Copy Of Letter Research Articles

Неизвестные документы по истории Астраханского восстания 1705–1706 гг. в сборнике донесений боярину Т.Н. Стрешневу из фондов Российской национальной библиотеки

Introduction. The main corpus of documents on the history of the Astrakhan uprising of 1705– 1706 has been brought into scientific circulation and well studied. However, one of the most important documents – Peter I’s “Letter of Pardon” to the rebellious Astrakhans – was considered lost. Methods and materials. In the collections of the Russian National Library, we managed to find a collection of documents, which are copies of letters and relays addressed to the boyar T.N. Streshnev. It contains copies of two dozen documents for the period from 1702 to 1710. The owner of the collection of copies was a well-known representative of the bureaucracy of the first third of the 18th century, Ivan Topilsky. The manuscript should be dated to the 1720s. Analysis. The collection contains a set of four documents, which are important sources for the study of the Astrakhan uprising. Three letters are addressed to the boyar T.N. Streshnev. Only a letter from the boyar Prince Pyotr Khovansky, commander of the vanguard of B.P. Sheremetev’s troops, which reports on the mood in rebellious Astrakhan, has been introduced into scientific circulation. The letter of Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev describes the course of hostilities during the capture of Astrakhan by government troops. The text of this letter is close to the text of the previously published letter of B.P. Sheremetev to F.A. Golovin. The letter of the Astrakhan metropolitan Samson is devoted to the description of the final stage of the pacification of the rebels. Most of the text of this document coincides with the letter of the metropolitan to Peter I, which was introduced into the scientific turnover. The fourth document is a list from the hitherto unknown “Letter of Pardon” of Peter the Great to the rebels. Familiarity with the text of the letter confirms the opinion of researchers that the letter was composed in soft tones. Peter I, having learned about the readiness of the rebels to bring their guilt to light, willingly grants them all full forgiveness with the obligation to put the rebellion in “eternal oblivion”, and never “reproach” any of the participants. Results. The text of two unpublished letters of B.P. Sheremetev and Metropolitan Samson to T.N. Streshnev, as well as the previously unknown text of Peter I’s “pardonable” letter, are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time on the basis of a list from the holdings of the Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library.

Web Resources Containing Ego-Documents of the Great Patriotic War Participants: the Regional Aspect

The object of the article is to present the results of research aimed at identifying data on memorial information resources about Siberians – the participants of the Great Patriotic War and serving on the home front. Basing on studying Websites containing full texts of documents of personal origin (ego documents), that reflect the fates of Siberians during the Great Patriotic War, the activities of Siberian organizations (archives, museums, etc.) on the study of ego documents and their introduction into scientific and public circulation are presented,The paper provides a brief overview of publications on the study of various aspects of memorial practices in the electronic environment and shows the interpretation of the concept of “ego documents” by different authors.In the course of work there were examined 63 sites containing memorial information resources: the websites of the Ministry of Defense, State museums and archives of Siberia and the Far East, as well as other organizations. 19 sites containing ego documents were identified, their search capabilities studied, the characteristics of ego documents given according to several parameters (types, quantity, content, etc.).The revealed websites containing significant arrays of ego documents are: “Pis’ma Pobedy” (“Letters of the Victory”), “Prozhito” (“It’s lived through”), “Ya pomnyu” (“I remember”), etc. There are also sites that contain memories of the front-line soldiers and home front workers’ relatives and friends, sharing stories about them: “Pamyat’ naroda” (“Memory of the People”) and “Bessmertnyi polk” (“Immortal Regiment”). On some sites ego documents are presented in the form of collections (the Museum of History and Ethnography of the KhMAO-Yugra, the State Archive of Kuzbass, etc.).There is a number of shortcomings hampering the study of ego documents on some sites (lack of printed deciphering of scan copies of letters, advanced search function, etc.). The authors conclude that a number of All-Russian and regional Internet resources contain significant volumes of ego documents reflecting the events of the Great Patriotic War, which provide good opportunities for the research work of historians and local history scientists.

The Spanish Enlightenment and Happiness Economics. The case of Seville’s Economic Society of Friends of the Country and its project to trade meat salting with Buenos Aires Province (1778)

The Enlightened Movement in Spain is widely known for its modernizing effort and its economic and social reform projects in Spain in the 18th and 19th centuries. In line with the European Enlightenment, the ideals of classical liberalism and utilitarianism began to spread hand in hand with the enlightened intellectuals as a paradigm towards the well-being of the people. The anthropocentric turn of the Enlightenment brought with it not only the struggle for the rights of man and the consequent evolution of European absolute monarchies towards enlightened despotism, but also the evolution of the very perception of wealth, well-being and happiness of the society. Thanks to the works of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus or Jeremy Bentham, the roots of the Happiness Economics can be traced back to the 18th century through the association they made between the economic development of society and the level of happiness. This paper analyzes the project of the Royal Sevillian Economic Society of Friends of the Country for the salted meat trade with the province of Buenos Aires as a case study of the connection between economic development, well-being and happiness in the Spanish Enlightenment through the study of the transcripts of sessions collected in the Libro de Actas No. 1 (1775-1780) and the copies of letters collected in the Book of Correspondence of the Society, as well such as the loose papers available in the Municipal Archive of Seville.

El conservadurismo de la reforma tardomedieval del Císter. Cartae visitationis para abadías femeninas en la península ibérica

In order to contribute to this collective discussion on late medieval monastic reform, the charter collections of the 67 convents of Cistercian nuns in Castile, Aragon, and Navarre have been explored in order to find preserved copies of visitation letters. This material was meant to highlight the problems specific to the Cistercian Order and/or to religious women. As a result of this research, I found fourteen texts, most of them from the 15th century, six of them by Cistercian abbots of Burgundy from Cîteaux, Clairvaux, or Morimond. The visitators fought first and foremost against the relaxation of the observance. As in the 13th century, they were obsessed with liturgical conformity, silence, and common life. Only later did they emphasize new problems, not specific to the Cistercians, such as the strict observance of the enclosure, the sound administration of the properties, and the abusive uses of clothing.

Letters to the Editor and Other Comment

Abstract “Letters to the Editor and Other Comments” is a selection of comments the artist Morgan Fisher made on Facebook during Trump's presidency. Most were copies of letters he had sent to various departments at the New York Times criticizing its coverage of the president. They are “a record,” writes George Baker, “of an artist's engagement with a moment, one through which we have evidently still not passed. The practice … was almost daily, more or less constant, an insistent and repeated holding of the public sphere to account, perhaps even a willing of it into existence.”

348 WHAT IS THE OLDER PATIENT’S VIEW ON RECEIVING DETAILED MEDICAL LETTERS?

Abstract Background Sending copies of clinic letters to patients involves additional work for medical staff in formatting letters, administrative staff in printing and posting and is an added cost to the healthcare service. Though seen largely as good practice in some specialities, it is not done routinely in Geriatric medical services. We introduced this practice as standard in our service and wished to evaluate whether from the patient perspective, it is worthwhile. Methods We sent a questionnaire to n=80 older patients who were evaluated in the home setting (by the Integrated Care Team for Older People – ICTOP) or recently attended CGA (Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment) clinic or FLS (Fracture Liaison Service) clinic. We asked their opinion on the detailed medical letter sent to their General Practitioner (GP), which they received a copy of. The questionnaire could be completed by patient/carer/relative, and returned anonymously. Results N=30/80 were returned. Two said they found the letter difficult to understand; 1/30 said the letter caused them to worry but all said they still preferred that they had received it. N= 2 said they would like to have contributed to the letter for accuracy. All said they felt they should receive copies of all their medical correspondence. Free text comments showed overwhelming support for the process, in allowing them to self-manage their health, enhance communication with other healthcare professionals and was a useful document to refer back to when they are trying to process information during short consultations. Conclusion Though a small survey and limited by low response rate, older people expressed high levels of satisfaction in receiving copies of medical letters about their health. It supports the ongoing practice and should be adopted widely.

A Retrospective Analysis of Applications for Registration of Generic Medicines Processed by the Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe

BackgroundMany applications for registration of medicines are rejected because applicants fail to submit or resolve critical deficiencies in the quality, efficacy, and safety of the medicines. The study aimed to establish approval rates, processing timelines, and common deficiencies of generic medicines applications processed by the Medicines Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ).MethodA retrospective study of applications finalized by MCAZ between 2018 and 2020 was conducted. Data were collected from the assessment reports and verified with copies of letters sent to the applicants. Deficiencies were classified as administrative, quality, efficacy, and safety. Other characteristics collated included time to finalization, dosage form, region of origin, and therapeutic class.ResultsOf the 579 finalized applications, 74.1% were approved while 25.9% were refused. Approved applications had more review cycles (median = 3 cycles) compared to refused applications (median = 2 cycles). However, refused applications had longer review times (median = 25 months) compared to approved applications (median = 18 months). The majority of applications (83.0%) were from Asian manufacturers and intended for oral administration (66.1%). Medicines for the endocrine system (50.0%) and rheumatism/gout (53.3%) had lower approval rates compared to other therapeutical classes (p < 0.001). The most common reasons for refusal of applications included failure to respond to review queries (52.6%), deficiencies in the API information (54.7%), FPP specifications (42.7%), FPP stability data (36.0%), and pharmaceutical development (31.3%).ConclusionTo improve the quality of applications and evaluation outcomes, there may be a need for the regulatory authority to engage applicants through training and pre-submission meetings.

Untold Stories of Polish Heroes from World War II

Untold Stories of Polish Heroes from World War II

Targeting Patients for Donations: Opening a Door, or Pushing Them through It?

Targeting Patients for Donations: Opening a Door, or Pushing Them through It? Michelle A. Burack I was in the clinic hallway with my patient en route from the waiting room to the exam room for a routine follow-up appointment. I said, “Thank you again, so much, for your donation to the department in my honor.” “Sure, no problem,” my patient replied. “Although I have to say, when I first opened the letter, it was kinda creepy. But I’m so grateful for your excellent care, that I felt like I had to send something.” I stopped in my tracks. “Wait—the hospital sent you something asking for a donation?” I had been practicing at an academic medical center as a neurologist specializing in movement disorders for six years. I was at the awkward Assistant Professor level, feeling confident in the excellence of my clinical skill but still very junior in the power hierarchy. I chose movement disorders as a subspecialty in part because of the long-term relationships we develop with our patients. Conditions like Parkinson’s disease and dystonia are managed, not cured. During training, I looked forward to having the sacred responsibility of following “my” patients over the long course of their disease trajectory. We typically see people every three months for many years. It is a specialty that allows us, in the words of Hippocrates, “to know what sort of person has a disease,” not simply “to know what sort of disease a person has.” Skillful use of available treatments requires attention to nuance: not only the subtle details of how the brain is controlling movement during everyday activities like writing, reaching, and walking, but also aspects of behavior arising from circuits in the brain governing mood, decision-making, and interpersonal relationships. Trust is essential for cultivating the close doctor-patient relationships that I rely on to identify how these diseases and treatments impact domains of brain function that are intimately linked to personhood. After the appointment, I sent an email to the advancement office. “Can you please clarify—are our patients being targeted for donations?” I was informed that legislation passed the previous year made it possible for the advancement office to view the provider’s name and department associated with a patient’s most recent visit, and thereby use that information to send more targeted requests for donations. I was reassured that the reply slips included information on how to opt out of future fundraising requests. [End Page 18] I was distressed that the sacred space of trust that I so carefully cultivated with each patient was being breached by the institution without my knowledge or assent. Nearly a month passed before my outrage had subsided enough for me to write to departmental leadership to share my patient’s feedback about the targeted solicitation feeling “creepy.” I did my best to make the tone of my email constructive: “I thought you might want to know in case it weighs into future discussions regarding this fundraising tactic.” In their replies, the departmental leaders highlighted the “delicate balance” between potential discomfort and making people aware of opportunities to support our mission. They acknowledged my patient’s discomfort but also highlighted a recent $10,000 donation that they attributed to these solicitation letters. I was again reassured that patients were offered the opportunity to “opt out.” The failure to notify faculty of these endeavors was acknowledged; one leader expressed that it would be “TMI” to inform us of every fundraising initiative, whereas another leader proposed sharing copies of future letters with us prior to mailing. I reiterated my personal discomfort with the tactic, acknowledging that the level of discomfort in my case likely stemmed from “the very personal nature of the discussions that transpire over the longitudinal course of caring for people with diseases that threaten their very sense of self.” I shared my opinion that offering patients the opportunity to opt out once they have received a solicitation is too late because “you can’t un-creep people out.” It would be better to allow providers the discretion to opt their patients out based on their knowledge of their patients’ circumstances. I acknowledged that institutional leaders...

Новые поступления в Научный архив Калмыцкого научного центра РАН: коллекция семьи Зольвановых как источник по истории калмыцкого буддизма

Introduction. In 2019, thanks to Dani Savelli, Associate Professor of the University of Toulouse Jean Jaures (Toulouse, France) and Ms. Jacqueline Chasselut, the collection of archival materials of a Kalmyk emigrant family in France was received by the Archive of the Kalmyk Scientific Center. The collection contains unique documents testifying to the life of the Kalmyk diaspora abroad. The purpose of the article is to give a general overview of the collection, as well as to examine it as a source on the history of Kalmyk Buddhism. Results.The Zol´vanovs’ collection, now a part of the records of the Archive of the Kalmyk Scientific Center includes 66 items, such as photographs and copies of photographs, official and personal letters, postcards, Buddhist texts, and images of Buddhist deities (prints, photographs, and postcards). Thus, despite the relatively small size of the collection, it is an important source as an example of a Kalmyk family abroad both in terms of history of Russian emigration and of Buddhism of the Russian peoples. The article publishes some rare photographs illustrative of the ties between the Kalmyk emigrants settled in different parts of the world, as well as of their interaction with Tibetan monasteries.

1434 An Audit of Surgical Consent Standards in Patients Undergoing Elective ENT Surgery

AimGood Surgical Practice (RCS England) and GMC guidelines inform a surgeon’s practice in the consent process for an operation. Since the Covid-19 pandemic, many surgical departments have converted from face-to-face to telephonic consultations. The clinic letter is of increased importance given that it forms a key part of the medical record which the patient should receive to ensure sufficient time and information to make an informed decision.MethodClinic letters of patients undergoing elective ENT surgery at our trust over a four-week period were examined in this retrospective audit of compliance with RCSEng and GMC guidelines. Additional data was collected on clinician grade and proportion of letters sent to patients. Patients rated satisfaction with consultation on a five-point Likert scale.Results135 eligible patients were included in our audit and the majority were listed by a consultant (57%). In all domains, consultant letters were more likely to be comprehensive as compared to registrars. Overall quality of clinic letters was highly variable regarding documentation of diagnosis (52%), surgical risks (50%), discussion of alternative or no treatment (30%) and registrar discussion with consultant (31%). There was also a stark difference between registrars and consultants sending patients copies of clinic letters (10% vs 47%). Only 10% of patients received a leaflet on their condition. 90% of patients were either satisfied or very satisfied with their clinic consultation.ConclusionsRefresher sessions on consent, updated template letters and increased provision of patient information leaflets will be introduced to the ENT department, and improvements monitored with further re-audit.

Polsko-amerykańskie ślady współpracy. Korespondencja Eileen i Floriana Znanieckich w zbiorach archiwalnych Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej w Nowym Jorku, część 1

Artykuł przedstawia część pierwszą korespondencji Eileen i Floriana Znanieckich, znajdującej się w Archiwum Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej w Nowym Jorku. Pokazuje ona wiele nieznanych wątków z życia Znanieckich, a zwłaszcza Floriana – jednego z najsłynniejszych polskich socjologów, profesora Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, który wiele lat pracował w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Prezentowana edycja obejmuje listy ze Stefanem Piotrem Mierzwą, który w języku angielskim używał nazwiska Stephen Peter Mizwa, oraz z Edith Brahmall Cullis-Williams. Mierzwa był założycielem Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej, długoletnim dyrektorem wykonawczym fundacji, a w końcu jej prezesem. Dzięki swojej działalności na rzecz kulturalnego i naukowego zbliżenia Polski i Ameryki stał się jedną z najbardziej rozpoznawalnych postaci w życiu Polonii amerykańskiej w XX w. Cullis-Williams była założycielką i prezeską Polskiego Instytutu Sztuk Pięknych i Literatury w Nowym Jorku i znaną w środowisku amerykańskim polonofilką. W zasobach archiwalnych Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej przetrwały kopie listów Mierzwy pisanych do Znanieckich. Kopie listów Cullis-Williams nie zachowały się w tej kolekcji, ale choćby te, wysłane do niej przez Eileen, prezentowane w niniejszej edycji, doskonale uzupełniają obraz amerykańskich relacji i powiązań towarzyskich małżeństwa Znanieckich, jakie wyłania się z innych źródeł. Chronologicznie listy obejmują okres 1923–1940 i pokazują początki współpracy Znanieckiego z Fundacją Kościuszkowską, wnoszą trochę nowego światła do obecności Znanieckiego w Nowym Jorku w latach 1931–1933 oraz do pierwszych miesięcy pobytu poznańskiego socjologa w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki w 1940 r. Polish-American traces of cooperation. The correspondence of Eileen and Florian Znaniecki in the archival collections of the Kościuszko Foundation in New York, part 1 The article presents the first part of the correspondence of Eileen and Florian Znaniecki, which is located in the Archives of the Kosciuszko Foundation in New York. It shows many unknown threads from the life of Znaniecki family, especially Florian – one of the most outstanding Polish sociologist, a professor at the University of Poznań, who worked for many years in the United States of America. The presented edition includes letters with Stefan Piotr Mierzwa, who used the name Stephen Peter Mizwa in English, and Edith Brahmall Cullis-Williams. Mierzwa was the founder of the Kościuszko Foundation, a long-term executive director of the foundation, and finally its president. Thanks to his activities for the cultural and scientific rapprochement between Poland and America, he became, if not one of the most important figures in the life of American Polonia in the twentieth century, so certainly among the New York State Poles. Cullis-Williams was the founder and president of the Polish Institute of Arts and Literature in New York City and a well known American polonophile in the American environment. The archives of the Kościuszko Foundation have survived copies of Mierza’s letters written to Znaniecki. Copies of Cullis-Williams letters have not been preserved in this collection, but even those sent to her by Eileen, presented in this edition, perfectly complement the picture of American relationships and social relations of the Znaniecki marriage emerging from other sources. Chronologically, the letters cover the period 1923–1940 and show the beginnings of Znaniecki's cooperation with the Kosciuszko Foundation. What is more, the collection brings a little new light to Znaniecki’s presence in New York in 1931–1933 and the first months of the Poznań sociologist’s stay in the United States of America in 1940.

Is there a standardised consent process within the surgical specialties?

IntroductionThe consent process is central to surgical practice. Subsequent to landmark cases such as Montgomery and Thefaut there is increasing consensus that consent should be a staged process. The aim of our survey was to identify if there was any homogeneity in the practice of surgeons with regards to the consent process in comparison to national guidelines. MethodsOur survey was distributed to a broad range of surgical specialties via an anonymous Google Forms questionnaire available online. Consultant Surgeons and Specialist registrars across the United Kingdom were then contacted via their relevant surgical societies and professional. Data collection was based on the Montgomery principles: consent location; face to face meetings; information leaflets (including their source); distribution of copies of letters and consent forms; use of percentage risks; use of pre-printed consent forms. ResultsThe total number of replies was 325. The majority of consent was taken on the day of surgery (166/319; 50.8%). Scheduled meeting for the consent process occurred routinely in only 87 cases (87/319; 27.3%). 103 (103/319; 32.9%) responders indicated the use of pre-printed consent forms. Of which 93 (93/103; 90.3%) were produced locally. Risk percentages were routinely used by 103 responders (103/319; 32.9%) Nearly two-thirds never write specific risk percentages routinely (205/319; 64.3%). Copies of consent forms were routinely given out by 210 responders (210/319; 65.8%). Supporting information was routinely given to patients in 248 cases (248/319; 77.7%). ConclusionOur survey documents significant variation in the practice of consent despite clear guidance on best practice. We believe that most surgeons welcome a more thorough and robust consent process, but hey need the time and infrastructure to be able to do it Introduction.

Adult patient perspectives on receiving hospital discharge letters: a corpus analysis of patient interviews

BackgroundUK government guidelines and initiatives emphasise equity in delivery of care, shared decision-making, and patient-centred care. This includes sharing information with patients as partners in health decisions and empowering them to manage their health effectively. In the UK, general practitioners (GPs) routinely receive hospital discharge letters; while patients receiving copies of such letters is seen as “good practice” and recommended, it is not standardised. The effects and consequences of whether or not this happens remains unclear. The aim of this study (one of three forming the Discharge Communication Study) was to explore patient perspectives on receiving discharge letters and their views on how this could be improved in order to optimise patient experience and outcomes.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of 50 patients recruited from 17 GP surgeries within the West Midlands, UK. All participants were adults with a recent episode of general hospital inpatient or outpatient care. Data were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using mixed methods corpus linguistics techniques.ResultsParticipants reported inconsistent access to discharge letters. Most wanted to receive a copy of their discharge letter although some expressed reservations. Perceived benefits included: increased understanding of their condition and treatment, reduced anxiety, and increased satisfaction. Consequences where participants had not received letters included: letter inaccuracies being overlooked, missed follow up actions, failure to fully remember diagnosis, treatment, or self-management or recommendations, and confusion and anxiety at what occurred and what will happen next. Participants felt the usefulness of receiving copies of letters could be increased by: including a patient information section, avoidance of acronyms, and jargon or technical terms explained with lay language.ConclusionsMost patients value receiving copies of hospital discharge letters, and should be consistently offered them. Patients’ preferences for letter receipt could be logged in their health records. To enable positive outcomes letters should have a clear and accessible format that reflects the priorities and information needs of patients. Patients appear not to be receiving or being offered copies of letters consistently despite UK policies and guidelines supporting this practice; this suggests a need for greater standardisation of practice.

Zuiderzeestädte in der Hanse

The Zuiderzee towns and the Hanse: information exchange, conflicts and conflict resolution.This article uses the Zuiderzee region, and in particular Deventer, as a case study, to put forward two theses. First of all, that the exchange of information was a vital component of conflict resolution – and more broadly, of conflict management – within the Hanse. The analysis shows that the concepts of ‘centre’ and ‘periphery’, which have been recurrent in the discussions on the position of the Zuiderzee towns in the Hanse, were very relative. Wherever a conflict occurred which needed to be dealt with, information circles emerged as well, as the production and circulation of copies of letters and documents shows. The second thesis is that the exchange of information on conflict within the Hanse was embedded in a style of communication which was unique in the European context, and at the same time difficult to grasp because it was quite implicit and utterly self-evident to contemporaries. This leaps to the eye if we study the ramifications of a change of political context for Hanseatic towns like Deventer, which became part of the Habsburg Netherlands in 1528. A property conflict in the 1540s concerning a ship captured by Scotsmen, which was later bought by Deventer burghers, illustrates this. Rather than shaping their arguments to mesh with the new political conditions, they argued their case along the lines in which conflicts, and their resolution, had been handled and communicated in the Hanse.

Dur-Abi-ešuh and The aftermath of the attack on Nippur: new evidence from three unpublished letters

In this article are published three copies of letters addressed to King Ammi-ditana of Babylon. Discovered in Dur-Abi-ešuh during illicit excavations, these texts are now kept in the Cotsen (Lloyd E.) Cuneiform Tablets Collection at UCLA (Los Angeles). They provide us with valuable information on military activities, the management of agricultural resources, and religious life in central Babylonia during the Late Old Babylonian period.

Writing kinematics and graphic rules in children with ADHD

Introduction/Objective. The aim of this study was to coIntroduction/Objective. The aim of this study was to compare kinematic features and graphic rules of writing between children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (with and without medical treatment) and typically developed children (TDC). Methods. In total, 55 children (26 with ADHD/ten subjects were on methylphenidate treatment and 29 TDC) completed a writing task on a digitizing board (in three repetitions; using non-inking stylus) which included a semicircle tracing, triangle, and letter copying. Kinematic features of movements in all tasks and graphic rules during a semicircle tracing were analyzed. Graphic rules were observed as expected movements (selecting the starting point and direction of tracing). Results. The values of kinematic parameter jerk were significantly larger in TDC group compared to all ADHD subjects (regardless of treatment) and increased constantly with semicircle task progression and repetition in both groups. Children with ADHD without methylphenidate treatment used overall slower movements compared to TDC. The tracing of children with ADHD taking methylphenidate was more automated (with less change in movement velocity and acceleration) compared to TDC. In ADHD group only, those with treatment traced faster and more automated compared to those without treatment. The majority of subjects used expected movements in semicircle tracing and this percentage increased with the task repetition (without difference between ADHD and TDC). Conclusion. Both children with ADHD and TDC used similar approach in the tracing task and were compliant with graphic rules. Methylphenidate treatment may positively influence writing kinematics in children with ADHD. Task repetition also influences writing.

The first leader of the Katerynoslav nobility K. Lalosh

The article is devoted to the court cases of the family of the first (1784–1787) leader of the Katerynoslav nobility Kostyantyn Lalosh. In current researches there is only brief information about his military career and mention of his presence in the regional administration in the 1780s (N. Surieva, L. Tsiganenko). The research is carried out in the context of social history. Such methods as prosopography, biography were applied. The main focus is on the documents of the trial at the Ekaterinoslav chancery court in 1792. The dispute was around the inheritance of Lalosh’s deceased wife, Marfa. Two sides of the conflict were her son from the first marriage, Alexander Ostrogradsky, and from the second marriage – Nikolai Lalosh. The interests of the latter were represented by his father. The materials illustrate the plots of social, everyday history of the region, give a description of the historical and legal traditions of the Left Bank and Southern Ukraine in the last quarter of the XVIII century. In particular, they demonstrate the effect of debt securities legislation, inheritance legislation, marriage and family legislation. Mention is made about the members of the well-known families of the Hetmanate the Lalosh’s wife Marfa was connected to: the Ostrogradsky, the Pikovtsy, the Lizozuby. The case includes the unique documents: the copies of private letters, registers of family expenses and purchases. In addition to this, other cases from other judicial institutions such as the Yekaterinoslav Viceroy’s Board, where K. Lalosch tried to solve the problem of debt, property, inheritance were involved. Documents appeal to Russian imperial legislation, the norms of the III Lithuanian Statute, which continued to exist on the territory of the former Hetmanate. K. Lalosh appealed in his lawsuits to the so-called "Little Russian law", and being of Serbian origin, Russian military personnel. The following legal concepts are mentioned as "materyzna" (mother’s inheritance), "vino" (daughter’s dowry from family property), etc. All this attests to the developed and complex institute of inheritance on the territory of the Left Bank Ukraine, where Lalosh’s wife came from. Family lawsuits illustrate the process of incorporation of the nobility of the Left Bank, Southern Ukraine into the society of the Russian Empire. This happened not only through the service, privileges from the state, but also through satisfaction of property interests, unification of legal institutions. The article substantially complements the data on the first leader of the Katerynoslav nobility and his descendants.

No Difference in the Neural Underpinnings of Number and Letter Copying in Children: Bayesian Analysis of Functional Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Data

ABSTRACTIt is under debate whether the neural representation of numbers and letters might rely on distinct neural correlates, or on a mostly shared neural network. In the present study, a total of 47 children in fifth grade (Experiment 1) and sixth grade (Experiment 2) simply copied numbers and letters on a touch screen while brain activation changes were recorded by means of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). fNIRS data of both experiments and a joint analysis revealed that a shared neural network, particularly in the left hemisphere, was activated in response to both number and letter copying. Interestingly, no difference was observed in brain activation patterns between these two stimuli, as revealed by Bayesian analysis. Our findings indicate that both number and letter copying lead to similar brain activation in children. We further suggest methodological and applied applications of these findings in the frame of educational neuroscience.

Epikurs Briefsammlung und POxy 76.5077

Abstract Epicurus is well known as the letter writer par excellence among ancient philosophers. This is shown by examples from Alciphron, Diogenes Laertios, Seneca, and Plutarch. Additionally, the long list of partially preserved letters in the collections of fragments by Usener and Arrighetti is analyzed. These quotes demonstrate the use of letter collections originating with Epicurus and his first students. A new valuable testimony is provided by the publication in 2011 of POxy 5077. Its three fragments are clearly taken from a collection of letters of Epicurus. We find his name in a typical prescript: “Epicurus (to NN), greetings”. Leonteus and Mithres of the founding generation are mentioned. The copying of letters and the exchange of documents within the Epicurean community are fully on display. The little known shipwreck suffered by Epicurus is alluded to. All this is not without interest for students of early Christian letter collections.