Copper Induction Research Articles

Disulfiram Inhibits Opsonin-Independent Phagocytosis and Migration of Human Long-Lived In Vitro Cultured Phagocytes from Multiple Inflammatory Diseases.

Disulfiram (DSF), an anti-alcoholism medicine, exerts treatment effects in patients suffering from persistent Borreliosis and also exhibits anti-cancer effects through its copper chelating derivatives and induction of oxidative stress in mitochondria. Since chronic/persistent borreliosis is characterized by increased amounts of pro-inflammatory macrophages, this study investigated opsonin-independent phagocytosis, migration, and surface marker expression of in vivo activated and in vitro cultured human monocyte-derived phagocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells) with and without DSF treatment. Phagocytosis of non-opsonized Dynabeads® M-450 and migration of macrophages and dendritic cells were monitored using live cell analyzer Juli™ Br for 24 h, imaging every 3.5 min. To simultaneously monitor phagocyte function, results were analyzed by a newly developed software based on the differential phase contrast images of cells before and after ingestion of Dynabeads. DSF decreased the phagocytic capacities exhibited by in vitro enriched and long-lived phagocytes. Although no chemotactic gradient was applied to the test system, vigorous spontaneous migration was observed. We therefore set up an algorithm to monitor and quantify both phagocytosis and migration simultaneously. DSF not only reduced phagocytosis in a majority of these long-lived phagocytes but also impaired their migration. Despite these selective effects by DSF, we found that DSF reduced the expression densities of surface antigens CD45 and CD14 in all of our long-lived phagocytes. In cells with a high metabolic activity and high mitochondrial contents, DSF led to cell death corresponding to mitochondrial oxidative stress, whereas metabolically inactive phagocytes survived our DSF treatment protocol. In conclusion, DSF affects the viability of metabolically active phagocytes by inducing mitochondrial stress and secondly attenuates phagocytosis and migration in some long-lived phagocytes.

Copper-inducible expression system for metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli.

The inducible expression system plays an important role in engineering Escherichia coli for chemical production. However, it still heavily relies on expensive chemical inducers, like IPTG. There is a pressing need to develop alternative expression systems with more affordable inducers. We herein report a copper-inducible expression system in E. coli based on the two-component Cus system and T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP). By integrating the gene encoding T7 RNAP at the CusC locus, we managed to program eGFP expression under the T7 promoter in response to different concentrations of Cu2+ (0-20 μM). Subsequently, we demonstrated that the copper-inducible expression system was suitable for the metabolic engineering of E. coli toward protocatechuic acid overproduction, and the resulting strain with combined manipulation of the central metabolism via CRISPRi produced 4.12 g L-1 PCA under the optimal copper concentration and induction time. We have established a copper-inducible T7 RNAP expression system in E. coli. The copper-inducible expression system could rationally control metabolic pathways in a temporal and dose-dependent manner. The gradient expression system based on copper inducer could be widely used in E. coli cell factories, and the design principle reported here would also be applicable in other prokaryotes.

Flat Inkjet‐Printed Copper Induction Coils for Magnetostrictive Structural Health Monitoring: A Comparison with Bulk Air Coils and an anisotropic magnetoresistive sensor (AMR) Sensor

Structural health monitoring (SHM) represents the next generation of carbon fiber‐reinforced composite nondestructive testing. One challenge facing the application of magnetostrictive SHM is the lightweighting and ease of installation of actuators and sensors. Inkjet printing (IJP) technology is well suited to produce miniaturized electronic induction sensors that can be paired with magnetostrictive actuators to detect strain. These sensors have several advantages: their thicknesses can be minimized, the surface area can be maximized to increase sensitivity, and complex multifilar coil configurations can be fabricated. A parametric study of the efficacy of IJP induction coils with different parameters (number of coils, monofilar/bifilar, size) tested on a number of actuator‐functionalized composite coupons (FeSiB ribbon and impregnated epoxy sensors) is conducted. The samples are characterized by measuring their inductance response through induced strains. Increased sensitivity and accuracy of the 10‐turn monofilar IJP sensor are shown with respect to 1) 70‐turn hand‐wound coils, 2) a three‐axis AMR sensor, and 3) other IJP actuators with <10 turns. This is attributed to increased contact area to the composite surface and the requirement of minimum sensitivity (i.e., the number of turns and surface area) for strain detection.

Purification and Characterization of Two Novel Laccases from Peniophora lycii.

Although, currently, more than 100 laccases have been purified from basidiomycete fungi, the majority of these laccases were obtained from fungi of the Polyporales order, and only scarce data are available about the laccases from other fungi. In this article, laccase production by the white-rot basidiomycete fungus Peniophora lycii, belonging to the Russulales order, was investigated. It was shown that, under copper induction, this fungus secreted three different laccase isozymes. Two laccase isozymes—Lac5 and LacA—were purified and their corresponding nucleotide sequences were determined. Both purified laccases were relatively thermostable with periods of half-life at 70 °C of 10 and 8 min for Lac5 and LacA, respectively. The laccases demonstrated the highest activity toward ABTS (97 U·mg−1 for Lac5 and 121 U·mg−1 for LacA at pH 4.5); Lac5 demonstrated the lowest activity toward 2,6-DMP (2.5 U·mg−1 at pH 4.5), while LacA demonstrated this towards gallic acid (1.4 U·mg−1 at pH 4.5). Both Lac5 and LacA were able to efficiently decolorize such dyes as RBBR and Bromcresol Green. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships among laccases of Peniophora spp. were reconstructed, and groups of orthologous genes were determined. Based on these groups, all currently available data about laccases of Peniophora spp. were systematized.

Microstructre and mechanical properties of Mg/Al joints by pulse MIG assisted induction pre-heating with composite interlayers

Butt Joints of AZ31 magnesium alloys and Al1060 aluminium plates were produced by conventional MIG welding process with composite interlayers composed of zinc, copper and aluminium foil and induction pre-heating method was used to promote the melting degree of the high melting interlayers, which achieved the connection of dissimilar materials effectively by comparison via SEM and tensile test. The results indicated that crack-free Al/Mg butt joints were obtained. The analysis of the microstructure of the joints showed that the phase composition at the interface between base metal and fusion zone related to the sequence of the different foils. The tensile strength of the joints could reach 21 MPa and the fracture located at the interfacial zone which was mainly composed of brittle Al-Mg compounds.

Non-Contact Voltage Monitoring of HVDC Transmission Lines Based on Electromagnetic Fields

The high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission network is envisioned to advance further as a supplement to AC transmission in a new era of renewable energy and smart grid development. Voltage monitoring of HVDC transmission lines is critical for evaluating the power quality in power delivery and realizing the stability control of the power system. Unfortunately, the traditional potential transformers can only work with AC voltage while the other existing voltage sensors (e.g., Hall-effect voltage sensors, and optical-fiber voltage sensors) are still not practical for large-scale deployment for monitoring the HVDC transmission lines, owing to the fact that they are either invasive or expensive. In this paper, a non-contact electric-coupling-based voltage sensing with the assistance of magnetic-field sensing for monitoring the voltages of HVDC transmission lines is proposed. The voltages of HVDC transmission lines can be reconstructed from measuring the induced voltage of induction bars, and their correlation coefficients are attained by the magnetic sensing with an optimization program which determines their relative spatial positions. The sensitivity and stability of the proposed platform, and the corona effect of the HVDC transmission lines are discussed. The performance of the proposed sensing technique was investigated by simulation on a ±100 kV HVDC transmission line system, and was further experimentally validated on a scaled HVDC transmission-line testbed in the lab. This sensing technique can be implemented at low cost by adopting copper induction bars and magnetoresistive sensors. Considering its non-contact nature and cost-effectiveness, this technique is suitable for a large-scale deployment over HVDC transmission networks for wide-area monitoring.

Characteristics of an atmospheric‐pressure radio frequency‐driven Ar/H2 plasma discharge with copperwire in tube

This paper investigates a plasma discharge driven by a 13.56 MHz radio frequency (RF) power supply at atmospheric pressure, in which a copper wire is inserted in the discharge tube for the deposition of Cu films. The results show that the jet plasma formation originates from the discharge between the copper wire and induction coil because of its electrostatic field. The axial distribution of the plasma parameters in the RF plasma jet, namely the gas temperature, excitation temperature, and electron number density, is determined by diatomic molecule OH fitting, Boltzmann slope, and Hβ Stark broadening, respectively. The discharge current significantly declines when a small amount of hydrogen is added to the argon as the plasma‐forming gas, and the gas temperature of discharge plasma increases considerably.

Impact of pH regulation on multicopper oxidase production and swarming motility in the bacterium Proteus hauseri ZMd44.

Proteus hauseri ZMd44, a biodecolorizing bacterium, has been known to produce electricity and multicopper oxidase (Mco-laccase) under copper induction. However, optimization and regulation of production have not been explored. This study is the first attempt to evaluate several parameters on biomass and Mco-laccase production of P. hauseri ZMd44. Through orthogonal experiments with Taguchi's L9, it was found that P. hauseri ZMd44 was sensitive to pH value. The cells grew relatively quickly at pH 7, thus the biomass and Mco-laccase production reached 1.66 g/L and 1043.6 U/L, respectively. Higher pH values also influenced the swarming motility, which is an important characteristic of P. hauseri ZMd44 that affects urinary tract infection. The swarming circle and the diameter of the swarm, represented by the motility velocity, were found to be more controlled after 24 h of growth at pH 6. The swarming ability of P. hauseri was completely inhibited by the addition of 3mM copper or zinc ions. Therefore, the Mco-laccase and swarming motility could be controlled by regulating pH and ion content.

Non-Contact Capacitive-Coupling-Based and Magnetic-Field-Sensing-Assisted Technique for Monitoring Voltage of Overhead Power Transmission Lines

Adopting non-contact capacitive coupling for voltage monitoring is promising as it avoids electrical connection with high-voltage transmission lines. However, coupled voltage transformation matrix to correlate voltage of overhead transmission lines and induction bars has not been achieved mathematically due to the lack of equivalent electric circuit model for analyzing the physical phenomenon. Moreover, exact spatial positions of overhead transmission lines are typically unknown and dynamic in practice. In this paper, a technique based on non-contact capacitive-coupling and assisted by magnetic-field sensing for monitoring voltage of overhead transmission lines was designed and implemented. The technique in this paper is demonstrated on a single-circuit transmission line as an example, while it is also applicable for multi-circuit transmission lines. The capacitive coupling between overhead transmission lines and induction bars were modeled as lumped capacitors, and then, the equivalent electric circuit model was established. The coupled voltage transformation matrix to correlate voltage of overhead transmission lines and induced voltage of induction bars mathematically was formed accordingly. This paper was also carried out to analyze the effect of ground wires, sensitivity of induction bars, the ability of high-frequency transient measurement, and the intrinsic capacitance of a measurement instrument. The exact spatial positions of overhead transmission lines were acquired by integrating magnetic-field sensing with the stochastic optimization algorithm. The methodology was verified by simulation on the 10-kV single-circuit three-phase overhead transmission lines taking non-ideality of signal measurement in account, and wavelet de-noising algorithm was supplemented to filter the interferences. A scaled testbed to experiment the technique was built to monitor 220 V overhead transmission lines in the lab, and also the typical waveform of a high-frequency switching surge (up to 1 kHz), which was generated by a programmable ac source. The reconstructed results match well with the actual values. This technique can largely improve transient-fault identification over traditional potential transformers by the virtue of the increased upper measurement limit and bandwidth through capacitive coupling. Moreover, it can be implemented with low-cost copper induction bars and compact magnetoresistive sensors, enabling large-scale application to realize sectional monitoring in the wide area.

Study of magnetic properties and structural and phase transformations in the Co-19 at % Al-6 at % W alloy

The Co-19 at % Al-6 at % W alloy prepared by two methods of melting in an inert atmosphere, namely, by arc melting followed by casting into a water cold copper mold and induction melting followed by casting in a ceramic (Al2O3) mold, has been studied. It was found that the phase composition of the alloy and its magnetic properties depend on the cooling rate of ingot after melting. Samples are ferromagnetic up to 800°C; the specific magnetization equal to σ= 10 emu/g is retained up to ∼700°C. The Curie temperatures of all phases found in the alloy have been determined. It was found that the formation of the Co7W6 phase in the alloy increases the coercive force of the alloy, whereas the saturation magnetization demonstrates a 1.5-fold decrease.

Copper induction and differential expression of laccase in Aspergillus flavus.

Aspergillus flavus was isolated from soil and exhibited laccase activity under both constitutive and copper induced conditions. Spiking the medium with 1 mM copper sulfate resulted in an increase in the activity which reached 51.84 U/mL, a distinctive protein band was detected at 60 kDa. The extracellular enzyme was purified 81 fold using gel filtration chromatography and resulted in two different laccase fractions L1 and L2, the latter had a higher enzymatic activity which reached 79.57 U/mL and specific activity of 64.17 U/μg protein. The analysis of the spectrum of the L2 fraction showed a shoulder at 330 nm which is characteristic for T2/T3 copper centers; both copper and zinc were detected suggesting that this is an unconventional white laccase. Primers of laccase gene were designed and synthesized to recover specific gene from A. flavus . Sequence analysis indicated putative laccase (Genbank ID: JF683612) at the amino acid level suggesting a close identity to laccases from other genera containing the copper binding site. Decolorization of textile waste water under different conditions showed possible application in bioremediation within a short period of time. The effect of copper on A. flavus was concentration dependent.

A copper-induced quinone degradation pathway provides protection against combined copper/quinone stress in Lactococcus lactis IL1403.

Quinones are ubiquitous in the environment. They occur naturally but are also in widespread use in human and industrial activities. Quinones alone are relatively benign to bacteria, but in combination with copper, they become toxic by a mechanism that leads to intracellular thiol depletion. Here, it was shown that the yahCD-yaiAB operon of Lactococcus lactis IL1403 provides resistance to combined copper/quinone stress. The operon is under the control of CopR, which also regulates expression of the copRZA copper resistance operon as well as other L. lactis genes. Expression of the yahCD-yaiAB operon is induced by copper but not by quinones. Two of the proteins encoded by the operon appear to play key roles in alleviating quinone/copper stress: YaiB is a flavoprotein that converts p-benzoquinones to less toxic hydroquinones, using reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as reductant; YaiA is a hydroquinone dioxygenase that converts hydroquinone putatively to 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde in an oxygen-consuming reaction. Hydroquinone and methylhydroquinone are both substrates of YaiA. Deletion of yaiB causes increased sensitivity of L. lactis to quinones and complete growth arrest under combined quinone and copper stress. Copper induction of the yahCD-yaiAB operon offers protection to copper/quinone toxicity and could provide a growth advantage to L. lactis in some environments.

Toward an understanding of the effects of agitation and aeration on growth and laccases production by Pleurotus ostreatus

Mycelial growth and laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus CP50 cultured in a 10-L mechanically agitated bioreactor were assessed through a 23 factorial experimental design. The main effects and interactions of three factors (agitation, aeration and copper induction) over five responses (μ, αLacc, βLacc, maximal volumetric laccase activity and maximal biomass concentration) were analyzed. P. ostreatus growth was significantly improved when culturing was conducted with high agitation (5.9kW/m3s) and aeration flow (0.5vvm) rates. Under the experimental conditions evaluated, no evidence of hydrodynamic stress affecting fungal growth was observed. However, the high agitation and aeration conditions were detrimental for the growth-associated laccase production constant (αLacc), leading to a very complex optimization of the process. The maximal laccase volumetric activity (1.2 and 3.8U/ml for non-induced and copper-induced cultures, respectively) was observed when the culturing was performed at a low agitation rate (0.9kW/m3s) and a high aeration flow rate (0.5vvm). Laccase proteolysis may explain the complex interactions observed between agitation and aeration and the effects of these factors on the laccase volumetric activity observed in the cultures.

Copper induction of laccases by Lentinus polychrous under liquid-state fermentation

Abstract The fungus Lentinus polychrous , an edible mushroom popular in Northeast Thailand secretes ligninolytic enzymes, mainly laccases and manganese peroxidases. This research investigates the production of ligninolytic enzymes by the fungus culture in liquid medium in the presence of two well-known laccase inducers. Using Basidiomecetes synthetic medium (BSM), higher laccase activity of 350 U L −1 was obtained at day 14, when the culture was induced in the presence of 1.0 mM CuSO 4 , but not with 1.0 mM 2,5-xylidine. Higher concentration (3.0 mM) CuSO 4 could inhibit enzyme production and the fungal growth. Optimum inducer concentration for laccase production by L. polychrous was 0.1 mM CuSO 4, which yielded the highest laccase activity per biomass (67.9 U g −1 ). When the fungus was cultured in Erlenmeyer flasks in Glucose Yeast Peptone (GYP) medium, the maximum production of laccase was found to be approximately 2000 U L −1 with 0.3 mM CuSO 4 as inducer for 2 weeks. Laccase production in a bioreactor yielded more than 1000 U L −1 laccase at 8 days culture, making this system feasible for enhancement of high laccase production.

Proteomics approach to decipher novel genes and enzymes characterization of a bioelectricity-generating and dye-decolorizing bacterium Proteus hauseri ZMd44

The first-attempt study employed a proteomics strategy for the identification of abundant proteins from a bioelectricity generation and dye decolorization bacterium Proteus hauseri ZMd44. By using the degenerated primers designed based on the peptide sequences from tandem mass spectroscopy and the whole genomics annotation of the closely associated strain, Proteus penneri ATCC 35198, the genes were successfully obtained for two full-length genes of 543 bp (laccase) and 1,086 bp (Omp F, porin) encoding to 181 amino acids and 362 amino acids, respectively. It explored laccase and NADH dehydrogenase involvement in the oxidation-reduction reaction as well, as porin played an important role in providing channels for related proteins in the accomplishment of electron transportation in P. hauseri. Detailed enzymatic assays indicated that laccase activity of 542.2 U/DCW could be stimulated by 2.5 mM copper induction in LB medium (ca. 293-fold to those without copper induction). Among intracellular proteins, NADH dehydrogenase activity of 257.2 U/mg via mediator riboflavin was in parallel with the decolorizing capability of azo dye Rb160 that only took place in LB medium. From the evaluation of kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km were 0.272 U/min and 0.393 mM with ABTS, 0.046 U/min and 43.8 μM with NADH), it is better to decipher the decolorization mechanism of ZMd44 indicating that laccase and NADH dehydrogenase played the most crucial role for azo dye decolorization.

Copper induction of enhanced green fluorescent protein expression inPleurotus ostreatusdriven by laccasepoxa1bpromoter

In silico analyses of several laccase promoter sequences have shown the presence of many different responsive elements differentially distributed along the promoter sequences. Analysis of Pleurotus ostreatus laccase promoter poxa1b extending around 1400-bp upstream of the start codon showed the presence of several putative response elements, such as 10 metal-responsive elements. Development of a system for in vivo analysis of P. ostreatus laccase promoter poxa1b by enhanced green fluorescent protein expression was carried out, based on a polyethylene glycol-mediated procedure for fungal transformation. Quantitative measurement of fluorescence expressed in P. ostreatus transformants grown in the presence and in the absence of copper sulfate was performed, demonstrating an increase in expression level induced by the metal.

Identification and characterization of a fungal strain with lignin and cellulose hydrolysis activities

A lignin and cellulose-degrading fungal strain Bio-1 was isolated from the soil of Yuelu Mountain in China. It was identified as a member of the genus Cladosporium by 18s rDNA, ITS sequences analysis and morphological characters. Bio-1 could hydrolyze at least 35% of the alkaline lignin in 4 days when incubated in screening liquid medium. Both laccase and cellulase activities could be detected in the fermentation liquid and cell homogenate. High extracellular and intracellular laccase activities of 3800 and 5352 U/L were obtained with copper induction, respectively. The extracellular cellulase production was reached (51 U/Ml). Based on these characteristics, Bio-1 could be well suited as a commercial fungus applied in degradation of lignocellulose biomass for environment protection. Key words: Cladosporium, identification, laccase, cellulase, CuSO4.

Molecular characterization, metal uptake and copper induced transcriptional activation of efflux determinants in copper resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae

An efflux system, comprising cus determinants, plays an important role in pumping out this metal in gram negative bacteria exposed to high concentration of copper. Cus determinants comprise two operons, one regulatory (cusRS) and the other structural (cusCFBA). Although the efflux system has been described in quite a few members of Enterobacteriaceae, little is known about this system in Klebsiella spp. We are describing cus determinants in Klebsiella pneumoniae for the first time and also providing evidence for their metal-induced expression, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Copper resistant K. pneumoniae, capable of copper uptake and later efflux of excessive copper, was isolated from industrial waste water. Expression of both cusRS and cusCFBA was quantified at transcriptional level through real time PCR. The results demonstrated that cus determinants were functional under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The mRNA level of both operons increased several fold in the presence of non-lethal as well as sub-lethal copper concentrations. The increase in cusCFBA transcripts was 74.8 fold 15min after exposure to 3mM Cu++ under aerobic conditions compared to the 16 fold increase in cusRS under the same conditions. Under anaerobic conditions the cusCFBA transcripts increased 32.65 fold and the cusRS five fold within 15min after exposure to 3mM Cu++. It is concluded that cus genetic determinants in K. pneumoniae comprise structural component (cusCFBA) and a regulatory component (cusRS), which show several fold expression under copper induction both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, the structural genes express 4.7 fold more than the regulatory genes, whereas under anaerobic conditions, this expression is 6.5 fold. Finally, time course study revealed a novel pattern of immediate up-regulated expression followed by decreased and another increased in the transcript level of both operons of cus determinants in the presence of copper.

Tissue‐specific copper accumulation, zinc levels, induction, and purification of metallothionein in freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense exposed to subacute waterborne copper

Copper (Cu) is one of the most important essential metals for crustaceans, buttoxic in excess. Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins, which play important roles in metal homeostasis, detoxification, and cytoprotection. In the present study, Sinopotamon henanense were exposed to 0 (controls), 2.86, and 14.3 mg L(-1) waterborne Cu, Cu accumulation, zinc (Zn) levels and MT induction in gills and hepatopancreas were determined with Cd/Hemoglobin saturation assay and atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Results showed that Cu accumulation and MT levels were both tissue-specific and revealed some time-dependent and dose-dependent, respectively. The highest Cu accumulations of 82.10 ± 16.38 μg g(-1) w wt were observed in the gill after 15 days of 14.3 mg L(-1) Cu exposure, the peak MT induction of 136.16 ± 19.39 μg g(-1) w wt were observed in the hepatopancreas after 3 day of 14.3 mg L(-1) Cu exposure.In addition, the essential metal homeostasis of Zn was disturbed in some ways by subacute Cu exposure. The calculated ratios of actual Cu to theoretical maximum metal bound by MT indicating that the hepatopancreas had much greater Cu-binding potentials than the gills. Positive correlation were shown between MT induction and Cu accumulation both in hepatopancreas and gills, indicating that MT induction in S. henanense can be considered as a biomarker for subacute waterborne Cu pollution. Furthermore, the Cu induced MT (CuMT) from S. henanense was purified using acetone precipitation (50-80%), followed by gel filtration chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE and time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis showed that S. henanense CuMT possess two isoforms and both mainly existed as monomer and dimmer forms. These present studies will be helpful to increase the database information of heavy metal-induced MT in terms of crustaceans.

Lysyl oxidase and enhancement of cell proliferation and angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper-dependent enzyme that cross-links collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. LOX overexpressed in various tumors. The manner in which LOX affects tumor growth remains controversial. Chemical treatment and gene transfection were used to induce LOX overexpression or inhibition in cell lines SAS and SVEC4-10. LOX mRNA, protein, and activity were confirmed before tube formation assay and tumorigenesis. The microvessels in the tumor section were detected by immunostaining CD31-positive endothelial cells. LOX overexpression and copper induction of LOX activity increased SVEC4-10 tube formation. LOX silencing and β-aminopropionitrile inhibition of LOX activity had opposite effects. LOX overexpression increased proliferation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. High LOX expression clones increased tumor size in a tumorigenesis model. The microvascular numbers were higher in LOX overexpression tumors than in control tumors. LOX can induce cell proliferation and angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma.