, and CHD7 implicated in sex differentiation were noted. Novel findings included a deleterious BAHD1 mutation and a de novo rs201834857 variant linked to Kleefstra syndrome 2. The study emphasizes the multifactorial etiology of hypospadias, integrating genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, and highlights the need for further research.

Clinicopathologic and Molecular Characterization of Basal Cell Carcinoma Arising at Sun-protected Sites.

Basal cell carcinomas (BCC) are driven primarily by cumulative ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure resulting in activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, often as a result of UV-mediated Patched-1 (PTCH1) gene inactivation. Accordingly, BCCs most commonly arise at sun-exposed sites such as the head and neck. Very rarely, BCCs can arise at sun-protected sites such as the genital skin and perianal area. This can pose significant diagnostic challenges not only due to the rarity of BCC at these sites but also due to the potential morphologic overlap with other entities such as basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, trichoblastic carcinoma, and even benign neoplasms such as trichoblastomas. Hh pathway alterations have not yet been described in BCCs arising at genital and perianal sites, and the role of UV radiation is uncertain at these anatomic locations. To address this ambiguity, we report the clinicopathologic features of a cohort of 14 BCCs arising at sun-protected sites (perianal n=7, vulva n=4, scrotum n=3). Furthermore, we use a next-generation DNA sequencing platform to investigate their pathogenesis and compare it to that of a cohort of 8 BCCs arising on sun-exposed skin. We find that BCCs arising on sun-protected sites display a spectrum of morphologic patterns, rarely recur, and do not metastasize. Both sun-protected and sun-exposed BCCs are characterized by recurrent PTCH1 alterations (93% and 100% of cases, respectively), supporting the classification of the tumors arising at sun-protected sites as bona fide BCCs. Notably, in contrast to conventional BCCs, none of the sun-protected BCCs harbored a UV mutation signature, suggesting an alternative mechanism of mutagenesis. Furthermore, the presence of upstream Hh pathway alterations in sun-protected BCCs supports their susceptibility to Hh pathway inhibitors such as vismodegib and sonidegib.

Taxonomic contributions to Mycetomoellerius Solomon et al., 2019 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae): description of two new species and a key for the genus

Fungus-farming ants (Myrmicinae: Attini: Attina) form mutualistic associations with Agaricales fungi. The group is divided in lower and higher attine ants. Genera Trachymyrmex, Mycetomoellerius, and Paratrachymyrmex are part of higher attine ants, the latter two recently erected and composed of species that were all formerly within Trachymyrmex. Morphological characters to distinguish the three genera are scarce. This study describes two new species of Mycetomoellerius, provides a multi-entry key for the species of Mycetomoellerius, and complements the genus-level diagnosis of Mycetomoellerius, Paratrachymyrmex, and Trachymyrmex. The two new species, Mycetomoellerius janildae sp. nov. and Mycetomoellerius mesopleuralis sp. nov., increase to 32 the total number of extant species of the genus. Male genitalia traits were relevant in the delimitation of the new species. Our taxonomic results represent a step towards the understanding of Mycetomoellerius diversity, one of the most speciose genera among the fungus-farming ants.

The appearance of external genital organs and anogenital distance in male fetal cadavers.

This study aimed to determine the normal size of the male external genital organs and anogenital distance in human fetuses during the fetal period through the anatomic morphometric method. The study was performed on 104 spontaneously aborted human male fetuses aged between 10 and 39weeks of gestation. Fetuses were divided into groups according to gestational weeks, months, and trimesters. Parameters belonging to the male external genital organs were measured, including penile length and width, transverse scrotal diameter, anterior-posterior scrotal diameter, the distance from the anterior and posterior aspect of the penis to the center of the anus, and the anogenital distance. The mean of each parameter was computed by gestational weeks, months, and trimester groups, and data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. The mean of each parameter increased with gestational age, and statistically significant differences were observed between trimester groups. A high correlation was also determined between gestational age and the parameters measured.

Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Characteristics of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-hydroxylase Deficiency

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the deficiency of one of the enzymes involved in cortisol synthesis. Between 90% and 99% of cases of CAH are caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) caused by mutations in CYP21A2. Although 21-OHD has been historically divided into classical and non-classical forms, it is now thought to show a continuous phenotype. In the classical form, the external genitalia in females becomes virilized to varying degrees. If the disease is not recognized, salt wasting crises in the classical form may threaten life in neonates. Children experience accelerated somatic growth, increased bone age, and premature pubic hair in the simple virilizing form of classical 21-OHD. Female adolescents may present with severe acne, hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, menstrual irregularity or primary amenorrhea in the non-classical form. Diagnosis of CAH is made by clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic evaluation. In cases of 21-OHD, the diagnosis is based on the 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) level being above 1000 ng/dL, measured early in the morning. In cases with borderline 17-OHP levels (200-1000 ng/dL), it is recommended to perform an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. Genotyping in cases with CAH should be performed if the adrenocortical profile is suspicious or if the ACTH stimulation test cannot be performed completely. After diagnosis, determining the carrier status of the parents and determining which parent the mutation was passed on from will help in interpreting the genetic results and determining the risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies.

Antenatal Diagnosis and Treatment in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-hydroxylase Deficiency and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Screening in Newborns

Signs of virilization, such as clitoromegaly, labio-scrotal fusion, and urogenital sinus may be observed in females with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) and other rare virilizing forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This makes sex determination difficult, and multiple reconstructive surgeries in the postnatal period may be required. As 21-OHD is an autosomal recessive disease, the chance of any child being affected is one in four and so only one in eight will be an affected female. The primary objective of antenatal diagnosis is to identify only the affected fetus in the early gestational weeks before the onset of genital organogenesis and to treat that case. Therefore, studies aimed at antenatal diagnosis and preventing adrenal androgen exposure in the female fetus with CAH have long been of interest. Antenatal steroid treatment is considered experimental and controversial for safety reasons in recent clinical guidelines. If antenatal treatment is to be used, it is recommended that it should be performed in experienced centers that can collect data on a large number of cases which will help to define the benefits and harms of treatment better. In the postnatal period, a severe deficiency of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme leads to life-threatening adrenocortical insufficiency in both sexes and varying degrees of pathology of the external genitalia in females. This condition is also associated with high mortality in the first days of life and an increased risk of incorrect sex assignment. Neonatal screening for 21-OHD CAH effectively detects the severe forms and reduces mortality, and it is instrumental in the correct sex assignment of female cases.

Vulvar Developmental Stages During Puberty: A Systematic Review.

Puberty is associated with important changes in secondary sexual characteristics, but the changes occurring in female external genitalia are not thoroughly described. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize and assess the current scientific knowledge regarding vulvar changes and development during puberty. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched, using keywords related to "puberty", "vulva", and "morphology". Inclusion criteria were observational studies describing vulvar development in individuals between the ages of 8 and 16 years. The outcomes of interest were quantitative and/or qualitative descriptions of the vulva, including anatomical, physiological and histological changes. Of the 1658 articles screened, 10 were included. The mean clitoral glans diameter increases during puberty, as does the length of the clitoral hood. The clitoral hood changes, to become more retractile and rugose. The inner labia width and length increases throughout puberty, and the development of inner labia varies between individuals, with labial asymmetry being a common characteristic. The most frequent hymenal configuration found during puberty is the crescentic form, and features such as hymenal mounds, longitudinal intravaginal ridges, and most notches, are physiological. Reliable data on pubertal development of the external female genital organs is scarce. Future research is needed in order to provide more precise data to help categorize vulvar development into stages. A detailed description of vulvar maturation into sequential stages throughout puberty (as done by the Tanner scale for the male homologous structures) can increase knowledge of its morphological diversity and help reach clinical consensus on the nature of pathological variants. In addition, better knowledge of vulvar diversity is of importance to both healthcare professionals and individuals, and may empower and promote self-esteem.

Management of a fetus suspected of differences of sex development (DSD).

The management of a fetus suspected of having a variation in genital development is a complex situation. In cases of complete discordance or an unusual appearance of the external genitalia (EG), management always begins with a diagnostic morphological ultrasound. This ultrasound aims to provide detailed imaging of the EG and internal genitalia (IG), focusing on identifying the presence of Müllerian derivatives and detecting any associated malformations. During a multidisciplinary meeting, we should assess the appropriateness of determining the genetic sex through cell-free DNA analysis and to refer the patient to an expert center if necessary.These clinical situations include all atypical presentations of the genital organs with the inability to determine the phenotype, as well as any hypospadias associated with other genital organ involvement. Patients presenting with isolated posterior (or proximal) hypospadias also benefit from an assessment at an expert center. Isolated anterior and middle hypospadias (with negative genetic findings) are excluded from this protocol. Performing an invasive sampling is almost always indicated. The expert center provides the couple with information on the different variations of genital development and the perspectives of managing the child, explaining the recently proposed paradigm shift, according to the new decree of November 15, 2022, in application of Article L-2131-6 of the Public Health Code, which now entails, in some of these situations, delayed surgical management. The diagnostic and prognostic uncertainty of the developmental variation is communicated to the couples. Multidisciplinary care is therefore essential to establish an accurate diagnosis, define the anatomical and functional prognosis, and propose the most appropriate surgical strategy, taking into account the associated morbidities, defining whether or not to adopt a surgical strategy, and providing the most suitable surgical approach, as well as supporting the couple and the child in dealing with this situation.

Severe genital cutaneous toxicity with sunitib.

Sunitinib is an oral drug approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Serious cutaneous adverse reactions to sunitinib are rare, and when they occur, discontinuation of the treatment may be needed. A 70-year-old male patient was diagnosed with stage IV clear cell renal carcinoma and received treatment with sunitinib. After a second cycle with a 25% dose reduction, the patient was admitted with a diagnosis of grade 3 genital erythema. After ruling out other common causes, sunitinib was considered the cause of genital erythema and was stopped. Treatment with corticosteroids, topical applications, and morphine was started, with resolution after 18 days of evolution. There are only a few published reports that describe erythema and scaling of the genital skin. As in those few cases, for our patient, the first clinical signs appeared on day 28 of sunitinib treatment, and the lesions disappeared after 2 weeks without the use of the drug. Erythema and scaling reappeared when the drug was reintroduced, with greater severity than what was described in some of the other cases, which even included cases for which the lesions did not reappear. Rare instances of severe and limiting skin toxicity may necessitate treatment suspension and compromise survival, as observed in our case. It is crucial to recognize these skin toxicities and understand their appropriate management strategies to initiate treatment as early as possible, thereby avoiding hospitalizations and enabling the resumption of sunitinib therapy.

Morphology and phylogeny of Itaspiella helgolandica, an interstitial marine flatworm with circumpolar distribution

Flatworms in the family Otoplanidae Hallez, 1892, are ubiquitous inhabitants of the swash zone of marine sandy beaches worldwide. We present new insights into the morphology and phylogenetic position of the otoplanid Itaspiella helgolandica (Meixner, 1938) based on specimens sampled in northern Norway. While the species was originally described from the German coast, it has since been reported in the High Arctic as well as in Greenland, Canada and Alaska, indicating that it has a circumpolar distribution. Apart from these reports, I. helgolandica has received marginal scientific attention beyond the original species description, and apart from drawings, there is not much detailed data available of its morphology. We employ antibody staining and confocal laser microscopy to provide detailed morphological information on the ciliation, myoanatomy and genital organs of specimens of I. helgolandica and compare their morphology with other accounts of the species from across the Arctic. We investigate the phylogenetic relationships of Itaspiella Ax, 1955 through a Bayesian/RAxML analysis of 28S sequences and confirm the morphologically underpinned notion that this genus sits within the subfamily Otoplaninae Hallez, 1910, as the sister taxon to Xenotoplana Ax, Weidemann & Ehlers, 1978. In light of our findings, we explore the question of the apparent circumpolar distribution of Itaspiella in the context of the larger “meiofauna paradox” and touch upon various evolutionary phenomena that may have contributed to phenotypic stability despite its limited dispersal capabilities and the vicariance imposed by the complex recent geological history of the Arctic.

A new species of Sinarella Bryk, 1949 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Herminiinae) from Jiangxi, China.

Sinarella Bryk, 1949 (Erebidae, Herminiinae) is a medium-sized, frail-bodied genus of moths that externally resembles other genera in the Zanclognatha generic complex. All known larvae of this genus feed on fresh leaves of moss. This genus is widely distributed from the Himalayas to Southeast Asia, Japan, Borneo, Sulawesi and New Guinea. A new species of the genus Sinarella Bryk, 1949, S.jinggangshana sp. nov., is described from Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, China. This species is morphologically similar to S.takasago Wu, Fu & Owada, 2013, S.cristulalis (Staudinger, 1892), S.formosensis Wu, Fu & Owada, 2013 and S.japonica (Butler, 1881), but differs in both external and male genitalia characters. Images of the male adults and their genitalia are provided.

A BEST classification system of large to giant congenital melanocytic nevi based on expert consensus and distribution characteristics.

Large to giant congenital melanocytic nevi (LGCMN) significantly decrease patients' quality of life, but the inaccuracy of current classification system makes their clinical management challenging. To improve and extend the existing LGCMN 6B/7B classification systems by developing a novel LGCMN classification system based on a new phenotypic approach to clinical tool development. Three hundred and sixty-one LGCMN cases were categorized into four subtypes based on anatomic site: bonce (25.48%), extremity (17.73%), shawl (19.67%) and trunks (37.12%) LGCMN. A 'BEST' classification system of LGCMN was established and validated by a support vector machine classifier combined with the 7B system. The most common LGCMN distributions were on bonce and trunks (bathing trunk), whereas breast/belly and body LGCMN were exceptionally rare. Sexual dimorphism characterized distribution, with females showing a wider range of lesions in the genital area. Nearly half of the patients with bathing trunk LGCMN exhibited a butterfly-like distribution. Approximately half of the LGCMN with chest involvement did not have nipple-areola complex involvement. Abdomen, back and buttock involvement was associated with the presence of satellite nevi (r = 0.558), and back and buttock involvement was associated with the presence of nodules (r = 0.364). The effective quantification of a standardized anatomical site provides data support for the accuracy of the 6B/7B classification systems. The simplified BEST classification system can help establish a LGCMN clinical database for exploration of LGCMN aetiology, disease management and prognosis prediction.

Assessing Mortality Risk in Fournier's Gangrene: A Study Using the Simplified Prognostic Scoring System

Background: Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is an uncommon yet serious type of necrotising fasciitis that impacts the perineal, genital, and perianal areas. The simplified prognostic scoring system for Fournier’s gangrene emphasizes essential clinical indicators, including age, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity status, and presentation timing, to develop a practical tool that facilitates rapid decision-making. Objective: To study the Risk factors for mortality using Simplified Prognostic Scoring System in patients with Fournier's gangrene. Method: A prospective study utilised a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. This investigation took place within the urology department of the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation from January 2018 to June 2022. All patients admitted with the working diagnosis of Fournier’s gangrene through emergency services, from January 2018 to June 2022. Demographic information (age, gender, co-morbidities), vital signs, presentation (mode of onset), and primary body areas affected were noted. All these patients will receive conservative management, which encompasses broad-spectrum antibiotics, nutritional management, and nursing care. Additionally, each will receive debridement, and their wounds will be evaluated on a daily basis. Result: A total of 130 patients were discharged without any reported deaths from early presentations. In contrast, 183 patients were discharged, with 9 deaths noted from delayed presentations. Additionally, 2 individuals were discharged, while 17 patients succumbed during treatment due to late presentations with septic shock. Conclusion: The simplified prognostic scoring system is a valuable tool for risk stratification in patients with Fournier’s gangrene and should be routinely used in clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.

The Role of Multimodalities Approach in Diagnosing Disorders of Sex Development (DSD): Brief Review

Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) encompass rare congenital conditions involving atypical development of chromosomes, gonads, or sex anatomy. The 2006 global consensus led to a shift in the approach to handling DSD cases, emphasizing integrated treatment involving various scientific disciplines. DSD diagnosis involves a structured and multimodality approach, including history, pedigree analysis, physical examination, imaging, hormone and chromosome analysis, and genetic testing. An in-depth anamnesis and detailed pedigree analysis help trace family history and inheritance patterns of Mendelian traits in DSD cases. Thorough physical examination, including general and specific assessments, helps screen for abnormalities in sexual development. Karyotyping, hormone level investigation, and imaging examinations are crucial for supporting the diagnosis of DSD. However, genetic or molecular examination remains the modality for definitively confirming the genetic disorder underlying DSD, subsequently leading to a better understanding and management of the condition. Considering the limited resources available in the field in efforts to establish a molecular diagnosis of DSD, it is recommended to explore the role of anamnesis, pedigree analysis, physical examination, imaging examination, hormonal laboratory examination, and chromosome analysis in efforts to approach the diagnosis of DSD.

Mengenal Lebih Dekat Apa Itu Penyakit Kondiloma Akuminata

Condyloma acuminata (KA), also known as genital warts or genital warts, is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The HPV subtypes that most often cause KA are 6 and 11, while subtypes 16 and 18 have the potential to cause cervical cancer. In the United States, there are more than 19.7 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections each year, with 14.1 million cases being HPV infections. In Indonesia, KA was ranked third largest in 12 teaching hospitals in the 2007-2011 period, with a high prevalence in the cities of Medan, Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Jogja and Denpasar, especially among those aged 25-45 years. HPV transmission occurs through sexual contact and can also occur through direct contact with contaminated objects. This disease can attack various genital areas and shows symptoms such as warts, itching, and discomfort. State Senior High School (SMAN) 3 Bengkulu City needs health education to increase students' awareness about the importance of maintaining the health of the genital area. Many students still take their genital health for granted, which can trigger deviant behavior. Therefore, the Service Team from the Faculty of Health Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Bengkulu conducted outreach at the school in July 2024. This activity included a site survey, education about KA prevention, and evaluation. The results of the counseling show an increase in students' understanding of KA. The enthusiasm from the school and students is very good. Suggestions are given for the school to better control and accompany students to prevent trivialization of the disease, and students are expected to be more social and sensitive to the environment.

Comparative Mitogenomics in the Genus Chlorophorus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Its Phylogenetic Implications

Chlorophorus Chevrolat, 1863, one of the most species-rich genera of Clytini, comprises 36 subgenera and 302 species/subspecies, with some species being of significant economic importance. To assess the monophyly and subgeneric system of this genus, we newly obtained mitochondrial genomic data from 21 species of Chlorophorus via high-throughput sequencing and reconstructed the phylogeny of this genus using ML and BI methods. The mitochondrial genomes of all sequenced Chlorophorus species were found to comprise 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and one non-coding region (control region, CR), reflecting a highly conserved gene arrangement. The mitochondrial genomes of the 21 Chlorophorus species range from 15,387 bp to 15,779 bp in length, and all exhibited AT bias. Analysis of the non-synonymous and synonymous substitution rates revealed that ATP8 has the highest evolution rate, whereas COI has the lowest. Further, phylogenetic analyses were performed based on different datasets (13 PCGs + 2 rRNAs, 13 PCGs + 2 rRNAs + 22 tRNAs, PCG123, PCG12) using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. The results indicate that Chlorophorus is monophyletic, but the subgenera Humeromaculatus Özdikmen, 2011; Immaculatoides Özdikmen, 2022; Brevenotatus Özdikmen, 2022; and Chlorophorus (s. str.) Chevrolat, 1863, are not monophyletic. Based on the comparison of male genitalia, we found that the sclerites of the endophallus may exhibit phylogenetic signals for the genus.

A new species of Pelidnocoris (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

In this work a new species, Pelidnocoris paradisicola sp. nov., of the genus Pelidnocoris Stål, 1868 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea: Pentatomidae: Discocephalinae) is described from the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. An up-to-date diagnosis of the genus and its species is provided, comparing them with similar-looking Discocephalini genera. This is the first record of the genus for the Atlantic Forest, in southeastern South America, and increases the number of species in Pelidnocoris to four. The other species of Pelidnocoris are distributed from southern North America to northern South America, with records from Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, and northern Brazil. Photographs from the citizen science platform iNaturalist indicate the genus is also distributed in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, as well as in Belize, Ecuador and Peru, all representing new records. An identification key to the species of the genus is included, based on characters of general morphology and external male genitalia. Identification of the genus and its species from photographs in online repositories and databases is addressed.

Shibhonia buxanthi, a new genus and species of dorsally punctate Mirini from the island of Socotra (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)

Shibhonia buxanthi gen. & sp. nov., living on Buxus hildebrandtii (senior synonym of Buxanthus pedicellatus) (Buxales: Buxaceae) on Socotra Island (Yemen) is described and illustrated. The new taxon is the sixth species of Miridae recorded from the island and the first endemic genus of this family. Due to the complex of its characters, it belongs to the group of dorsally punctate genera of the tribe Mirini. Inside this group it shows some superficial similarities (especially the colouration and body shape) with the genera Capsus Fabricius, 1803, Chilocrates Horváth, 1889 and Koreocoris Cho & Kwon, 2008, but it is readily distinguished from both by relevant morphological differences, particularly in the structure of male and female genitalia.

Contribution to the study of the genus Dicyphus: the case of D. bolivari and D. tamaninii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)

The genus Dicyphus Fieber, 1858 (Miridae: Bryocorinae: Dicyphini) comprises small plant bugs well known for their zoophytophagous diet and predatory activity, making them useful in biological control. Despite their importance in plant protection, many species remain difficult or impossible to identify. This is the case of both species Dicyphus (Dicyphus) bolivari Lindberg, 1934 and Dicyphus (Dicyphus) tamaninii Wagner, 1951, commonly found in vegetable crops in Western Europe. We have conducted a taxonomic study integrating morphological (including male and female genitalia), molecular, biogeographical, and biological data. The following new synonymy is proposed: Dicyphus bolivari Lindberg, 1934 = Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner, 1951, syn. nov. The synonymies established by Sanchez & Cassis (2018), Dicyphus bolivari Lindberg, 1934 = Dicyphus bolivari atlanticus Wagner, 1951 = D. maroccanus Wagner, 1951, are confirmed. Dicyphus bolivari is compared to closely related species. The following country records are added to D. bolivari range: Channel Islands: Guernsey, Italy: Sardinia, Monaco, Asian part of Turkey and Cyprus.

Sexual Signaling and Sociosexual Behaviors in Relation to Rank, Parasites, Hormones, and Age in Male Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in Uganda.

Secondary sexual characteristics, and the extent to which they are expressed, can convey information about the signaller. The blue scrotum and red penis of male vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) make them a good species in which to examine inter- and intramale variation in signal expression. We quantified genital hue and luminance of male vervets at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda from standardized photos of male genitalia taken in May to June 2016, January to March 2019, and April to June 2019 to examine how dominance rank, fecal androgens (fARMs), fecal glucocorticoids (fGCMs), and parasitism related to achromatic (i.e., luminance) and chromatic (i.e., hue) aspects of scrotal and penile coloration, as well as how genital color related to sociosexual behaviors. We examined 182 photoshoots, 214 fecal samples for hormone analyses, and 152 for parasite analyses. Linear models indicate that genital color is linked to male dominance rank; high-ranking males had a more luminant (i.e., brighter) scrotum and a redder penis. Within males, color characteristics remained relatively stable over the short-term and changed moderately over the long-term. The direction of change was inconsistent for all color characteristics except scrotal luminance, which increased in all males over the long-term. Males with a darker penis received more mating presentations, while higher-ranking males received more mating refusals than low-ranking males, suggesting that females pay attention to penile color. We did not find support for any parasite or hormone mediation of color, and while there was a correlation between fGCM and fARMs, this was positive rather than negative as predicted by the stress-linked immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. Overall, our results indicate that the production of genital color may serve as an intra- and/or intersexual signal of male dominance rank and age in vervets.