Inclusion Of Copper Research Articles

Effect of the Inclusion of Organic Copper, Manganese, And Zinc in The Diet of Layers on Mineral Excretion, Egg Production, and Eggshell Quality

This study aimed at evaluating the replacement of inorganic copper, manganese, and zinc sources by organic sources in the diet of laying hens during the second laying cycle in trace mineral excretion, egg production, and eggshell quality. Two hundred and fifty 100-week-old Dekalb hens were distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments with five replicates of ten birds each. The control treatment consisted of a basal diet with all trace minerals in the inorganic form. The other treatments consisted of a basal diet with a mixture of the minerals copper, manganese, and zinc in the organic form with concentrations of 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70% of the levels of inclusion of inorganic mineral sources in the control treatment. Trace mineral excretion was determined in five layers per treatment by the method of total excreta collection. Excreta trace mineral contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Egg production and eggshell quality were determined by the mass of the eggs and the egg specific gravity, respectively. For all trace minerals examined, the dietary supplementation with organic sources reduced trace mineral excretion compared with the control group, even at 70% inclusion level, without compromising egg production or eggshell quality. The replacement of the inorganic trace mineral sources by organics source effectively reduced the excretion of copper, manganese, and zinc by laying hens in the second laying cycle.

Mixed Metal Phosphorous Oxides: Prospects for Secondary Lithium Based Batteries

Cathode materials containing phosphate have met with success in lithium based batteries, with a notable example being lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4. A recent focus for our research has been the investigation of bimetallic phosphates (MM’PxOy, where Mn+ = Ag, Cu), motivated by the desire to obtain the stability observed in phosphate based cathode materials and the opportunity for multiple electron transfers per formula unit due to the bimetallic composition of the materials. Our initial electrochemical studies focused on Ag2VO2PO4 where the material provided a discharge capacity of 272 mAh/g and high current pulse capability. In-situ formation of silver nanoparticles upon initiation of reduction was accompanied by a 15,000 fold increase in cathode conductivity. Our paradigm of current enhancement via reduction displacement was in evidence. An alternate composition Ag0.48VOPO4 material with lower silver content per formula unit shows a high operating voltage and characteristic multi-plateau voltage profile. Counter to Ag2VO2PO4, the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 occurs later in the discharge process for Ag0.48VOPO4. Based on the delayed reduction of silver, we hypothesized that the MVOPO4 material class may demonstrate improved reversibility relative to the AgVO2PO4 system. The MVOPO4 material is explored for secondary lithium based battery applications. The electrochemistry of the analogous silver and copper containing MVOPO4 materials will be compared and contrasted in this presentation. The inclusion of copper instead of silver in the structure is motivated by lower cost of copper versus silver and the accessibility of divalent Cu2+ which can provide 2 electron equivalents per metal center. However, the silver containing material offers the advantage of higher operating voltage. The electrochemistry will be summarized in the context of prior work other members of the MM’PxOy and MM’O material families.

Degradation of CdTe Solar Cells: Simulation and Experiment

Time-dependent numerical modeling is employed in conjunction with experimental data to investigate degradation mechanisms in cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells. Two mechanisms are tested against the data: 1) defect generation in the junction region caused by excess charge carriers and reactant defects and 2) back barrier increase. Junction effects result in stable $J_{{\rm sc}}$ with significant losses in $V_{{\rm oc}}$ and FF, in accordance with typical data for the type of light-soak stress conditions considered here. The back barrier increase causes additional FF loss. The results suggest that both mid-gap recombination centers and shallow acceptor-type defects form near the main junction as degradation proceeds. Our data reaffirm that the inclusion of copper in the back contact is associated with better initial performance and more rapid degradation. Correlations were observed between degradation rates and apparent doping hysteresis obtained from bidirectional capacitance–voltage (C–V) scans. Our time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) results show no correlation between light-soak-induced $V_{{\rm oc}}$ loss and PL lifetime.

Role of copper on structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of nickel ferrite nano particles

Copper doped nickel ferrites Ni(1−x)CuxFe2O4 (where x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6) nanoparticles are prepared by co-precipitation method and sintered at 600°C. The XRD study confirms the formation of single-phase cubic spinel Ni–Cu ferrites. The particle size increases with Cu substitution. FT-IR spectra confirm the absorption bands around 554–547cm−1 for the tetrahedral sites and around 448–450cm−1 for the octahedral sites. The inclusion of copper shifts the tetrahedral band to lower values. The saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanent magnetization (Mr) decrease with increase in copper concentration and the coercivity (Hc) is found to increase for all the compositions sintered at 600°C. The dielectric constant decreases drastically for all the compositions and reaches a constant value. These nanoparticles can be tested for humidity sensing applications.

Electroless Plating for Seed Layer Deposition and Direct Metallization of Glass for Interposer Fabrication

As a silicon substitute for interposer substrate, much attention has been turning to glass recently. Glass presents a number of advantages over traditionally used silicon such as low cost, small footprint, transparency, electrical insulation and potential for roll to roll or large area processing. However, it also bears shortcomings such as low thermal conductivity and difficulty in via formation. As economy is a major incentive for developing glass packaging technology, high cost fabrication techniques used for silicon, like sputtering, hinder the potential for application. To contribute to glass packaging development, a method for copper plating directly on glass substrate was proposed where an electroless copper seed layer is deposited then electro copper plating and via filling, followed by thermal diffusion to increase the adhesion (Scheme 1). A porous thin metal oxide film of a few ten nanometers fused to the substrate was used to support the catalyst for and anchor the seed layer to glass. The solution processed metal oxide films can be deposited by economic solution processing, can be applied to large area, do not impair substrate transparency, and maintain a smooth interface between copper and glass. Compared to alternative direct plating techniques that involve roughening the glass surface, impedance characteristics conducive to high frequency devices can also be expected. Two catalyst systems were investigated; adsorption of palladium onto the metal oxide film and inclusion of copper in the metal oxide, both of which sufficiently initiated autocatalytic reactions. Although seed layers showed high adhesion, adhesion significantly deteriorated after electroplating. As a solution to adhesion failure, thermal infusion of plated copper into the glass substrate was implemented resulting in 90° peel strengths of 0.3-0.4 kN/m for borosilicate glass and 0.5-0.6 kN/m for soda-lime glass. To allow thermal treatment under oxygen containing atmosphere, a high temperature resistant silica based oxidation prevention treatment was developed. With the anti-oxidation treatment, copper plating could be treated at up to 500°C in air without discoloration. Formation and mechanism of the passivation layer was analyzed by GD-OES and discussed. In circumstances where patterning is performed, this metallization method may prove compatible with subtractive and semi-additive methods, however the initially coated metal oxide anchor precursor films were found to be photodefinable. Based on photopatterning of the metal complex films that served as the metal oxide precursors, fully additive plating methods were also investigated. Photochemistry of the metal complexes and direct pattern plating will also be discussed.

High Resolution Eddy Current Tomography System for Nondestructive Testing

High Resolution Eddy Current Tomography System for Nondestructive Testing J. Salach, R. Szewczykb,∗ Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements, Al. Jerozolimskie 202, 02-486 Warsaw, Poland Idea of the high-resolution eddy current tomography is presented. Proposed system gives possibility of testing cylinder-shaped elements made of both magnetic and non-magnetic materials. To validate the concept, the tomographic measurements are carried out on set of steel cylinders with non-magnetic copper inclusion. Measurements were done during both linear and rotational movement of the element. Achieved results indicate the high sensitivity of system, which creates possibility of its application for non-destructive testing of the elements made of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic materials.

Importance of polarization effect in the study of metalloproteins: application of polarized protein specific charge scheme in predicting the reduction potential of azurin.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is commonly used in the study of protein dynamics, and in recent years, the extension of MD simulation to the study of metalloproteins is gaining much interest. Choice of force field is crucial in MD studies, and the inclusion of metal centers complicates the process of accurately describing the electrostatic environment that surrounds the redox centre. Herein, we would like to explore the importance of including electrostatic contribution from both protein and solvent in the study of metalloproteins. MD simulations with the implementation of thermodynamic integration will be conducted to model the reduction process of azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three charge schemes will be used to derive the partial charges of azurin. These charge schemes differ in terms of the amount of immediate environment, respective to copper, considered during charge fitting, which ranges from the inclusion of copper and residues in the first coordination sphere during density functional theory charge fitting to the comprehensive inclusion of protein and solvent effect surrounding the metal centre using polarized protein-specific charge scheme. From the simulations conducted, the relative reduction potential of the mutated azurins respective to that of wild-type azurin (ΔEcal) were calculated and compared with experimental values. The ΔEcal approached experimental value with increasing consideration of environmental effect hence substantiating the importance of polarization effect in the study of metalloproteins. This study also attests the practicality of polarized protein-specific charge as a computational tool capable of incorporating both protein environment and solvent effect into MD simulations.

Effect of copper (Cu2+) inclusion on the bioactivity and antibacterial behavior of calcium silicate coatings on titanium metal

The present study is an investigation of the effect of copper (Cu2+) inclusion on the bioactivity, antibacterial behavior, corrosion resistivity and leaching characteristics of calcium silicate coatings on titanium metal. The synthesis of stoichiometric CaSiO3 and five different concentrations of Cu2+ substitutions in CaSiO3 was carried out. The incorporation of Cu2+ in the crystal lattice of CaSiO3 was investigated by means of the Rietveld refinement technique. The results from the structural investigation have shown that stoichiometric CaSiO3 crystallizes in the monoclinic system (space group = P121/a1 and unit cell parameters a = 15.4241 (5) Å, b = 7.3276 (7) Å and c = 7.0620 (8) Å with α = 90°, β = 95.404° and γ = 90°) and are in good agreement with the literature data for crystalline CaSiO3. The substitution limit of Cu2+ in the crystal lattice of CaSiO3 was determined as 4.399 wt% of Cu2+ and the increased level of Cu2+ substitution resulted in the formation of an additional phase in the form of tenorite (CuO). The fabrication of stoichiometric CaSiO3 and Cu2+ substitutions in CaSiO3 coatings on Ti metal was achieved through an electrophoretic deposition technique and no change in the phase behavior of the coatings was noted until the heat treatment temperature reached 800 °C. Immersion tests of CaSiO3 coatings in simulated body fluid solution resulted in the formation of an apatite layer within 3 days of immersion. Antibacterial tests showed that pure CaSiO3 powders did not exhibited any antibacterial activity whereas the presence of Cu2+ in CaSiO3 resulted in good activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Potentiodynamic polarization tests performed on the Cu2+ doped CaSiO3 coatings resulted in its better corrosion resistivity when compared to the pure metal and dissolution tests performed on coatings resulted in the leaching of Cu2+ at low levels.

Electrodeposition of Iron in HNO3 Solution Containing Iron Dissolved from Copper Slag

Electrochemical deposition of iron in HNO3 solution containing iron dissolved from copper slag was investigated with varying pH and chemical components of the solution in this study. The pH dependency of reduction potentials of ionized iron and copper species facilitated the elimination of copper inclusion in electrodeposited iron-based layers. Hydrogen evolution in competition with iron reduction from preferentially ferric ions was also diminished by increasing pH of the solution with NaOH addition. Adding malonic acid was effective to considerably diminish the oxidation of reduced iron due to the complexation between ferric ion and malonate (Mal) ligand. However, iron oxidation could not be completely inhibited by adding malonic acid because a partial transition of Fe(Mal)+ ions to ferrous ions, which can react readily with oxygen during electrodeposition, would occur at low cathodic potentials. Controlling malonic acid concentration could lead to the formation of α-Fe with very low oxygen content less than 0.15 wt%.

Voltammetry determination of dopamine by the electrocatalytic response of an electrode modified by a polyaniline film with an inclusion of copper(II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine

A polyaniline composite film with an inclusion of copper(II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine, applied on a glassy-carbon electrode (GC) has demonstrated a mediatory activity in the oxidation of dopamine in acidic and neutral media. The conditions for the formation of a polymer film on the surface of a glassy-carbon electrode for registering the maximum electrocatalytic effect in the oxidation of dopamine are found. A method of voltammetric and amperometric detection of dopamine on the composite film electrode under static and flow conditions is proposed. The use of a polyaniline composite with an inclusion of copper(II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine, coated with a Nafion film, made possible the reduction of the detection limit for dopamine to 1 × 10−8 M under static conditions and to 5.0 nmol under the conditions of flow-injection analysis.

Mechanism of corrosion due to unalloyed copper inclusion in ancient bronzes

Ancient bronze objects buried in the soil for a long time corrode because of various environmental conditions. This can also cause different corrosion morphologies. One of the features of ancient bronzes is the presence of unalloyed copper with copper inclusions (UCI); when in the alloying process, the copper–tin alloy did not form properly. Because of the phenomenon of preferential corrosion, the tin content decreases in an environment with low oxygen and high chloride and sulphide content. The results are various corrosion products. A decorative plaque belonging to the National Museum of Iran has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDX and reflected polarised light optical microscopy. The investigations showed that the UCI effect appeared as type B, i.e. with copper sulphide in the metallic core. The presence of UCI (type B) in ancient bronzes proves that the objects corroded after deposition in the soil.

Yumurtacı Tavuk Rasyonlarına Farklı Seviyelerde Bitki Ekstraktı ve Bakır İlavesinin Yumurta Verimi ve Kalitesi, Yumurta Sarısı Kolesterolu ve Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonuna Etkileri

Yumurtacı Tavuk Rasyonlarına Farklı Seviyelerde Bitki Ekstraktı ve Bakır İlavesinin Yumurta Verimi ve Kalitesi, Yumurta Sarısı Kolesterolu ve Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonuna Etkileri

Development of a CrN/Cu nanocomposite coating on titanium-modified stainless steel for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A relatively simple method was developed to fabricate CrN/Cu nanocomposite coatings using pulsed DC magnetron sputtering for application in antibacterial activity. These nanocomposite coatings were applied on titanium (Ti)-modified stainless steel substrata (D-9 alloy) and the antibacterial activity of these coating with respect to the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. Scanning electron microscopy, epifluorescence microscope analyses, and total viable counts confirmed that inclusion of copper in the CrN/Cu nanocomposite coatings provided antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The quantitative examination of the bacterial activity of P. aeruginosa was estimated by the survival ratio as calculated from the number of viable cells which formed colonies on nutrient agar plates.

Microporous Mixed‐Metal Layer‐Pillared [Zn1–xCux(bdc)(dabco)0.5] MOFs: Preparation and Characterization

AbstractA series of mixed‐metal layer‐pillared MOFs of general formula [Zn1–xCux(bdc)(dabco)0.5] (bdc = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 0 < x < 1) have been synthesized by a solvothermal approach. Different amounts x of Cu2+ were introduced to substitute for Zn2+ centers. The prepared mixed‐metal MOFs were shown to be structurally very similar to their parent monometallic [Zn(bdc)(dabco)0.5] and [Cu(bdc)(dabco)0.5] frameworks by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction studies. Interestingly, upon inclusion of copper, a distortion of the paddle‐wheel units is observed. In addition, the incorporation of Cu2+ ions into the [Zn2(bdc)(dabco)0.5] framework and the formation of heterometallic Zn–Cu paddle‐wheel units along with monometallic Cu–Cu and Zn–Zn units in the prepared mixed‐metal MOFs were confirmed by continuous‐wave EPR spectroscopy. The synthesized materials [Zn1–xCux(bdc)(dabco)0.5] are thermally stable up to 260 °C and exhibit permanent porosity with BET surface areas in the range of 800–2430 m2 g–1.

EFFECT OF COPPER ADDITIVES ON IRREVERSIBLE MELTING IN [{(Fe0.5Co0.5)0.75B0.2Si0.05}96Nb4]100-xCux, x ≤ 3, ALLOYS

Iron and cobalt based ferromagnetic bulk amorphous alloys have received considerable interest nowadays in view of their useful properties for wide spread applications in magnet technology, shape memory alloys, high frequency communications at low power loss, and other devices. In this purview, here we report synthesis and thermal properties of bulk amorphous alloys [{( Fe 0.5 Co 0.5)0.75 B 0.2 Si 0.05}96 Nb 4]100-x Cu x (x = 0, 1, 2, and 3). A copper mould casting of molten alloy was used to obtain a vitrified alloy in form of thin rods (1–2 mm diameter). Amorphous structure retains at a cooling rate as low as 100 K/s in argon atmosphere. Heat out-put measured in terms of a differential scanning calorimetric signal during heating and cooling cycles of these alloys demonstrate irreversibility in a compositional dependent melting point, which follows the glass transition temperature and successive crystallization. The irreversibility persists in this specific example of the bulk amorphous alloys even on sufficiently slow heating or cooling rates such as 0.33 K/s in argon. The copper inclusion tailors the melting point, the enthalpy of the fusion, and other thermodynamic parameters. Results are analyzed in corroboration to the magnetic properties.

Substitution of bismuth in hot wall epitaxy of Bi2Se3 on transition metals

Hot wall epitaxy using a Bi2Se3 source is carried out on the surface of transition metals. Bismuth is replaced dramatically with the substrate atoms for Cu, Ag and Ni. The substitution is complete for Cu and Ag, yielding, respectively, CuSe and Ag2Se instead of Bi2Se3. A fractal growth that can be induced on Cu evidences diffusion of copper in the CuSe crystals over tens of micrometers. In contrast, selenium is expelled from the Bi2Se3 lattice on the Au surface. We demonstrate that a limit on the copper inclusion in Bi2Se3 microcrystals can be imposed by utilizing a Cu-doped glass as the substrate.

Dielectric property of Cu powder/polymer composites

Dielectric property of Cu/polymer thermoplastic composites was measured in high frequencies up to 1 GHz. Generally relative permittivity and dielectric loss of the composites increased as the increasing metal inclusion loading as the percolation theory predicts. The incorporation of the copper inclusion with surface antirust layer raised relative permittivity of the composite from 2.3 to 21.3 at the loading level of 39.3 vol. % at 500 MHz. When copper oxide layer was introduced to the filler surface, estimated increase of relative permittivity was ca. 25 %. Since metal composites with ordered structure would raise the relative permittivity of the composites, the cause of this increase in relative permittivity in the present study can be attributable to reduced compatibility of the filler surface and the polymer matrix which lowers randomness of particle distribution. On the other hand, dielectric loss of the composite with surface oxidized Cu powder was increased by ca. 50 % compared to that of the anti-rusted powder composite. This would be caused by skin effect that part of the induced current flows through the less conductive surface oxide layer.

Solvent-induced deviation in square-grid layers of microporous Cu(ii) isophthalates: layer stacking and gas adsorption properties

Solvothermal reactions of Cu(II) nitrate with isophthalic acid (H2IPT) in various solvents create five novel metal coordination polymers, [Cu(IPT)(H2O)](H2O)2 (1), Cu(IPT)(C2H5OH) (2), Cu2(IPT)2(DEF)(H2O) (3) (DEF = N,N′-diethylformamide), [Cu4(IPT)4(DMF)2(C2H5OH)(H2O)](DMF)2 (4) (DMF = N,N′-dimethylformamide), and [Cu2(IPT)2(CH3CN)(H2O)](H2O)2.25 (5), respectively. Structural analyses exhibit that they all form 2D non-interpenetrated square-grid layers based on paddle-wheel Cu2clusters as nodes and isophthalate as linkers, in which various guest molecules are trapped via either the coordination to open Lewis acid copper sites or inclusion in open channels. The different chemical affinities of the 2D square-grid layers toward various solvent molecules result in guest-induced deviation of these 2D layers and diverse porosities in their frameworks, as realized by the distinct gas adsorption properties.

Non-asbestos organic (NAO) friction composites: Role of copper; its shape and amount

A right selection of filler, its type, shape, size, amount and its compatibility with other co-fillers decide the performance of a friction material (FM) at selected operating condition. Amongst various types of metallic fillers, copper is one of the most important fillers used in such multi-ingredient composite system. It not only enhances the thermal conductivity of composite but also plays an important role in friction and wear mechanism. In spite of these facts, in depth systematic studies on investigation role of copper with varying amount and shape and evaluation as per standard procedure are not documented. Hence, in this work investigation on the role of copper (particles and fibers) in FMs were done. Two series of NAO friction composites with varying amount of copper powder and fibers (0, 10 and 20 wt.%) were developed in laboratory. These were characterized for physical, thermo-physical, chemical and mechanical properties. For tribo-evaluation inertia brake-dynamometer testing which reflects the most realistic performance was selected. The various performance properties like friction, wear, μ sensitivity to load, speed and temperature were studied as per industrial schedule. Overall, it was concluded that inclusion of copper improved all major performance properties. From amount point of view, 10 wt.% consider as best amount and from shape point of view, powder has edge on fibers. Worn surface analysis and wear mechanism are also discussed in details.

Composite friction materials based on metallic fillers: Sensitivity of μ to operating variables

Variation in μ during braking with operating variables is of major concern to the composite manufacturers, since it is composition specific. The frictional response of a multicomponent NAO friction composite is highly complex under a set of dynamically variable pressure and speeds. This paper discusses the sensitivity of friction ( μ) towards braking pressure and sliding speed of selected composites based on variation in an inclusion of metallic fillers, viz. brass, copper and iron. Among metallic fillers, copper powder proved very effective in reducing μ-sensitivity to dynamic variations in pressure and speed. Regression analysis of μ values was also carried out.