Corrosion Rate Of Copper Research Articles

Anticorrosion potential of domperidone on copper in different concentration of hydrochloric acid solution

The inhibition performance of domperidone on the corrosion of copper in different concentration of HCl solution has been investigated by electrochemical, weight loss, and surface analysis, and theoretical calculation methods. Results indicate that domperidone was found to be an effective inhibitor with the inhibition efficiency as high as 98.5% when the HCl concentration was 0.01 M, and the corrosion rate of copper increased with the increment of HCl concentration from 0.001 to 1 M. The potentiodynamic polarization results revealed that domperidone can be seen as a mixed type inhibitor when the HCl concentration was high (1 and 0.1 M), while it acted as a cathodic inhibitor for copper at low HCl concentrations (0.01 and 0.001 M). The potentiodynamic polarization results revealed that domperidone can be seen as mixed-type or cathodic inhibitor as the HCl concentration changes. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicated the formation of protective films of inhibitor molecule on copper surface. Besides, density functional theory-based quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations showed the electronic structure of domperidone and its optimized adsorption configuration on copper surface, which could account for the experimental findings.

Designing a combinational solar water desalination system and investigation of solving sedimentation of minerals with water input from the Persian Gulf

In this research, an active combinational solar water desalination system was designed and investigated. Sea water was guided towards a solar collector and was evaporated in a glass chamber where the produced vapor was conducted towards a water cooled condenser using a compressor, thereby resulting in the production of distilled water. In the first experiment, the corrosion test was performed to investigate the occurrence of corrosion in the solar collector and the floor of the glass chamber. According to the corrosion test performed in the first experiment, the corrosion rate of copper, the galvanized sheet, and stainless steel was measured to be 21.874, 24.356, and 17.595 mm/year, respectively. In order to reduce corrosion in the system, a descaling solution (acetic acid) was used, where the results of the corrosion test for copper and the galvanized sheet in the presence of the descaling solution were measured to be 14.759 and 14.795 mm/year, respectively. Considering the closeness of the corrosion rate of the galvanized sheet and the stainless steel sheet, as well as the finished price of the sheet employed in the floor of the glass chamber, the application of the galvanized sheet is more economical than the use of the stainless steel sheet.

Correlation between the corrosion rate and electrochemical noise energy of copper in chloride electrolyte.

An electrochemical noise technique has been applied to describe the corrosion process of copper. The results show that the sampling frequency clearly changes both the energy distribution plot and the power spectral density spectra, which should be taken into consideration strictly and logically before an electrochemical noise test. The corrosion energy, (Ec), deduced using the fast wavelet transform method showed a similar variation trend with corrosion rate. Hence, the proposed parameter Ec represents the corrosion rate or severity.

Study on the Mechanism of the Photoelectrochemical Effect on the Initial NaCl-Induced Atmospheric Corrosion Process of Pure Copper Exposed in Humidified Pure Air

The mechanism of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) effect of the corrosion products with semiconductor properties on the initial NaCl-induced atmospheric corrosion of pure copper was studied in this work. The effect of UV illumination on the initial NaCl-induced atmospheric corrosion of pure copper was quantitatively studied using microgravimetry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to identify the corrosion products and corrosion morphologies. Mott-Schottky methods were used to characterize the semiconductor type of the corrosion products. The photoinduced variations of the open circuit potentials, current densities, i-V curves and the polarization curves were used to analyze the PEC effect of the corrosion products with semiconductor properties on the corrosion of copper. UV illumination significantly increased the NaCl-induced atmospheric corrosion rate of copper. The photoinduced electrons did not transfer to the copper substrate, on the contrary, the photogenerated holes captured the electrons from the copper substrate, thus accelerating the atmospheric corrosion process of pure copper. The detailed influencing mechanism of the PEC effect on the NaCl-induced atmospheric corrosion of copper was suggested in this paper.

Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies of the Inhibition of Copper with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) in Acidic Medium

This work investigates the inhibitive properties of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) on the corrosion of copper (Cu) in nitric acid using gasometric methods. The inhibition efficiency increases with time and concentration of SDS. The corrosion rate of copper decreases as concentration of SDS increases. Adsorption of the SDS on the surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The high negative values of the kinetic parameter B suggest that the inhibitor’s effectiveness increases with temperature. The equilibrium constant and the free energy of adsorption of SDS to copper are negative and large. This observation implies that the adsorption mechanism maybe chemisorption. The quantum chemical calculation of copper dodecyl sulphate shows that the energy change in the HOMO-LUMO energy of the moiety is positive and small. This observation implies that the SDS is an efficient inhibitor. The high dipole moment obtained implies that corrosion inhibition of Cu is enhanced by adsorption of SDS and this observation correlates with the observed experimental inhibition efficiency.

Electrochemical techniques implementation for corrosion rate measurement in function of humidity level in grounding systems (copper and stainless steel) in soil samples from Tunja (Colombia)

In this work, DC electrochemical techniques were used to determine the corrosion rate of copper and stainless-steel electrodes used in grounding, varying the level of humidity, in sandy loam and clay loam soils. The maximum corrosion potentials were: for copper -211 and -236mV and for stainless steel of -252 and -281mV, in sandy loam and clay loam respectively, showing that in sandy loam the values are higher, about 30mV. The mechanism by which steel controls corrosion is by diffusion, whereas in copper it is carried out by transfer of mass and charge, which affects the rate of corrosion, which in copper reached a maximum value of 5mm/yr and in Steel 0.8mm/yr, determined by Tafel approximations. The behaviour of the corrosion rate was mathematically adjusted to an asymptotic model that faithfully explains the C.R. as a function of humidity, however, it is necessary to define the relation between the factor □ established in the model and the precise characteristics of the soil, such as the permeability or quantity of ions present.

Inhibitory Effect of African Pumpkin (<i>Momordica balsamina</i> Linn.) Leaf Extract on Copper Corrosion in Acidic Media

Inhibition of copper corrosion in acidic medium by ethanolic extract of Momordica balsamina leaves was investigated. Findings reveal that the rate of copper corrosion increases with increasing temperature of the medium but decreases as the concentration of the Momordica balsamina extract added to the medium increases. Examination of the surface morphology of copper using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) also reveals that while the surface of copper was seriously damaged in acidic solution in the absence of Momordica balsamina extract, addition of 0.8 mgL -1 of the extract significantly protected the copper surface from corrosion. Results obtained from adsorption and thermodynamic studies reveal that the adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of the copper metal fitted well to both Freundlich ( R 2 ≥ 0.948) and Temkin ( R 2 ≥ 0.940) adsorption models and the low values of activation energies obtained ( Ea≤ 34.02 kjmol -1 ) indicate that the adsorption of the inhibitor on the copper surface favors the mechanism of physical adsorption. Negative signs of ΔG ads obtained in the study suggest that the adsorption of Momordica balsamina on the copper metal is thermodynamically favorable. The data obtained in this study demonstrate that extract of Momordica balsamina leaves probably contains one or more chemical species that protect copper against corrosion through the mechanism of physical adsorption. Keywords : Adsorption, Copper, Corrosion, Inhibitor, Momordica balsamina

Specific Features of the Contact Corrosion of Aluminum and Copper in NaCl Solutions

It is shown that the corrosion rates of aluminum and copper specimens in a 3% NaCl solution are 1.5–1.7 times higher than in a 0.1% NaCl solution. It is also discovered that the corrosion rate of copper in contact with aluminum placed in 3% NaCl is lower than for its individual specimens and, as the area of aluminum increases, decreases to zero. Thus, in particular, as the area of aluminum specimens (for a constant area of copper specimens) becomes 6.5 times larger, the corrosion rate of aluminum becomes 1.7 times higher. A discrepancy is discovered between the computed values of the rate of contact corrosion of aluminum for high values of the ratio of areas in the aluminum–copper couples and the experimental data. The polarization curves of aluminum in contact with copper placed in 0.1% NaCl are shifted to the region of less negative potentials and the ultimate diffusion and corrosion currents are greater by an order of magnitude than for the individual copper and aluminum specimens. It is established that the KORSOL inhibitor, which satisfactorily inhibits the rates of corrosion of copper and aluminum in tap water, practically fails to protects these metals, including the case of their contact, in 0.1% NaCl, whereas the TIS-4 inhibitor protects the metal by ~ 50–60%.

Influence of copper on the instability and corrosiveness of palm biodiesel and its blends: An assessment on biodiesel sustainability

Biodiesel is comparatively more corrosive than petroleum diesel; therefore, the issue of sustainability has become a major concern. Biodiesel is auto-oxidative in nature; thus, its fuel properties could be changed. The present study aims to investigate the sustainability of biodiesel and its different blends with diesel in terms of instability and corrosiveness upon exposure to copper. The investigated fuels are diesel, 20% biodiesel in diesel, 50% biodiesel in diesel, and pure biodiesel. Immersion tests in the absence and presence of 100 ppm tert-butylamine or butylated hydroxyanisole additive were conducted at temperatures of 25 °C–27 °C for 600 and 1200 h. At the end of the tests, corrosion of copper was examined by weight loss measurement and changes on the metal surface. Metal surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. Fuel was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, and its properties were investigated by density meter and Rancimat method. Results show that corrosion rate of copper in biodiesel or its high percentage of blends rises with the increase in immersion time. Corrosion rate of copper in diesel and 20% diesel–biodiesel blends are similar and do not significantly change with immersion time. To improve sustainability, BHA is found to be effective in reducing biodiesel oxidation, whereas TBA reduces the metal surface degradation.

Addressing corrosion control and valve tuberculation in a water distribution system supplied by a silica-laden groundwater

Metal corrosion and valve tuberculation within a water distribution system supplied by groundwater containing 52 mg/L silica were studied using a corrosion test rack installed within a residence to determine the effectiveness of phosphate-based (PB) and silica-based (SB) corrosion inhibitor (CI). Results indicated that internal corrosion control based on the use of phosphate-based or silica-based CIs did not significantly decrease iron, lead, or copper corrosion rates, and in one case, caused a negative impact on copper corrosion rate. Evaluations of metal coupons using scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometry confirmed these findings. Since CI failed to reduce corrosion rates, valve tuberculation within the water system could not be controlled. Consequently, a valve replacement plan was developed in place of an internal corrosion control method using CIs. An opinion of probable replacement cost for 200 tuberculated valves approximated $3.3 million expended over 20 years.

Corrosion and anodic oxidation of copper in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide–copper(II) bromide ionic liquid

Using the gravimetric and polarization methods, the corrosion behavior of copper in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BMImBr) ionic liquid in its pure state and with additions of CuBr2 (from 0.4 to 1.2 mol kg–1) has been investigated. It is found that the corrosion in naturally aerated BMImBr ionic liquid is accompanied by oxygen depolarization. Copper dibromide in BMImBr–CuBr2 ionic liquid plays the role of an oxidant, and the rate of copper corrosion in this case is higher by about an order of magnitude than for the pure ionic liquid. The method of cyclic voltammetry shows that the anodic dissolution of copper in BMImBr–CuBr2 ionic liquid proceeds via the EC mechanism. It is shown that the chemical-reaction rate of dissolving the surface layer and the rate of copper corrosion (according to gravimetric and polarization data) are comparable. Copper corrosion in the studied ionic liquid is accompanied by the effect of surface polishing, as is confirmed by the atomic force microscopy and profilography.

Corrosion analysis of copper T2 exposed to polluted atmospheres and study on prediction model

AbstractThe power supply accident caused by the corrosion of metal materials in the substation has become an important issue that affects the safe operation of the power grid. The corrosion of copper T2 was the most serious. The corrosion behaviour of copper T2 in SO2- and H2S-containing atmospheric environments was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the nonequidistant grey GM(1,1) model was established of which the precision and forecast dependability were evaluated. Results indicated that the corrosion rate of copper in the SO2 environment increased in the early stages of corrosion and then gradually decreased at the later stages. In contrast, the corrosion rate of copper in the H2S environment slowly increased in the early stages of corrosion and then sharply increased at the later stages. The corrosion products in the SO2 environment consisted of cuprite (Cu2O) and brochantite [Cu4(OH)6SO4], whereas the corrosion products in the H2S environment were Cu2O and chalcocite (Cu2S). The mathematical model has good prediction dependability and higher forecast reliability.

3-Thiophenemalonic acid as corrosion inhibitor of copper

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the copper protection against corrosion using 3-thiophenemalonic acid (3TMA).Design/methodology/approachThe heterocyclic organic molecule was tested experimentally as a corrosion inhibitor of copper in two different concentrations (0.01 M and 0.001 M) in 0.5 M solutions of sodium chloride and sulfuric acid by AC electrochemical and DC techniques.FindingsResults showed that the organic compound was adsorbed chemically on the copper surface, and the inhibitions mechanism was both anodic and cathodic. The corrosion mechanism was under mixed control: charge transfer from metal to the environment through the double electrochemical layer, and diffusion processes.Practical implicationsThis inhibitor could have application in water cooling systems.Originality/valueThe results of this paper showed that 3TMA could be used for reducing corrosion rates of copper in solutions of sodium chloride and sulfuric acid.

Effect of Rust Inhibitor in Brine on Corrosion Properties of Copper

In this study, the effects of rust inhibitors in brine on corrosion behaviors of copper were investigated by measurement of cathode and anode polarization curves and an immersion test. For rust inhibitors, benzotriazole, sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite were prepared. From measurement results of cathode and anode polarization curves, it was found that the corrosion rate of copper in the benzotriazole solution is low and a stable passive film with excellent corrosion resistance generates on the surface of copper in the solution. In the case of the sodium benzoate solution, the corrosion resistance of the passive film was inferior to that in the benzotriazole solution although the passive film generated on the surface of copper. In contrast, the passive film scarcely generated on the surface of copper in the sodium nitrite solution. The result shows that the rust preventive effect of the solution to copper is weak. Furthermore, the immersion test revealed that the benzotriazole solution has the rust preventive effect to copper. In contrast, the effect of the sodium benzoate solution is weak and that of the sodium nitrite solution is scarcely expected.

Modelling Sulfide Fluxes and Cu Canister Corrosion Rates in the Engineered Barrier System of a Spent Fuel Repository

Sulfide is a corrodant for the copper canister in the planned spent fuel repository in Finland and Sweden. Sulfide fluxes and canister corrosion rates in the clay barrier have been assessed by a reactive transport model using the geochemical simulator PFLOTRAN. These rates are linked to the dissolution of gypsum, present in the clay backfill, and the fluxes of sulfate, organic carbon and Fe(II) into interface zones where microbial activity occurs. The permeability of the rock adjacent to the clay backfill exerts a strong control on the biogeochemical processes and the resulting copper corrosion rates.

Wire resistance method for measuring the corrosion of copper by lubricating fluids

A new method for monitoring the corrosion of copper by lubricating fluid additives through the measurement of the electrical resistance of copper wires is presented. The effect of base oil and lubricant additive components upon the corrosion rate of copper is discussed. The information on corrosion generated by this method provides details of the corrosion processes that are not obtained from traditional corrosion tests and insight as to how to formulate oils to better protect copper and copper alloys. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Atmospheric corrosion of copper and silver influenced by particulate matter

The atmospheric corrosion of copper and silver influenced by graphite and alumina as particulate matter (PM) in an environment containing 200 μg m−3 SO2 + 150 μg m−3 NO2 at 85% RH and 25 °C was analyzed. Different proportions of PM mixture conditions were used, and the corrosion rate was followed using gravimetric analysis. Results of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and coulometric reduction (CR) indicated that larger corrosion rates were obtained in the presence of deposited PM. Under present exposure conditions, copper corrosion rate was larger than silver corrosion rate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows the presence of cuprite (Cu2O) and brochantite (Cu4SO4(OH)6) in the case of copper and achantite (Ag2S) in the case of silver.

Evaluation of Ant-Nest Corrosion Rate of Copper in Formic Acid Vapor

Copper is used for electric wires, pipes, heat exchanger, etc. because of good workability, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance. However, copper suffers from a kind of pitting corrosion, so-called ant-nest corrosion, in the present of organic acids such as formic or acetic. The pit has a characteristic form, that is, there are many branches within the pit like ant-nest. The morphology is very complicated. The growth rate of the pit and the detailed mechanism are not yet clarified. In this study, pure copper foils of different thickness were exposed to formic acid vapor in order to evaluate the rate at which the ant-nest corrosion proceeds. Pure copper foils (99.96 %) were used as a sample. The thickness was varied from 2 μm to 500 μm. The copper foils were cut into a small piece of 20 mm x 20 mm. The samples were degreased with acetone. Exposure test was done in a transparent capped glass container. The sample was fixed with adhesive agent on the inside wall of the cap of the container. Formic acid solution of 30 mL was set in the bottom of the container. In this way, only one surface (downside) of the copper foil was exposed to formic acid vapor. The concentrations of the formic acid were varied from 500 ppm to 10000 ppm. In this study, progress rate of ant-nest corrosion was evaluated as follows. The copper foils of different thicknesses were set in the container, as mentioned above, where only one side surface of the sample was exposed to formic acid vapor. The time it took for a pit to first penetrate to the back side of the sample was measured by observing the back side (upside) with a microscope. Fig.1 shows the result of the exposure test of copper foils to 10000 ppm formic acid vapor at 25 °C. The vertical axis indicates time to pit penetration to the backside t pit and the horizontal axis shows the thickness of the copper foil. In other words, Fig.1 indicates the relationship between the maximum depth of pitting corrosion (horizontal axis) and the exposure time (vertical axis). It seems that pit growth in depth direction will occur linearly with time at initial stage, although the data over 100 h were scattered. The pit can progress to maximum 500 μm depth at 120 days in 10000 ppm formic acid vapor. Influences of temperature and formic acid concentration on the pit growth will be discussed. Figure 1

Copper corrosion in hot and dry atmosphere environment in Turpan, China

The atmospheric corrosion behavior of pure copper exposed for three years in Turpan, China, which is a typical hot and dry atmosphere environment, was investigated using mass-loss tests, morphology observations, composition analyses, and electrochemical techniques. The results indicated that the annual corrosion rate of pure copper was approximately 2.90 μm/a. An uneven distribution of corrosion products was observed by scanning electron microscopy; this uneven distribution was attributed to the dehydration process during wet–dry and cold–hot cycles, and the compositions mainly consisted of cuprite (Cu2O) and atacamite (Cu2Cl(OH)3). Electrochemical measurements showed that deposits on copper improved its resistance to corrosion and the protectiveness decreased with increasing temperature. On the other hand, results obtained using the scanning vibrating electrode technique showed that the porous and uneven structure of the deposit layer generated a spatial separation of cathodic and anodic reaction sites, which accelerated the corrosion process in wet and rainy weather.

Evaluation of copper atmospheric corrosion in different environments of Iran

In this study, atmospheric corrosion of copper exposed for 4 years in 12 different cities of Iran with various climatic characteristics was determined by weight loss method. Also, the corrosivity index of each city was classified using environmental factors according to the ISO 9223 standard. The results indicated good agreement between two approaches recommended by ISO standards. Accordingly, the corrosion rate of copper in Iran can be predicted according to the empirical kinetic equation (). Morphology, chemical composition and crystalline phases of patinas in cities with different kinetic behaviours were compared via SEM, EDS and XRD, respectively.