Copper Loading Research Articles

Continuous Flow Preferential Hydrogenation of an Octanal/Octene Mixture Using Cu/Al2O3 Catalysts.

γ-Alumina-supported catalysts with varying copper loadings (5–25 wt %) were prepared by incipient wet impregnation and characterized by various characterization techniques. These catalysts were tested for the selective hydrogenation of octanal in a mixture containing 10 wt % octanal and 2 wt % octene diluted in octanol. The reactions were carried out in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor in a down flow mode with varying pressures, liquid hourly space velocities, and hydrogen (H2)-to-aldehyde molar ratios. The catalyst activities were assessed over a temperature range between 100 and 180 °C using hydrogen gas as the hydrogen source. The results obtained showed that under these experimental conditions, copper preferentially hydrogenates the aldehyde and the copper content exhibited no significant influence on the catalyst activity or product selectivity. Kinetic modeling revealed that both octanal and octene hydrogenation were first-order reactions, although octene conversion was very low until octanal conversion had reached a significant level. The activation energy for octanal hydrogenation is higher than the octene hydrogenation. A maximum octanal conversion of >99% was obtained at 160 °C, and the best selectivity toward octanol of 99% was achieved at 100 °C (53% conversion). The pressure played a small role with regards to octanal conversion and selectivity toward octanol, whereas it exhibited a significant influence on the octene conversion. Increasing the hydrogen-to-aldehyde ratio was found to have a direct influence on both octanal and octene conversion.

Multifunctional photoactive and selective adsorbent for arsenite and arsenate: Evaluation of nano titanium dioxide-enabled chitosan cross-linked with copper

A novel multifunctional sorbent material of nano-titanium dioxide-enabled chitosan beads cross-linked with copper (CuTICB) is capable of photo-oxidation of As(III) to the less-toxic and more easily adsorbed As(V) in UV light and selective adsorption of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) in the presence of phosphate, a strong adsorptive competitor and inhibitor of arsenic removal performance. CuTICB is an attractive sorbent as simultaneous photo-oxidation and adsorption reduces treatment time and cost while selective adsorption improves removal efficiency of arsenic in typical environmental conditions where competitive ions are predominant. In CuTICB, nano-titanium dioxide (n-TiO2) anatase photo-oxidizes As(III) to As(V) through generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, Cu-chitosan bidentate crosslinkers form through Lewis acid-base coordinate bonding between Cu(II) and chitosan amine groups resulting in cationic behavior that electrostatically favors As(V) chelation even when phosphate concentrations are orders of magnitude higher. The influence of copper and n-TiO2 loading on arsenic photo-oxidation and selective removal over phosphate was explored to optimize CuTICB design using batch experiments under varying systems conditions. For a system requiring both photo-oxidation and selective adsorption, it was found that copper and n-TiO2 act non-linearly and synergistically, where maximum loadings of both does not yield the optimal selectivity or removal efficacy.

Promotion effect of Ce or Zn oxides for improving furfuryl alcohol yield in the furfural hydrogenation using inexpensive Cu-based catalysts

Kerolite/Mg-smectite mixed layer was used as inexpensive material to support metallic copper, with metal loadings (5–30 wt.%). These catalysts are active in gas-phase furfural hydrogenation, maintaining conversion values higher than 80 mol%, at 210 °C, after 5 h of time-on-stream, with high copper loading (15–30 wt.% Cu) catalysts, being furfuryl alcohol and 2-methylfuran the only detected products. The incorporation of Ce and Zn as promoters causes a decrease in the furfural conversion, although catalysts become much more selective toward furfuryl alcohol, reaching a maximum furfuryl alcohol yield above 80%, at 190 °C, after 5 h of TOS, after CeO2 addition.

Effects of Different Copper Loadings on the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2‐SiO2 Prepared at a Low Temperature for the Oxidation of Organic Pollutants in Water

AbstractThe objective of this research is to examine how Cu modification can improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2‐SiO2, to explain the correlation between the Cu concentration and the chemical state of Cu cations in the TiO2‐SiO2 matrix, and the photocatalytic activity under UV/solar irradiation. The Cu‐modified TiO2‐SiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by a low‐temperature sol–gel method from organic Cu, Si and Ti precursors with various Cu concentrations (0.05–3 mol %). The sol–gels were dried at 150 °C to obtain the photocatalysts in a powder form. The photocatalytic activity was determined by using a fluorescence‐based method of terephthalic acid decomposition. An up to three times increase in photocatalytic activity is obtained if the TiO2‐SiO2 matrix is modified with Cu in a narrow concentration range from 0.05 to 0.1 mol %. At higher Cu loadings, the photocatalytic activity of the Cu‐modified photocatalysts is lower than that of the un‐modified reference TiO2‐SiO2 photocatalyst. XRD was used to show that all Cu‐modified TiO2‐SiO2 composites with different Cu concentrations have the same crystalline structure as un‐modified TiO2‐SiO2 composites. The addition of Cu does not change the relative ratio between the anatase and brookite phases or unit cell parameters of the two TiO2 crystalline structures. We used Cu K‐edge X‐ray absorption near edge structure and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure analyses to determine the valence state and local structure of Cu cations in the Cu‐modified TiO2‐SiO2 photocatalysts. The results elucidate the mechanism responsible for the improved photocatalytic activity. In samples with a low Cu content, which exhibit the highest activity, Cu−O−Ti connections are formed, which suggests that the activity enhancement is caused by the attachment of CuII cations on the surface of the photocatalytically active TiO2 nanoparticles, so CuII cations may act as free‐electron traps, which reduce the intensity of recombination between electrons and holes at the TiO2 photocatalyst surface. At higher Cu loadings no additional Cu−O−Ti connections are formed, instead only Cu−O−Cu connections are established. This indicates the formation of amorphous or nanocrystalline copper oxide, which hinders the photocatalytic activity of TiO2.

Synergy between Electrochemical ATRP and RAFT for Polymerization at Low Copper Loading.

A dual-concurrent atom transfer radical polymerization/reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (ATRP/RAFT) system is used to control a radical polymerization by electrochemical reduction of small amount of copper complexes in the presence of a chain transfer agent (CTA). Electrochemical ATRP conditions provide a continuous supply of radicals, while the CTA aids the control over molecular weight and dispersity of poly(n-butyl acrylate), even in the presence of low ppm amounts of catalyst. The polymerization could be turned "on" and "off" by shifting electrolysis potential. With as low as 10 ppm of Cu catalyst, addition of only 2% CTA (with respect to the ATRP initiator) improves control by decreasing dispersity from Ð = 1.41 to Ð = 1.25.

Multiple Cores‐Shell Structured Cu@SiO2 Ultrathin Leaf‐Shaped Nanocomposite: Facile Fabrication and Excellent Selective Catalytic Hydrogenation Performance

AbstractThe facile preparation core‐shell structured Cu@SiO2 nanocomposites with high copper loading and dispersion still remains a difficult challenge. Herein, we report the efficient fabrication of a core‐shell structured Cu@SiO2 leaf‐shaped nanocatalyst which possesses multiple copper nanoplatelets with high content as cores and ultrathin mesoporous silica as shell. This catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic performance in gas phase catalytic hydrogenation of furfural (with furfural conversion of 97% and furfuryl alcohol selectivity of 98%) and liquid phase catalytic reduction of p‐nitrophenol to p‐aminophenol (with activity parameter =69.0×10−3 s−1 mg−1). This unique fabrication strategy is also successfully applied to synthesize multiple cores‐shell structured Ni@SiO2 nanosheet composite with uniform and ultrafine nickel particles and extremely high nickel loading. It is expected that this strategy can be expanded to other diverse multiple core‐shell architectures.

Copper-induced recrystallization and interdiffusion of CdTe/ZnTe thin films

ZnTe is commonly employed as a buffer layer between CdTe and the metallization layer at the back contact of state-of-the-art CdTe solar cells. Here, the critical role of Cu in catalyzing recrystallization and interdiffusion between CdTe and ZnTe layers during back contact activation is presented. Several CdTe/ZnTe:Cu thin-film samples were prepared with varying levels of copper loading and annealed as a function of temperature and time. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The results show that stress is present in the as-deposited bilayers and that negligible interdiffusion occurs in the absence of Cu. The presence of Cu facilitates rapid interdiffusion, predominantly via Cd migration into the ZnTe phase. Zn migration into CdTe is limited to areas around defects and grain boundaries. Ternary CdxZn1-xTe interlayers are formed, and the extent of alloy formation ranges from 0.08 < x < 0.5 throughout the whole ZnTe layer. The level of Cu loading controls the composition of the CuxTe clusters observed, while their size and migration is a function of annealing conditions.

Ozonation of Reactive Orange 4 dye aqueous solution using mesoporous Cu/SBA-15 catalytic material

The catalytic ozonation using mesoporous SBA-15 supported copper catalyst (Cu/SBA-15) was employed for the degradation of reactive orange 4 (RO4) azo dye in aqueous solution. The catalyst was synthesized and characterized using BET, SEM, TEM and EDX techniques. The characteristic results revealed highly ordered mesoporous structure, uniform pore sizes, parallel arranged channels and large surface area for the catalyst. The effects of copper loading on SBA-15, initial solution pH and ozone dose on the degradation of RO4 dye were studied. The complete colour removal from RO4 azo dye aqueous solution was obtained after 21 min of ozonation. The maximum TOC removal efficiency of 86% was obtained at optimum operational conditions of 2% copper loadings, initial solution pH 9 and ozone dose of 5 g/m3 after 60 min reaction time. The degradation pathway of catalytic ozonation reaction was studied by adding t-butanol as radical scavenger and it was found that the presence of radical scavenger had no effect on colour removal efficiency suggesting direct ozone molecular type mechanism. However, TOC removal efficiency was significantly reduced with the addition of t-butanol, thereby, indicating a hydroxyl radical based mechanism. The catalytic ozonation reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with respect to RO4 dye concentration. The reusability study for the catalyst suggested a negligible loss in the degradation efficiency after five runs of experiments. The stability of the catalyst was studied by performing leaching experiments which suggested that the catalyst has the potential to be utilized for the degradation of aqueous dye solution.

Enhancing antibacterial properties of polypropylene/Cu‐loaded montmorillonite nanocomposite filaments through sheath–core morphology

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) loaded with copper‐exchanged montmorillonite (Cu‐MMT) nanocomposite filaments and films with excellent antimicrobial activity have been reported for the first time. A sheath–core morphology filament in which only the sheath contains Cu‐MMT was prepared for maximizing bioactivity. Sodium MMT clay was modified to acid‐activated MMT and further to Cu‐MMT via an ion exchange process. The exchange operation was confirmed using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) which suggested increased interlayer spacing and confirmed the loading of copper in Cu‐MMT. Further, Cu‐MMT was melt‐mixed in PP in the form of PP/Cu‐MMT nanocomposite filament, film and sheath–core morphology PP/Cu‐MMT nanocomposite filament. The surface morphology and elemental composition of the nanocomposites were studied using scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX. Transmission electron micrographs were obtained to understand the dispersion characteristics of Cu‐MMT phase in PP. X‐ray diffraction analysis of nanocomposites suggested increased crystallinity at lower loading due to heterogeneous nucleating action of MMT. The PP nanocomposite filaments and films were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli, which is the main pathogenic bacterium found abundantly in water, and were found to exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

The effect of copper loading and silicon content on catalytic activity and hydrothermal stability of Cu-SAPO-18 catalyst for NH3-SCR

The effect of Cu loading and Si content on catalytic activity and hydrothermal stability of Cu-SAPO-18 catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method was investigated in ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) reaction. The Cu-SAPO-18 catalyst with Cu loading of 2.49 wt.% shows superior NH3-SCR performance and hydrothermal stability due to the presence of more isolated Cu2+ species and the less amount of CuO species. What’s more, the Cu-SAPO-18 catalysts with different Si content exhibit distinct NH3-SCR performance, though they contain similar Cu loading. The NH3-TPD, H2-TPR and EPR results indicate that the number of acid sites and isolated Cu2+ ions over Cu-SAPO-18 catalysts rises with increasing Si content from 0.084 to 0.173, but decreases with the highest Si content of 0.204. Consequently, the Cu-SAPO-18 (0.173) catalyst shows the best NH3-SCR performance. After hydrothermal treatment, the Cu-SAPO-18 (0.173) catalyst exhibits excellent NO reduction efficiency which attributes to its stable framework and the most amount of acid sites and isolated Cu2+ ions. Additionally, the NH3-SCR kinetic analysis over Cu-SAPO-18 catalyst was also performed and suggesting that Cu loading and Si content do not influence the NH3-SCR reaction mechanism.

Cu-Cu2O@graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites: Facile synthesis, characterization, and electrical conductivity properties

Sphere-like Cu-Cu2O nanoparticles on graphene nanoplatelets (Cu-Cu2O@GNP) nanocomposites were prepared via the in situ decomposition of copper acetate and GNP at 500 °C in N2 flow. The thermal behavior of the copper acetate and GNP mixtures was monitored using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N2 adsorption were used to characterize the obtained nanocomposites. The obtained results revealed that the nanocomposites are consisted of Cu-Cu2O nanospheres distributed among the graphene nanoplatelets. The study on the thermal effect of cyclic conductivity was done on Cu-Cu2O@GNP in the pure form, prepared in different copper loadings (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%). The dc conductivity for 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% of Cu-Cu2O@GNP composite was found 42.44 S cm−1, 44.053 S cm−1, 75.42 S cm−1 and 78.951 S cm−1, respectively measured by 4-in line–probe dc electrical conductivity measuring technique. This shows the metallic behavior as it increasing with the temperature and highest ratio of metal have high conductivity.

Photo-catalytic degradation of methyl tertiary butyl ether from wastewater using CuO/CeO2 composite nanofiber catalyst

The contamination of underground water by methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is a very serious environmental issue as its separation from the water is quite difficult because of high solubility. Limited studies have used ceria composite as a catalyst for the photo-degradation of MTBE in water samples. Therefore, photo-degradation of aqueous MTBE using synthesized pure ceria and copper oxide-ceria composite nanofiber catalyst was conducted in the present study under UV irradiation. The binary catalyst (with 0–20% Cu loading) was prepared via electrospinning method, and characterized using SEM, EDX, FTIR, XPS, BET surface area and XRD techniques. The morphology of such prepared catalyst was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whereas, the copper loading in the composite was assured by EDX (Electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). This experiment was performed using aqueous MTBE solution of various initial concentrations (100–400 ppm) for a time period of 2 h, and the optimization of operational parameters was done. The study showed that the maximum efficiency to degrade 100 ppm of MTBE under UV irradiation was achieved at pH 8.0 with a catalyst loading of 1 g/L following first order reaction kinetics. Thus, this composite presents a novel catalyst for effective purification of MTBE contaminated water. Similar studies using other nano-composite materials as catalyst are recommended for identifying effective methods of water purification in a simple and cost effective manner.

Insight into the correlation between the effective adsorption sites and adsorption desulfurization performance of CuNaY zeolite

A series of CuNaY zeolites with different Cu loadings were prepared from NaY by liquid-phase ion exchange (LPIE) method. The microstructure and textural properties of CuNaY zeolites were characterized by XRD and N2 sorption and their adsorption desulfurization performance were evaluated with a model oil containing thiophene by the dynamic adsorption method. Combined with the Py-FTIR and NH3-TPD methods, the amounts of surface acid sites and effective Cu+ species were determined quantitatively and a correlation between the effective adsorption sites and adsorption desulfurization performance of CuNaY zeolite towards thiophene was then established. The results revealed that the surface acidity and the active copper species in Y zeolite can be regulated effectively by controlling the copper loading; an adsorbent provided with abundant effective adsorption sites and excellent adsorption desulfurization performance can be obtained by loading appropriate amount of copper. On the contrary, an excessively high copper loading may promote the formation of polymeric copper species in the cavity of Y zeolite, which leads to a decrease in the number of effective adsorption sites as well as a decrease in the adsorption capacity of CuNaY zeolite towards thiophene.

Preparation of Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts by chemical vapour deposition for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol in a fixed bed reactor.

Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by chemical vapour deposition for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of phenol in a fixed bed reactor. Firstly, Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts with Cu loading of 0.5, 2, and 6 wt% were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption–desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). The characterization results demonstrated that CuO was uniformly dispersed on ZSM-5 with slight effect on the structure properties of the support. Then, several variables, such as the copper loading, reaction temperature, catalyst bed height and feed flow rate were investigated in the CWPO of phenol in aqueous solution at high concentration (1000 ppm). Compared with the catalyst prepared by the impregnation method, the Cu-ZSM-5 prepared by chemical vapour deposition has a better capacity of further oxidizing the intermediate organic products into carbon dioxide and water with less metal loading. Based on the Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst with Cu loading of 6 wt%, complete removal of phenol and a high TOC reduction (around 70%) have been achieved at the temperature of 80°C feed flow rate of 2 ml min−1 and catalyst bed height of 3 cm. Moreover, this catalyst maintained high catalytic activity after three runs with high phenol conversion (94%) under this optimum operating condition. Finally, the reaction mechanism was studied based on the intermediates detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

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Crystal structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (hLOXL2) in a precursor state

Lysyl oxidases (LOXs), a type of copper- and lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ) -dependent amine oxidase, catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine residues of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as elastins and collagens and generate aldehyde groups. The oxidative deamination of lysine represents the foundational step for the cross-linking of elastin and collagen and thus is crucial for ECM modeling. Despite their physiological significance, the structure of this important family of enzymes remains elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (hLOXL2) at 2.4-Å resolution. Unexpectedly, the copper-binding site of hLOXL2 is occupied by zinc, which blocks LTQ generation and the enzymatic activity of hLOXL2 in our in vitro assay. Biochemical analysis confirms that copper loading robustly activates hLOXL2 and supports LTQ formation. Furthermore, the LTQ precursor residues in the structure are distanced by 16.6 Å, corroborating the notion that the present structure may represent a precursor state and that pronounced conformational rearrangements would be required for protein activation. The structure presented here establishes an important foundation for understanding the structure-function relationship of LOX proteins and will facilitate LOX-targeting drug discovery.

Synthesis of Robust MOF-Derived Cu/SiO2 Catalyst with Low Copper Loading via Sol–Gel Method for the Dimethyl Oxalate Hydrogenation Reaction

The insufficient catalytic stability of Cu-based catalysts is still its bottleneck in industrial application, and it is widely studied how to synthesize highly stable Cu-based catalysts. Herein, we have developed a MOF-derived preparation of robust Cu/SiO2 catalyst for the efficient hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) to ethylene glycol (EG). The sol–gel method was used to in situ load the HKUST-1 into SiO2 support with only a copper loading of 7.83%. The advantages of MOF-derived Cu/SiO2 catalyst are that copper species could escape from severe coating by silica matrix and expose more active sites with small particles sizes (4.2 nm). Furthermore, it is inclined to generate more stable Cu2O reduced from Cu–O–Si units by using MOF as precursor. As a result, more than 95.0% selectivity of EG with a long lifetime of 220 h was achieved over the Cu/SiO2-MOF catalyst. On the contrary, when using the copper nitrate as the copper precursor, the prepared Cu/SiO2-CN catalyst with similar copper loading exhibite...

Cu‐WOx‐TiO2 Catalysts by Modified Evaporation‐Induced Self‐Assembly Method for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to 1, 3‐Propanediol

AbstractA series of Cu‐WOx‐TiO2 catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis with different molar ratios of copper and tungsten species loadings were prepared by modified evaporation‐induced self‐assembly method. Their physical and chemical properties were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, liquid N2 sorption, Py‐IR, Raman, inductive coupled plasma, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope techniques, and their catalytic performances were investigated in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol. The mesoporous framework for Cu‐WOx‐TiO2 materials can be kept well when the molar ratio of tungsten species is lower than 6%. Although the tungsten species loading is the same, the 2Cu‐6WOx‐ TiO2 sample has distinctly more Brønsted acid sites than the 2Cu‐6WOx/TiO2‐I sample prepared by impregnation method, which is owing to homogeneous tetrahedrally WOx species dispersion resulting in the formation of W5+ species. The 2Cu‐6WOx‐TiO2 sample has a higher catalytic performance than other samples, and the glycerol conversion of 12.7%, 1, 3‐Propanediol selectivity of 32.3% and the ratio of 1, 3‐Propanediol to 1, 2‐Propanediol of 1.17 can be obtained. The 2Cu‐6WOx‐TiO2 sample shows good catalytic reusability, whose glycerol conversion 12.1% and 1, 3‐PDO selectivity 30.8% can be reached even though after repeated reaction for 5 times.

The optoelectronic properties and role of Cu concentration on the structural and electrical properties of Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles

In the current study, we synthesized a Cu-doped ZnO (CZO) nanoparticles material using a sol-gel method with different doping concentrations of Cu (0, 2, 3 and 4 at.%). The control of the Cu concentration on structural, electrical and optical properties of CZO nanoparticles was investigated in detail. The XRD analysis of the CZO nanoparticles reveals the formation of ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure for all samples which confirm the incorporation of Cu2+ ions into the ZnO lattice by substitution. Furthermore, CZO nanoparticles showed a small red shift of absorption band with the incorporation of Cu from 0 to 4 at.%; i.e. a decreased band gap value from 3.34 eV to 3.27 eV with increasing of Cu doping content. The frequency dispersion of the electric conductivity were studied using the Jonscher universal power law, according to relation σ(ω) = σDC + A ωs(T). Alternative current conductivity increases with increasing Cu content in spite of the decrease the activation energy with copper loading. It was found that the conductivity reached its maximum value for critical Cu concentration of 3 at.%. The frequency relaxation phenomenon was also investigated and all results were discussed in term of the copper doping concentration.

Catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate over CuO/ZSM-5 catalysts: Effect of preparation method

Abstract A series of CuO/ZSM-5 catalysts with different copper loadings were prepared by impregnation (IM) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, respectively. Their physicochemical properties were investigated by N2 adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectronic spectra (XPS), temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen (H2-TPR) and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 (NH3-TPD). The XRD and TEM results demonstrated that the crystallite size of the CuO prepared by CVD method was smaller than that by IM, and the XPS results illustrated that the copper specie was mostly in Cu2+ state and Cu+ co-existed. The performance of catalytic oxidation of ethyl acetate was conducted in the fixed-bed reactor based on CuO/ZSM-5 catalysts. The experimental results showed that the preparation method affected the catalytic activity of CuO/ZSM-5; the CVD catalysts exhibited a higher catalytic activity for ethyl acetate oxidation compared with the IM catalysts at the same copper loadings. Ethanol and acetaldehyde are observed to be the intermediate products in the combustion of ethyl acetate over the synthesized catalysts. The relative amounts of acetaldehyde and ethanol are determined by the selectivity of the catalyst toward acetaldehyde production from ethanol. Particularly, the 3 wt% CVD catalyst showed the best catalytic activity for ethyl acetate oxidation with 90% conversion of ethyl acetate at 235 °C, which was much lower than that of the 3 wt% IM catalyst (278 °C), meanwhile, the intermediate products of the 3 wt% CVD for ethyl acetate oxidation were completely oxidized into CO2 and H2O at temperature as low as 288 °C.