Copper Rod Research Articles

Use of Pulsed Arc Discharge Exposure to Impede Expansion of the Invasive Vine Pueraria montana

The invasive kudzu vine Pueraria montana var. lobata is an agricultural nuisance that disturbs the field cultivation of crop plants. We developed a simple electrostatic method of suppressing the invasive growth of kudzu vines as an alternative to the use of herbicides for weed control. Exposure of the vine apex to a high-voltage arc discharge was the focal point of the study. To achieve this, we constructed a ladder-shaped apparatus by arranging several parallel copper rods at specific intervals in an insulating frame. The top rod was linked to a direct current voltage generator and pulse-charged at −10 kV, and the remaining rods were linked to a grounded line. Because of the conductive nature of the grounded vine body, the vine climbing along the grounded rods was subjected to a pulsed arc discharge from the charged rod when its apex entered the electric field produced around the charged rod. The part of the vine exposed to the discharge was heated, which promoted vaporisation of body water. This destroyed the tip growing point and prevented vine elongation. A simplified weed control apparatus was developed, which can be fabricated for practical use from inexpensive, ready-made materials.

Synergistic effect of catalyst and plasma on CO2 decomposition in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor

Plasma has been widely used in wastewater treatment, material modification and biomedicine due to its unique properties. In this work, a coaxial cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was set up to investigate the effects of electrode materials and catalyst combined with DBD plasma on CO2 decomposition under room temperature and atmosphere pressure. The materials of inner electrode and outer electrode were investigated without catalysts packed in the reactor. It was found that the aluminum rod as inner electrode performed better than copper rod and stainless steel rod due to the moderate thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of aluminum rod. Nevertheless, copper foil worked better as external electrode material since its higher electrical conductivity facilitated generation of high energy electrons by the high voltage between electrodes. After perovskite-type catalyst was introduced in the reactor, CO2 conversion increased, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of perovskite combined with plasma discharge. Perovskite-type catalysts could modulate the capacitance of the reactor to make plasma discharge more uniform and increased CO2 conversion, while plasma discharge provided high energy electrons that activated oxides sites and basic sites of perovskite-type catalysts. The maximum CO2 conversion was 23 % and maximum energy efficiency was 2.1 % when MgTiO3 was packed in the reactor.

A new grounding cake to improve the safety performance of grounding systems

The safety of a grounding system plays a vital role in the transmission and distribution network for operational safety in the majorıty of electrical installations. The application of residual current and overcurrent protection relays is among the most preferred methods in grounding systems. A novel grounding cake is proposed in this study to investigate safety performance of grounding system. The methodology is meticulously demonstrated through extensive field experiments on natural and chemical grounding enhancement materials. A performance comparison was carried out between natural and chemical enhancement materials under different humidity levels and voltage stresses. Various adjustable voltages in the range between 0.85 and 3.76 kV were applied to three copper rods vertically planted into different grounding materials. The results from the field experiments were analysed using Discrete Wavelet Transform. The experiments demonstrate that natural grounding enhancement materials give low ground resistivity around the electrodes, serve as a cost-effective solution for high resistive soil, and are in conformity with the IEEE 80 safety standards.

An unbiased method for PRF-shift temperature measurements in convective heat transfer systems with functional parts made of metal

The purpose of this study is to provide a PRF-shift method for fluid temperature measurements in convective heat transfer systems, which contain functional parts made of metal. Such measurements are extremely useful to examine and design convective cooling systems for industrial devices. Metals like copper seem inevitable for such applications because no commonly available non-metallic material reaches the same level of thermal conductivity as for example copper. In MRI, electrically conductive parts embedded in the measured sample are known to produce various kinds of errors including errors in the image phase caused by eddy currents. Two methods are compared that can be used to remove the eddy currents induced phase: via the phase difference of two readouts at different echo times and via the sum of the phase of two acquisitions with reverse gradient polarity and same echo time. The latter method, termed Rot-Echo, provides a better measurement efficiency because of higher temperature sensitivity. Also, this technique is able to directly measure the eddy currents induced phase map. After verification in a stationary water experiment, the Rot-Echo method was applied to time-averaged temperature measurements in a Pin Fin heat exchanger, comprised of water flow that is heated by an array of copper pins. The temperature fields acquired in the Pin Fin heat exchanger under stable thermal-hydraulic conditions agreed well with data from temperature sensors. No eddy currents effects were visible in any of the data sets in the vicinity of the copper rods. In conclusion, this study shows that unbiased PRF-shift temperature measurements are feasible in complex flow systems even if metallic material is used for the functional parts.

High velocity outflows along the axis of pulsed power driven rod z-pinches

We report on initial observations of high velocity outflows from the ends of a rod compressed using pulsed power. 1 mm and 2 mm diameter copper rods were placed in a water bath and driven by ∼0.6 MA currents with rise times of ∼700 ns. Laser backlit framing images and streak photography showed an outflow of the material from the ends of each rod, of the initial velocity of up to 7 km/s, which began ∼500 ns after the start of the current pulse and continued throughout the experiment. Ballistics gel was used to help separate low density gas/plasma from any solid/liquid component in the outflow, successfully capturing the material from larger diameter rods (enabling an estimate of its energy) and tracing the path of the material that passed straight through the gel with smaller rods. Experimental results were compared to 1D and 2D MHD simulations performed with the Gorgon code. These suggested that the outflow had two different components, resulting from two different physical processes. Differences in the resistivity between the copper rod and stainless steel anode result in the opening of a small gap between them and ablated stainless steel being projected above the rod, which is captured in framing and streak images. Later in time, a dense copper material, pinched by the magnetic pressure, is launched—explaining the ballistics gel results. The simulations also suggest that the tamped explosion of the rod surface plays a small role in any outflow.

Flame spread over polyethylene-insulated copper and stainless-steel wires at high pressure

This work studied flame spread over polyethylene (PE)-insulated wires at high pressure with an emphasis on the effect of ambient pressure. Laboratory simulated wires were used as a tested wire, which consisted of semi-transparent low-density PE (LDPE) tube as an insulation and copper (Cu) rod or stainless-steel (SS) tube as a core. Increasing ambient pressure produced much soot, leading to an intensively yellow luminous flame. Flame spread rate for Cu rod increased with ambient pressure, whereas that for SS tube decreased. A qualitative analysis via a simplified flame spread model shows that the flame heat flux increases with ambient pressure, but consequently the flame heating decreases due to the decreased flame heating length. Therefore, the flame spread rate for SS tube decreased with increasing ambient pressure. For Cu rod, however, the core heating is dominant enough to compensate the decreased flame heating, and thus the ambient pressure positively affected the flame spread. During the flame spread, melted insulations were often dripped down, but it reduced with increasing ambient pressure. For Cu rod, no dripping occurred when further increasing ambient pressure, which indicates that there is the dripping limit at a high-pressure region. These findings should contribute to electrical fire safety in elevated pressure environments.

A Coolant Circulation Cooling System Combining Aluminum Plates and Copper Rods for Li-Ion Battery Pack

The spontaneous combustion of electric vehicles occurs frequently, and the main reason is the thermal runaway of a lithium-ion battery. In order to prevent the heat that is produced in the use of a lithium-ion battery out of control, this study proposed a coolant circulation cooling system, that is, the heat generated by the lithium-ion battery is transferred to heat sinks through aluminum plates and copper rods, and then dissipated through the coolant. Based on a CALB-LB5F73 LiFePO4 battery pack, experiments with the coolant circulation cooling system were conducted to study the temperature rise characteristics at different ambient temperatures. The temperature of the battery pack was still close to the upper limit of permitted temperature when the ambient temperature reached 313 K. Further improvement, increasing the diameter of copper rod of the system was proposed to enhance heat dissipation and simulations with this scheme were completed. The findings show that the cooling system can clearly reduce the temperature of a lithium-ion battery pack and control the temperature within the safe temperature range.

Experimental and numerical investigation on enhancing heat transfer performance of a phase change thermal storage tank

There are extensive research and application prospects in the fields of solar energy utilization and waste heat recovery of low and medium temperature latent thermal energy storage (TES), but the low thermal conductivity of phase change material (PCM) seriously weakens the thermal response rate and the rate of heat storage and release of TES. In order to solve this problem, this paper adopts a multi-scale heat transfer enhancement technique. The following parameters by grouping experiments are investigated: expanded graphite (EG) particle content, the diameter and placement position of copper rods. Then the experimental results are analyzed by the statistical response surface method (RSM). At the same time, a 3D model of the phase change heat storage of a single tank is established considering the natural convection of liquid PCM. Meanwhile, the influence of the placement of copper fin on the charging process was analyzed numerically. RSM analysis and simulation results show that copper rod diameter and EG particle content are two important parameters affecting the melting of PCM. Meanwhile, it is predicted that in the range of D Cu = 4-6mm, if the EG particle content is 2 wt.%, it has a shorter melting time and higher economic performance. The placement of the copper rod has no obvious effect on the charging process, but the placement of the annular copper fin has an obvious effect on the melting process of PCM. This study will provide guidance for the heat transfer optimization design of a single tank TES.

Hot pressing of copper and copper-based composites: Microstructure and suitability as electrodes for electric discharge machining

High conductivity of copper is exploited as an electrode material for Electrical Discharge Machining of conducting materials such as steel. However, the tool also wears out during the machining necessitating the use of composites for increased life. The composite electrodes, in general, are prepared using powder metallurgical approaches. In the present paper, hot pressing is employed as a method of manufacture of possible electrodes in copper-tungsten, copper-tungsten–carbon (as graphene) with varying amounts (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 wt%). Typically, all the necessary powders were milled for 60 min in tungsten carbide vessel with tungsten carbide grinding media. The powders were consolidated in a graphite die with graphite punches for 4 min at 900 °C into bars of 10 mm square cross-sections and 55 mm length at a pressure 30 kg/cm2. The densities and hardness of the hot-pressed bars were measured using the Archimedes method, micro Vickers methods respectively. 10 mm cubic samples were cut from the bars and were brazed to pure copper rods and tested for their suitability as electrode materials for Electrical Discharge Machining on AISI D3 steel. The observed results are correlated with the density, hardness, and composition. It was found that the densities of more than 90% were obtained for all the compositions with increased additions resulting in increased hardness. Both Tool Removal Rates and Material Removal Rates were observed to be increased. However, the surface finish can be tailored by a suitable combination of composition and microstructure. The optimized results indicate that the tool with composition copper with 5wt.%tungsten and 0.5 wt% graphene to have a better overall performance with high Material Removal Rate and moderately low Tool Removal Rate and comparable surface roughness that can be an alternative to a copper tool made using hot pressing.

Role of Organic Additives in the Fabrication of Micro Copper Rods by Localized Electrochemical Deposition

In this research, an automated experimental setup to fabricate high aspect ratio copper micro rods using localized electrodeposition was assembled. Using a custom-made microelectrode, copper micro columns were successfully fabricated on copper substrates from an additive-free electrolyte. To expand the capabilities of localized electrochemical deposition as a potential microfabrication technique, the effect of organic additives including Janus Green B (JGB), Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid (MPSA) on the uniformity of the fabricated structures was studied. Scanning electron microscopy characterization revealed that organic additives play an important role in achieving a uniform and rigid micro rod across its height. An electrolyte containing all three additives (PEG, JGB, MPSA) appears to produce a micro rod with better structural characteristics compared with the case when only two additives are present (PEG, JGB). From this research, designing an electrolyte with proper chemistry appears to be critical to realize optimized fabrication of micro scale features by localized electrodeposition. It could also contribute to presenting the technique as a competitive and reliable micro fabrication alternative to other complex and high-cost technologies.

TREATMENT OF BURN SCAR CONTRACTURE WITH AGNIKARMA: A CASE REPORT

The burn scar and contracture cases are highly common. The burn scar is inevitable even after best effort and contracture is common complication after burn which restrict the movement of injured area. The healed burn scar cases lead to varying degrees of functional and aesthetic components. Many treatment modalities are available for their treatment. The occupational therapy, physiotherapy and surgical release of burn contracture are in practice but not cured easily. Ayurveda have different treatment modality for the treatment of wound and their complications one of them is Agnikarma. The Agnikarma is simply intentional therapeutic heat burn therapy and is in practice to reduce the Stabdhta (stiffness) in disease condition. The Agnikarma is indicated in diseases caused by Vata and Kapha doshas. The purpose of case report is to show the role of Agnikarma in releasing burn contracture and to make painless hand movement. The traditional Bindu type linear Agnikarma with the help of Tamra shalaka (copper rod) performed at the stiffness site followed by Ghritkumari (Aloevera Linn.) paste and Yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra Linn.) powder application. The Agnikarma have effect in loosening and releasing of burn contracture. Finally, the patient got benefited.

Study of yeast and sugar in bio-energy generation

This paper demonstrates a simple and cost-effective bio-energy generation through biochemical reaction between yeast and sugar. Correlation of energy released between baker yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae concentration and sugar solution concentration can be observed significantly over laboratory works. A certain number of electrons is released during the process of ethanol fermentation, in which sugars are broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Consequently, bio-energy can be captured via two copper rods during the fermentation period from different concentration variables using the principle of microbial fuel cell (MFC). In this case, yeast and sugar have been selected as the concentration variables. The experiment works concluded that higher concentration of sugar solution correlates to the increment of energy output. However, the concentration of sugar beyond 0.6g/ml causes instability of the energy output. At the same time, another considerable limiting factor of the energy output is the area of separation membrane. The overabundance of sugar concentration can lead to adverse effects in harvesting the bio-energy.

Mechanical Properties of Solder-Jointed Copper Rods with Electrodeposited Sn-Zn Alloy Films.

Enforced solid solution type Sn-Zn alloy films were electrochemically synthesized on Cu substrate from an aqueous solution containing citric acid complexes. The electrodeposition behavior of Sn-Zn alloys was classified to a normal co-deposition type, in which electrochemically nobler Sn deposits preferentially compared to Zn. Electrodeposited Sn-Zn alloy films were composed of a non-equilibrium phase, like an enforced solid solution, which was not observed in an equilibrium phase diagram of an Sn-Zn binary alloy system. By applying a thermal annealing process at 150 °C for 10 minutes, a pure Zn phase was precipitated from an electrodeposited Sn-based solid solution phase with excessively dissolved Zn atoms. During the soldering process, intermetallic phases such as Cu3Sn and Cu5Zn8 were formed at the interface between an Sn-Zn alloy and Cu substrate. Tensile strength and fracture elongation of solder-jointed Cu rods with Sn-8 at.%Zn alloy films reached ca. 40 MPa and 12%, respectively.

Semicontinuous enhanced electroreduction of Cr(VI) in wastewater by cathode constructed of copper rods coated with palladium nanoparticles followed by adsorption

Conventional techniques used for reduction of Cr(VI) in wastewater product great amounts of metal sludge due to the use of reducing chemicals. Since in electrochemical process, the reducing agent is the electron, so the main advantage of this method is its adaptability to the environment. The aim of the current study is to reduce Cr(VI) from electroplating wastewater by the electrochemical method and to adsorb Cr(III) by cellulose sulfate adsorbent. Furthermore, to enhance the reduction efficiency of Cr(VI), the cathode was modified with Pd nanoparticles. In the present study, recovery in the electrochemical column was conducted continuously and semi-continuously. In addition, the effect of pH, amperage, flow rate, and initial concentration of Cr(VI) was investigated. To remove Cr(III) from the wastewater, the cellulose sulfate adsorbent was provided from modification of cotton health wastes. The highest recovery rate (99.63%) was witnessed at pH = 1.5, 1 A amperage, flow rate of 4.24 mL min−1, and initial concentration of 50 mg L−1. The sewage was removed from the system after several consecutive cycles and during 20–55 min reached recovery efficiency of 99.99%. Based on the results, pH had the highest effect on the process. The optimum removal percentage was 85.74% occurred at a pH of 5.6, chromium concentration of 150 mg L−1, and adsorbent concentration of 400 mg L−1. The removal rate of the pollutant was 97.32%, done by cellulose sulfate adsorbent.

On physical basis of local current overload in vehicle electric mains

Introduction. The data presented in the article indicate that the problem of improving fire safety of vehicles is very topical. The aim of the article is to develop a scientifically based method for studying a copper conductor with signs of local current overload in order to establish the cause of its damage during a fire-technical examination. Materials and methods . The studies were carried out with a JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope with an add-on device for energy dispersive microanalysis. The fracture surfaces of the copper conductor were analyzed without preliminary sample preparation. Theoretical foundations (theory and calculations). An updated model of ultimate stress-strain state of inelastic pure bending of a copper rod of circular cross section has been developed. The solution has been reduced to simple rating formulas that allow us to evaluate the bearing capacity of flexible single copper conductors. The applicability of the developed mathematical model during the fire-technical examination is shown by a specific example. Results and discussion . Examples of vehicle fires caused by critical bending of the wiring harness are given in the article. Experimental data confirmed that the copper conductor under current overload melts in the critical bend area. The need to clarify the wording of the term “local current overload” is justified. Conclusion. A method for determining the critical bending of a copper conductor at which its melting can occur under electric current has been proposed. The data presented in the article can be used by experts in an expert study of copper conductors from fire sites to establish the mechanism of their damage and, ultimately, the cause of a vehicle fire.

Synthesis of multiwall carbon nanotubes in presence of magnetic field using underwater arc discharge system

In present work, we have used the underwater arc-discharge to synthesize carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Copper rod and graphite rode are used as a cathode and anode, respectively for CNTs synthesis. In addition to the DC current of 50 amp, a perpendicular magnetic field is also applied across the electrodes while producing CNTs. The CNTs are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR and RAMAN spectroscopy. We have found that the MWCNTs synthesized in the presence of both electric and magnetic field have a smaller diameter compared to conventional arc discharge method.

Enhancement on the thermal behavior using heat pipe arrays in battery thermal management compared to cooper rods

In the present study, the thermal behavior of a power battery cooling structure employing copper rods, and heat pipes was compared. The influences of flow rate and inlet temperature of coolant, as well as input power were discussed by numerical methods. The numerical computation results showed that heat pipe could significantly augment the heat transfer of the battery cooling system than the copper rod. Within the scope of this study, the heat pipe reduced the maximum temperature by 41.6-60.9%. The distributions of temperature ratios on the battery surface, together with the heat flux as soon as streamlines around the heat pipe condenser was also illustrated.

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanomaterial Derived from Anthracite

Among various storage devices, carbon based supercapacitors grabs the recent trends in the electronic devices. The present research work describes the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials derived from anthracite by using staudenmaier method. Anthracite was used as a precursor because of its high carbon content. The structural and chemical complex formation carried out by using XRD and FTIR confirms the formation of CNT’s. The calculated value obtained from the XRD peaks confirms the formation of multilayer carbon nano-materials. The electrode was prepared by coating synthesized CNT on copper rod. The electrochemical performance of prepared working electrode was carried out by using cyclic voltammetric performance. Electrode characterization was performed for different scan rates 10, 20, 30 and 50 mV/sec in a potential window from -0.08 to 0.2V. The CV curves represents symmetric nature which imply that electrode material have stable capacitive process

Optimizing Process Parameters of Spark and Wire-Cut Edm through Anova using Stainless Steel Aisi 316 Material

In the present research work, Stainless Steel AISI 316 as per ASTM A 276 has been employed as the base material to perform Spark and Wire-Cut EDM. The main agenda behind performing Spark and Wire-Cut EDM on Stainless Steel AISI 316 is to find out the effect of machining parameters like surface roughness (SR) and MRR (Material Removal Rate). In-case of wire-cut EDM, brass wire) of 0.25 mm diameter is used as a tool and distilled water is used as dielectric fluid and experimental process parameters like Current (A) (2, 3 and 4 Amps), Pulse ON time (B) (25, 30 and 35 μs) and Wire feed rate (C) (40, 60 and 80 mm/sec). Similarly for spark cut EDM copper rod of 12 mm diameter and 65 mm length. Process parameters like Current (A) (6, 12 and 16 Amps), Voltage (B) (30, 35 and 40 Volts) and Pulse ON time (C) (50, 100 and 200μs) were maintained during the experimentation. Statistical tools ANOVA & L-9 Orthogonal Array (OA) have been employed to optimize the machining parameters like Surface Roughness (SR) and MRR (Material Removal Rate).

Experimental Investigation of Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient of MC22 on Horizontal Copper Rod

In recent years, refrigerant MC 22 as a kind of natural refrigerant which is environmentally-friendly has been considered to used in refrigeration and air conditioning applied. The research aim to ascertain boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant MC22 on horizontal copper rod. This work has been done experimentally by especially designed for this investigation. A copper rod with 12 mm diameters and 70 cm long was used as a testing object in boiling heat transfer test apparatus. Method was used by heating the copper rod at from 2 to 10 watts with 2 watts increases; each increases was made after a 2 minutes time interval. It was concluded that the enhanced of heat flux caused the increasing of boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant MC 22.