Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate Research Articles

Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid, a Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyst for the Synthesis of Aryl Iodides and Azides from Aryl Amines via Diazotization

Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid, a Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyst for the Synthesis of Aryl Iodides and Azides from Aryl Amines via Diazotization

Enzyme-Mimics for Sensitive and Selective Steroid Metabolite Detection.

We present an enzyme-like functional polymer that recognizes nonelectroactive targets and catalyzes their redox reactions for simple, selective steroid metabolite detection. Measuring steroid metabolites, such as cortisol, has been widely adopted to diagnose stress and chronic diseases. Conventional detection method based on competitive immunoassay requires time-consuming labeling processes for signal transduction and unstable biological receptors for biorecognition yet with limited selectivity. Inspired by natural enzymes' target specificity and catalytic nature, we report an enzyme-mimic using electrocatalytic molecularly imprinted polymers (EC-MIP) to achieve label-free, external redox reagent-free, sensitive, and selective electrochemical detection of cortisol. The EC-MIP sensor contains molecularly imprinted cavities for specific cortisol binding and embedded copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (CuPcTS) for electrocatalytic reduction of the ketones on the captured cortisol into alcohols. The direct sensing approach resolves the intrinsic limitations of conventional MIP-based sensors, most notably the use of external redox probes and weak sensing signals. The sensor exhibited a detection limit of 181 pM with significantly enhanced selectivity using a differential sensing mechanism. The new enzyme-like sensor can be modified to detect other targets, offering a simple, robust approach to future health monitoring technologies.

Proof of Concept of Reconfigurable Solvent Vapor Sensor Tag with Wireless Power Transfer for IoT Applications

In this paper, a concept of a reconfigurable chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor tag for detecting solvent vapors/gas in IoT applications was presented. The concept was based on the authors’ previously published rectangular loop structure equipped with a U-folded dipole loaded with a glide-symmetrical interdigital capacitor coated with a thin layer of tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine deposited as a sensing layer to improve the sensing capability in the presence of acetone vapor. In order to further maximize the sensitivity of the designed structure to the desired solvent, a circuit for a central frequency adjustment using a radio frequency varactor diode biased with a wireless power transfer (WPT) was designed. By varying the DC bias of the diode, a continuous tunable range of approximately 200 MHz was achieved. The proposed reconfigurable wireless sensor tag was manufactured and the frequency shift was verified by measurement. The proposed external frequency control can be applied to a wide class of electrical resonators.

Chipless RFID Tag With Enhanced RCS Used as a Phthalocyanine-Based Solvent Vapors Sensor

A novel uniplanar chipless RFID solvent vapors/gas sensor is proposed in this letter. The sensor etched on an extremely thin capton substrate is composed of the folded dipole resonator loaded by the interdigital capacitor located inside the planar rectangular metallic loop that improves the radar cross section (RCS) response. When illuminated by a plane wave, the folded dipole causes a notch in the RCS response of the loop located near its resonant frequency. The high RCS level (-18 dBsm), together with the notch depth (16 dB) assure a reliable detection of its position within the frequency dependence of RCS curve. In order to enhance the structure sensitivity to the presence of acetone vapors, the tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine thin film was applied as a sensitive layer during the process of folded dipole metallization. The experimental verification confirmed the viability of sensor proof-of-concept for the detection of chemical vapors.

Amperometry detection of nitrite in food samples using tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine modified glassy carbon electrode

A stable chitosan protected tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine (Chit-TsCuPc) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used to aid the electrochemical detection of nitrite (NO2−) in food samples. The electrochemical oxidation of NO2− was investigated on bare, chitosan and TsCuPc modified GCE in presence of phosphate buffer solution with an acidic medium. The elevated oxidation peak current was noticed at less oxidation potential for + 0.55 V vs. Ag/AgCl at Chit-TsCuPc modified electrode under the optimized experimental conditions. The plot displays the peak current against NO2− with a good linearity in the concentration rangefrom 6.5 × 10−8 M to 5.0 × 10−10M. The linear regression equation is calculated to be Ip (μA) = 0.5291 + 1.4894C (NO2−), has a good correlation coefficient of 0.9949 and the detection limit of 22 nM (S/N = 3) with the current sensitivity of 4.964 μA nM−1 cm−2. The standard addition method was adopted to measure the unknown NO2− concentration in food samples.

The Effect of Heat Treatment on Optical Properties of Copper (II) Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt (CuPcTs) Organic Thin Films

Copper (II) phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt (CuPcTs) thin films have been prepared using a simple spin coating method on glass substrates. Thin films (100 ± 5 nm thickness) annealed at temperatures of (100, 150 and 200) ∘C for one hour. The optical properties of thin CuPcTs films have been investigated in the spectral range of (300-900) nm by using the (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The annealed film at 100 ∘C shows the highest absorbance whereas, the lowest was at the room temperature. All films have identical absorption coefficient patterns, α in the absorption region revealed direct transition. Analysis of α as well as the dielectric constants ei and er reveal two absorption peaks in mentioned spectral region. The results showed that the optical band gaps depended on the temperature. The film annealed at 100 ∘C has the lowest optical energy gap. FTIR measurements were tested in the infrared range of (400-4000) cm− 1to evaluate the position and bonds of CuPcTs as a comparison with H2Pc as a reference. Photoluminescence spectroscopy was applied to improve the results of (UV-Vis) measurements and get more exact value of optical energy gap. The energy band gaps have been estimated as (1.83 ± 0.05) and (3.18 ± 0.04) eV for Q and B bands respectively. In this work, the Capacitive-Resistive temperature sensor has been fabricated. The sensor shows response to variation of temperature in the range of (RT-200) ∘C and the response time of ≈ 20 ± 5 Sec. For two electrodes (Aluminum and silver), our results have shown that the aluminum electrode has a higher capacitance and resistance than silver electrode depending on the different frequency values. While the silver electrode has the shortest response time.

P-CuPcTS/n-SnO2 organic-inorganic hybrid film for ppb-level NO2 gas sensing at low operating temperature

Design and fabrication of organic-inorganic hybrid sensing materials is a promising strategy to combine the advantages of good stability of inorganic species and high sensitivity, selectivity and low operating temperature of organic ones. In this work, CuPcTS(Copper (II) Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt)/SnO2 organic-inorganic hybrid film was prepared through a simple soak-assembling process. The p-type CuPcTS molecules were homogenously adsorbed on the surfaces of n-type SnO2 film to form p-n heterojunctions. Due to the low adsorption energy of NO2 on CuPcTS at low temperature, the CuPcTS/SnO2 hybrid film exhibits significantly improved sensing performance towards ppb-level NO2 with high sensitivity (Rg/Ra=2400 up to 1ppm NO2), ultra-low theoretical detection limit (∼40ppb when signal-to-noise ratio is 3) and excellent selectivity. The ultrahigh sensitivity and selectivity upon ppb-level NO2 indicate the promising capability of CuPcTS/SnO2 hybrid film for environmental monitoring of NO2 concentrations.

Impedance sensing of DNA hybridization onto nanostructured phthalocyanine-modified electrodes

DNA detection is still undergoing major innovations in pursuit of low-cost and simple approaches for decentralized applications. Label-free sensing of DNA hybridization via impedance measurements is a popular strategy to fulfil the goals of cost-efficiency and simplicity. Several materials are often reported for electrode modification to improve the sensitivity of impedance-based sensors. Herein we evaluate the electronic properties of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (CuPcTs) in Layer-by-Layer (LbL) films for impedimetric sensing of DNA hybridization using silanized Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) electrodes. 1 to 5 bilayers were prepared by alternate immersion of the substrate in CuPcTs and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). DNA probe immobilization was carried out electrostatically onto the last PAH layer, followed by hybridization with the target sequence leading to the formation of a partial double stranded (pds) structure onto the films. Impedance decreased after hybridization proportionally with the concentration of the target sequence at picomolar levels. Not only are these findings useful as a potential biosensing strategy, but also leave an open question about the electronic and synergistic properties of DNA interacting with different materials and surfaces.

Kinetics of the Sorption of Copper (II) Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Sodium Acid (Cupc) Dye onto Titanium Dioxide

Kinetics of the Sorption of Copper (II) Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Sodium Acid (Cupc) Dye onto Titanium Dioxide

Enhanced amperometric detection of metronidazole in drug formulations and urine samples based on chitosan protected tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine thin-film modified glassy carbon electrode

An enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of metronidazole antibiotic drug molecule using chitosan protected tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine (Chit/CuTsPc) thin-film modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been developed. An irreversible reduction occurs at −0.47V (vs. Ag/AgCl) using Chit/CuTsPc modified GCE. A maximum peak current value is obtained at pH1 and the electrochemical reduction reaction is a diffusion controlled one. The detection limit is found to be 0.41nM from differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. This present investigation method is adopted for electrochemical detection of metronidazole in drug formulation and urine samples by using DPV method.

Resonance IR: A Coherent Multidimensional Analogue of Resonance Raman

This work demonstrates the use of triply resonant sum frequency (TRSF) spectroscopy as a "resonance IR" analogue to resonance Raman spectroscopy. TRSF is a four-wave-mixing process where three lasers with independent frequencies interact coherently with a sample to generate an output at their triple summation frequency. The first two lasers are in the infrared and result in two vibrational excitations, while the third laser is visible and induces a two-quantum anti-Stokes resonance Raman transition. The signal intensity grows when the laser frequencies are all in resonance with coupled vibrational and electronic states. The method therefore provides electronic enhancement of IR-active vibrational modes. These modes may be buried beneath solvent in the IR spectrum and also be Raman-inactive and therefore inaccessible by other techniques. The method is presented on the centrosymmetric complex copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate. In this study, the two vibrational frequencies were scanned across ring-breathing modes, while the visible frequency was left in resonance with the copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate Q band, resulting in a two-dimensional infrared plot that also reveals coupling between vibrational states. TRSF has the potential to be a very useful probe of structurally similar biological motifs such as hemes, as well as synthetic transition-metal complexes.

The Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed By Carbon-Supported Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid (CuPcTSA/C) By High Temperature Treatment

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The Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Carbon-Supported Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid (CuPcTSA/C) by High Temperature Treatment

This work reports the preparation and electrochemical property of carbon-supported copper phthaloctyanine tetrasulfonic acid (CuPcTSA/C) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The catalyst was synthesized via a combined solvent-impregnation. For optimizing the electrocatalytic activity, the catalyst obtained at room temperature was further treated at high temperature ranged from 600 to 800oC. The catalytic activity was found to be strongly dependent on the heat-treated temperature. Results of electrochemical characterization, which was performed using a rotating disc electrode (RDE) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and liner sweep voltammetry (LSV), with emphasis on the activity of the catalyst were presented. The resulting CuPcTSA/C-700 of 40/60 mass ratio showed the best catalytic activity in terms of ORR among the overall prepared catalysts, where the onset potential at 0.11V and a half-wave potential at 0.03V were achieved.

Electrodeposition of zinc oxide/tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine hybrid thin film for dye-sensitized solar cell application

Hybrid film of zinc oxide (ZnO) and tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine (TSPcCu) was grown on an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass by one-step cathodic electrodeposition from aqueous mixtures of Zn(NO 3) 2, TSPcCu and KCl. The addition of TSPcCu strongly influences the morphology and crystallographic orientation of the ZnO. The nanosheets stack of ZnO leads to a porous surface structure which is advantageous to further adsorb organic dyes. The photovoltaic properties were investigated by assembling the DSSC device based on both the only ZnO film and the ZnO/TSPcCu hybrid films. Photoelectrochemical analysis revealed that the optimized DSSC device with TSPcCu represented a more than three-fold improvement in power conversion efficiency than the device without TSPcCu. The DSSC based on ZnO/TSPcCu hybrid films demonstrates an open circuit voltage of 0.308 V, a short circuit current of 90 μA cm −2, a fill factor of 0.26, and a power conversion efficiency of 0.14%.

Enhanced photoelectrochemical properties of TiO 2 nanotubes co-sensitized with CdS nanoparticles and tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine

TiO 2 nanotubes (TiNTs) with high specific surface area were prepared in a hydrothermal process. The XRD analysis indicated that the TiNTs calcined at 300 °C were mainly composed of anatase TiO 2. The TiNTs co-sensitized with CdS nanoparticles and tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine (TiNTs/CdS–CuTsPc) were prepared via an in situ formation of CdS nanoparticles followed by adsorption of CuTsPc molecules. The co-sensitized TiNTs showed better photoresponse from ultraviolet to the near infrared. The results of photoelectrochemical measurements demonstrated that the co-sensitized TiNTs electrode (FTO/TiNTs/CdS–CuTsPc) possessed higher short circuit current J sc and IPCE values than those of single-sensitized electrodes, as well as its counterpart fabricated with copper phthalocyanine (FTO/TiNTs/CdS–CuPc). The excellent light-harvesting and efficient spatial separation of the photogenerated charges were considered to be the main reasons responsible for the enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of TiNTs.

Synthesis and characterization of Cu-phthalocyanine hybrid TiO2 sol

TiO2 sol was prepared by a sol-gel method. Sodium polymethacrylate (PMAA) was added to TiO2 sol, resulting in a stable TiO2-PMAA . The copper(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate ( CuPcTs ) was used to sensitize nanocrystalline TiO2 photocatalyst. The hybrid nanoparticles had an average particle size of 35 nm and core-shell type morphology was observed using a TEM. For the preparation of TiO2-CuPcTs , TiO2 was directly complexed with CuPcTs , leading to a particle size of 100 nm by a sonication treatment. The photodegradation of the hybrid type photosensitizer was measured using AO7 as an indicator with He-Ne laser with wavelength 633 nm. The efficiency of singlet oxygen generation was also measured by the reduction ratio of concentration of trans-1-(2′-methoxyvinyl) pyrene (MVP) responding to the change of fluorescene emission at 420 nm, depending on the irradiation time.

Time-resolved pump-probe technology with phase object for measurements of optical nonlinearities

A new time-resolved pump-probe system with phase object, which is based on the PO Z-scan technique and the standard pump-probe system, is presented. This new method can simultaneously investigate the dynamic of nonlinear absorption and refraction conveniently. On the other hand, both degenerate and nondegenerate pump and probe beams in any polarization states can be used in this system. The nonlinear optical properties of tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide solution are investigated by using this system.

Concentration-dependent nonlinear refraction in tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine solution

By using the Gaussian Z-scan technique, a transition from the self-focusing property to the self-defocusing property with a decrease in concentration under 11 ns pulse excitation in tetrasulfonated copper phthalocyanine (CuPcTs) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is observed, which is due to the coexistence of excited-state refraction and transient thermal-lens effect. The nonlinear optical properties of a CuPcTs/DMSO solution are investigated by using the top-hat Z-scan technique under different laser pulse excitations with the same fluence at 532 nm. The mechanism of the optical nonlinearities for the solution is studied by using an improved picosecond time-resolved pump–probe technique which can simultaneously measure the dynamic nonlinear absorption and refraction conveniently. The experimental results are described very well by using a simple three-level model and the theory of the transient thermal refraction in liquids. The values for the excited-state absorption and refraction cross section are also obtained.

Oxygen Dependence of Two‐photon Activation of Zinc and Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate in Jurkat Cells

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the use of light-activated drugs, is a promising treatment of cancer as well as several nonmalignant conditions. However, the efficacy of one-photon (1-gamma) PDT is limited by hypoxia, which can prevent the production of the cytotoxic singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) species, leading to tumor resistance to PDT. To solve this problem, we propose an irradiation protocol based on a simultaneous, two-photon (2-gamma) excitation of the photosensitizer (Ps). Excitation of the Ps triplet state leads to an upper excited triplet state T(n) with distinct photochemical properties, which could inflict biologic damage independent of the presence of molecular oxygen. To determine the potential of a 2-gamma excitation process, Jurkat cells were incubated with zinc or copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (ZnPcS(4) or CuPcS(4)). ZnPcS(4) is a potent (1)O(2) generator in 1-gamma PDT, while CuPcS(4) is inactive under these conditions. Jurkat cells incubated with either ZnPcS(4) or CuPcS(4) were exposed to a 670 nm continuous laser (1-gamma PDT), 532 nm pulsed-laser light (2-gamma PDT), or a combination of 532 and 670 nm (2-gamma PDT). The efficacy of ZnPcS(4) to photoinactivate the Jurkat cells decreased as the concentration of oxygen decreased for both the 1-gamma and 2-gamma protocols. In the case of CuPcS(4), cell phototoxicity was measured only following 2-gamma irradiation, and its efficacy also decreased at a lower oxygen concentration. Our results suggest that for CuPcS(4) the T(n) excited state can be populated after 2-gamma irradiation at 532 nm or the combination of 532 and 670 nm light. Dependency of phototoxicity upon aerobic conditions for both 1-gamma and 2-gamma PDT suggests that reactive oxygen species play an important role in 1-gamma and 2-gamma PDT.

Characterization of Copper Phthalocyanine Nanoparticles Formed by Laser Ablation in Poor Solvents

Laser irradiation of Copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (CuPcTs) microcrystals in some poor solvents has produced CuPcTs nanoparticles with 15-112 nm in diameter. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images have shown densely packed nanoparticles of CuPcTs formed in methanol and acetone. The mean diameter of CuPcTs nanoparticles obtained from TEM images in methanol, 2-methy-2-propanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone were determined to be 26, 36, 35, 86, and 78 nm, respectively. The size and surface morphology of CuPcTs nanoparticles have been correlated with solvent parameters such as polarity and thermal diffusivity. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2008.312]