Copernican Revolution Research Articles

Rutinas de la experiencia común. El artista Spinoziano como productor

El presente trabajo explora el estatuto del arte en la filosofía de Spinoza (aspecto poco estudiado por la crítica), en el marco de la inversión copernicana que da origen a la estética (las “cualidades secundarias” no son propiedades de los objetos sino efectos en los sujetos que perciben) y del barroco holandés. Si bien el pensamiento spinozista se inscribe en la conversión antropológica, en virtud de la cual lo bello resulta ser un efecto en el sujeto y no una cualidad de los objetos, su comprensión del arte es inasimilable a la “estética” como ámbito diferenciado y autónomo que se consolida en el siglo XVIII, y más bien concibe el arte integrado a la vida y a la experiencia común –a la vez que, en cuanto praxis de origen corporal al alcance de cualquiera, presenta puntos de contacto con las vanguardias históricas del siglo XX–. Spinoza, según se propone en este texto, concibe la producción de “obras de arte” menos como un hecho estético que como una actividad corporal éticamente orientada a la vida buena.

List apostolski motu proprio papieża Franciszka Vos estis lux mundi nowelizacją kanonicznego prawa karnego i skuteczną ochroną małoletnich

The letter of Pope Francis is a very important document amending the system of canonical criminal law. The mentioned document introduces some new products. The legislator does not change the structure and nature of the preliminary investigation. He points to other areas that he wants to cover with specific legal provisions. The first change in this respect is the granting of rights and duties to the metropolitan. The second change is the appointment of experts so that they can support the work of the metropolitan. The third change consists in introducing legal definitions of a minor, child pornography and a helpless person to legal trading. The fourth change is related to terms generally accepted in law. A certain novelty is the extension of the competence of some of the dicasteries of the Holy See. Another new regulation is the introduction of reports submitted by the metropolitan during the preliminary investigation. Mens legislatoris assumes the most serious change. The Copernican revolution is linked to the punishment of church superiors who not only committed acts against the sixth commandment of the Decalogue, but concealed and concealed the fact that such crimes were.

The Paradigm of Unity (PU) as the Basis for a “Copernican Revolution” (CR) in the Social Sciences (Note 1)

Thomas Kuhn regarded the Copernican Revolution (CR) as the one which best illustrates the nature of scientific revolutions in the history of science. This is related with the essence of the paradigm in a Kuhnian sense that is a mental shift involving change in the theories, instruments, values and assumptions used to understand a set of phenomena. Copernicus had to change the well-established geocentric system, which functioned not only in the science of his day but also in the culture, tradition, social perception, and even the mentality of religious and political The concept of Paradigm of Unity (PU) is used to denote the societal activity of Chiara Lubich and the Focolare Movemen—in building the psychosocial infrastructure for unity in various social domains; for example, in the economy of communion, in politics (politicians for unity project), in public media (journalists for unity), in ecumenism and interreligious contacts (ecumenical and interreligious Focolari Centers). This conception is a great inspiration, a kind of Copernican revolution for the social sciences, which would motivate researchers in the social sciences to build their own research paradigm with a mental and methodological power and potentiality that could offer new vision to the social sciences (as Copernicus did in the natural sciences).

MiFID II and Inducements: A Copernican Revolution in the Investment Services Ecosystem? Speculative Thoughts on the Inducements Regime After Two Years From MiFID II Introduction in the Light of the Recent ESMA Technical Advice

The paper sheds light on MiFID II inducements regime and its application after two years from the entry into force of MiFID II. In this respect, the Authors analyse not only the regulatory framework applicable to inducements and investment firms but provide also a pragmatic overview on the extent to which such regime may impact the business model of both investment firms and asset managers. Ultimately, an overview on the recent ESMA Technical Advice on inducements disclosure is provided. As a conclusive remark, the Authors raise some interrogatives about the potential of FinTech and RegTech solutions for optimizing the current conflict of interests framework within the investment services industry.

The Deleuzian Revolution: Ten Innovations inDifference and Repetition

Difference and Repetition might be said to have brought about a Deleuzian Revolution in philosophy comparable to Kant's Copernican Revolution. Kant had denounced the three great terminal points of traditional metaphysics – self, world and God – as transcendent illusions, and Deleuze pushes Kant's revolution to its limit by positing a transcendental field that excludes the coherence of the self, world and God in favour of an immanent and differential plane of impersonal individuations and pre-individual singularities. In the process, he introduces numerous conceptual innovations into philosophy: the becoming of concepts; a transformation of the form of the question; an insistence that philosophy must start in the middle; an attempt to think in terms of multiplicities; the development of a new logic and a new metaphysics based on a concept of difference; a new conception of space as intensive rather than extensive; a conception of time as a pure and empty form; and an understanding of philosophy as a system in heterogenesis – that is, a system that entails a perpetual genesis of the heterogeneous, an incessant production of the new.

AL TRAMONTO DEL GEOCENTRISMO ASTRONOMIA NELLE CINQUECENTINE DELL’ISTITUTO LOMBARDO

In this paper we present some scientific books, edited in XVI century, of the Istituto Lombardo library. These books are devoted to Astronomy conceived in the field of the ancient geocentric theory, just before the heliocentric Copernican revolution. We present also some documents of that period relative to instruments as astrolabes and sundials.

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The way out – Metaphysical Melancholy in Lotta Lotass’ Den svarta solen
 Following the paratextual clues of Lotta Lotass’ conceptual ’Choose Your Own Adventure’ (anti-)novel Den svarta solen (”The black sun”, 2009) this article investigates the possible connection between melancholy as a theme and Immanuel Kant’s idealistic transcendentalism. Kant’s ”Copernican revolution” which concludes that human experience consists, not of things themselves, but of appearances shaped by the subject, suggest a claustrophobic experience in the loss of knowledgeability of the world. Using Julia Kristeva’s ideas on the melancholy, this article proposes that loss of knowledge of the world is the cause (”the black sun”) for the melancholy experience that Lotass tries to convey in the novel’s labyrinthine, descriptive representation of different rooms interconnected by arrows and numbers.

The Copernican Revolution in the History of Interpretation of Job 28

The Copernican Revolution in the History of Interpretation of Job 28

Delusion, Reality, and Excentricity: Comment on Thomas Fuchs

Delusion, Reality, and ExcentricityComment on Thomas Fuchs Louis A. Sass (bio) In "Delusion, Reality, and Intersubjectivity," Thomas Fuchs offers a superb presentation of an enactive/phenomenological approach to schizophrenic delusions—an approach that is clearly superior to the poor-reality-testing formula (with its simplistic equation of delusion with "mistaken belief") that has dominated thinking about delusion in psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and cognitive-behavioral theory. As he convincingly argues, two key tendencies go a long way toward accounting for the distinctive features of delusion in schizophrenia: 1) withdrawal from practical, sensori-motoric interaction with the physical environment; and 2) failure to experience reality in intersubjective terms—as a realm of "participatory sense-making" that is open to the viewpoint, actual or potential, of other human subjects, and whose very stability is grounded in this sharing. The latter is what Merleau-Ponty (1962) was referring to when he spoke of "perceptual faith," and when he wrote these lines: "Paul and I 'together' see this landscape, we are jointly present in it, it is the same for both of us, not only as an intelligible significance, but as a certain accent of the world's style, down to its very thisness" (p. 406). Fuchs rightly notes that schizophrenic persons fail to decenter themselves, to adopt what he calls an "excentric" position by recognizing the point of view of other persons. This lack of "excentricity" certainly helps to explain the prominence of both paranoia and grandiosity in patients in the schizophrenia spectrum—where paranoia and grandiosity can often have an all-inclusive or ontologically tinged flavor, as indicated in one patient's account: "It feels like the universe is zoned in on me" (Payne, 2012). Every human being is of course, the center of a universe, or at least, of his or her own universe; and unless one relativizes this fact, thereby demoting its general significance, one will indeed be prone to interpretations of the world that make one feel oneself to be either A) the true center who constitutes or grounds the universe (grandiosity) or B) the prime target of all surrounding glances and converging intentions (paranoia). Fuchs is quite right to argue, then, that the schizophrenic proneness to delusion is bound up with the diminishment of normal forms of intersubjective relativizing. I would argue, however, that one should be careful not to neglect a couple of points that may cast things in a somewhat different light. One is the fact that when, in schizophrenia, the perceptual field (as Fuchs notes) becomes "subjectivized," the subjectivization at issue may involve not only a failure to take the points of view of actual other people into [End Page 81] account, but also an abnormally acute recognition/awareness of the role of subjectivity itself (a fact that may bring some such patients closer, in a way, to Kant's Copernican revolution than to the naïve egocentricity of Piaget's young child). The latter introduces a form of perspectivism, indeed of "excentricity" (in more than one sense of that term), that is typically absent in normal individuals, who tend to live unthinkingly in the complacency of their common-sense world, and it may contribute to the experiences of derealization that are so characteristic of schizophrenia (Sass, 2017 chapters 9, 10, 11). Also, from the point of view of some schizophrenia-spectrum individuals, the normal, commonsense viewpoint can sometime look hidebound by conventionality, closed off from the very possibility of seeing things in new or multiple perspectives, or indeed from recognizing the perspectival nature of truth. One young man with schizophrenia saw most other human beings as cognitive robots ("organic machines"), so mechanical and predictable were their conventional responses to the world (Sass, 1992, p. 334). Some patients feel they must guard their originality lest it be contaminated by too much interaction with others: "My aversion to common sense is stronger than my instinct to survive," said one patient (Stanghellini & Ballerini, 2007). Statements such as these should remind us that the absence of normal intersubjective grounding is no simple affliction or deficit, but can sometimes involve insistence on a certain kind of cognitive autonomy and relativity, the need for which or appeal of...

The Voyage of Human Reason in and beyond Kant's The Critique of Pure Reason

The Copernican Revolution had meant for modern Europe surer navigation, bolder voyages and wilder discoveries. With the declaration of independence of America in 1781 and the publication of The Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant in the same year, the age of Enlightenment defined itself as an age of coming of age and of daring to know. This essay tries to draw out the peculiar enlightenment ethos of a youth against youth through Kant’s depiction of the voyage of human reason in the First Critique. It will do so by examining the four-fold sense of objects, the island of truth surrounded by illusion, amphibolic insularity, the mirror of schema and the “No Further!” of the Pillars of Hercules. Interrogating the dual sense of “limit” as both infinitizing, transgressively de-territorializing and yet at the same time self-delimiting, self-critiquingly re-territorializing, this essay argues for a hermeneutic vantage point to comprehend Kant as the unwilling mariner who by way of the transcendental as-if attempted to gain a certain spectatorship, a particular possibility of seeing - at a shore already and increasingly lost to the European and global humanity of centuries to come.

Sixth State Reform – A Belgian Copernican Revolution or a Missed Opportunity?

Sixth State Reform – A Belgian Copernican Revolution or a Missed Opportunity?

Music and the Aesthetic Copernican Revolution of the Eighteenth Century

ABSTRACTIn the mid-eighteenth century music underwent a sudden and drastic revolution when composers “discovered” a new dimension to their art. This had immense repercussions on the philosophy of art, for the music created before and after this divide represents two different species of aesthetic experience, which in due course affected our understanding of the meaning and import of the other arts as well. Despite the immense aesthetic repercussions of this Copernican revolution in music, philosophers of art seem not to have taken much notice of it. This essay details the emergence of the relevant musical criteria during the eighteenth century and dwells on their long-term impacts on the philosophy of art.

What role for the high representative post-2019?

ABSTRACTDavid O’Sullivan reminds us of the minor miracle of CFSP – the “Copernican Revolution” as he calls it. He notes that we have come from a point in the 1970s at which EC foreign Ministers would move en masse from one city to another in a single afternoon just to distinguish clearly their separate roles between European Community business and their foreign policy discussions within European Political Cooperation (EPC). Even the “association” of the European Commission with foreign policy deliberations, he reminds us, was deemed both sensitive and problematic for most member states well into the 1980s. It is also important, I think, to highlight – and indeed to challenge – some of the underlying assumptions that we too often make about what the EU is and what it can and should be doing. This, I think, builds usefully on David’s salient points about the stark and sometimes revolutionary change in the machinery of the Union’s foreign policy.

Life under another Sun: From Science Fiction to Science

Initiated in the sixteenth century, the Copernican revolution toppled our Earth from its theological pedestal, revealing it not to be the centre of everything but a planet among several others in orbit around one of the zillions of stars of our Universe. Already proposed by some philosophers at the dawn of this major paradigm shift, the existence of exoplanets, i.e. planets in orbit around stars other than our Sun, remained suspected but unconfirmed for centuries. It is only in the last decade of the twentieth century that the first of these extrasolar worlds were found. Their seminal discoveries initiated the development of more and more ambitious projects that led eventually to the detection of thousands of exoplanets, including a few dozen potentially habitable ones, i.e. terrestrial exoplanets that could harbour large amounts of liquid water – and maybe life – on their surfaces. Upcoming astronomical facilities will soon be able to probe the atmospheric compositions of some of these extrasolar worlds, maybe performing in the process the historical detection of chemical signs of life light-years away. But while the existence of extraterrestrial life remains pure speculation for now, it has been a major theme of science fiction for more than a century. By creating countless stories of encounters between humans and alien forms of life, science-fiction authors have pursued, in a sense, the Copernican revolution, confronting us with the idea that not only could life be widespread in the Universe, but also that our species may be far from the Cosmic pinnacle in matters of intelligence and technological development.

PL03.04 Lung Cancer and Tuberculosis: Parallel Lives

It is a Battlefield Searching for parallelisms, using historical analogies is a well established method in many fields of soft sciences, medical humanities included. A challenge of seemingly repetitive failure patterns and paradigm shift structures are to be answered in the following imaginary experiment. The aim is the creation of a mental model where understanding of developments and mistakes in treatment of tuberculosis might support our fight against lung cancer (1). The two diseases are existing parallely – one mainly for the poor and young and the other for the richer and older. History of tuberculosis follows the classic algorhythm: diagnostic (Villemin, Virchow), casuistic (Koch) and therapeutical (Waksman/Streptomycin) stages. The therapeutical phase of lung cancer has been reached without identified cause of the disease. Eradication of the macrosocopic focus by physical interference with the involved tissue mass, in both diseases preceeded medical treatment. Causation is not an absolute sine qua non of an effective treatment, as the tuberculosis-lung cancer analogy also proves. While lung cancer seems to be controlled by an emerging array of new drugs, tuberculosis poses a new challenge. Tuberculosis of the lung is a systemic disease, best treated by drugs with additional surgical removal of the focus of the disease as a last option. The disease has a fairly good chance of around 90% of to be cured (2). The prognostic factors include the functional and immunological reserves of the patient. Stage I to III lung cancer is a local manifestation of a systemic disease without sufficiently identified aetiology. Therapy response is understood at cohort level, but it is unpredictable where the individual patient’s fate is concerned. For reasons unknown, mechanical eradication offers the best chance for cure in early stages of the tumour. Some parallelism between tuberculosis and lung cancer might be of interest. In Search of a Character If progress takes a standstill categorization, fever takes over. Lymphnodes are the central elements of the Ghon and Ranke complexes. (3) of the tuberculous lung. The TNM system, a topology approach gyrates around the N status as well. (4). The desire to find a strong characteristic prognostic/predictive element resulted in the Gaffky index (5). The number of Koch bacillus in the sputum as a prognostic tool failed to validate the theory. The discussions of stations and size of lymphnodes in lung cancer (6) might share the fate of the Gaffky index. A Burnt out Case? There are disturbing similarities in the phenomenon of a late relapse/recurrence in both diseases. The dormant Koch bacillus vs exogenous reinfection debate (7) is paralleled by the dormant cancer cell hypothesis (8). Journey without Maps Circulating Koch bacillus, and their prognostic value hotly debated in the 1920s, are comparable to the circulating tumor cell question. The bloodstream journey polemic settled down by 1950, the “seed and soil” theory of cancer cells is subject of intense research. The Heart of the Matter Till the 1960s all tuberculosis cases seemed to be the same, until atypical tuberculosis was identified and the Mycobacterium xenopi lost its stigmatising power (95). Certain phenotypes of the adenocarcinoma in situ behaves definitely in a more benign way than any other cell type NSCLC. In 2019, we still do not know what is the single causative agent (if it exists at all) of NSCLC (if it exists at all as a single entity). The Copernican revolution in tumour biology is still awaited. The Power and the Glory Tuberculosis taught us, that the disease affects the body and the soul as well, reflecting to the society around the patient as well. Lung cancer treatment also depend on the immune status of the individual as well as on the protective capabilities of the science and the society. Affordability and availability of anticancer treatments/drugs are key words yet not interchangeable (8). Onco-economy is as a powerful factor as gene sequencing. A scalpel for sale Our techniques to treat lung cancer are rooted in surgery for tuberculosis (1). VATS techniques take their origin in Jacobeus’ thoracoscopy and Veress needle. Modern thoracic surgical staplers are derivates of the “Russian machines”, Petz staplers adjusted to tuberculotic bronchi. Thoracic surgery practiced in local anesthesia for many decades, is genuine awake/non-intubated thoracic surgery of today. The recent debate over neoadjuvant vs. adjuvant therapy reflects to the bygone dispute on resection before or after antituberculous medical treatment. The different modalities are no mutually exclusive options, but complementary ones. The End of the Affair: The main message of tuberculosis to present day oncopulmonologists is that no one can forget the interaction between tumour and patient and his/her socioeconomic status around the pathologically identified focus.

Lessons From Astronomy and Biology for the Mind-Copernican Revolution in Neuroscience.

Neuroscience made major progress in unravelling the neural basis of mental features like self, consciousness, affect, etc. However, we nevertheless lack what recently has been described as “missing ingredient” or “common currency” in the relationship between neuronal and mental activity. Rather than putting forward yet another theory of the neural basis of mental features, I here suggest a change in our methodological strategy how to approach the brain, that is, our view or vantage point of the brain. Learning from astronomy (Copernicus) and biology (Darwin), I suggest that we may want to change our currently pre-Copernican vantage point from within brain to a post-Copernican vantage point from beyond brain. Such post-Copernican vantage point from beyond brain allows us taking into view that what happens beyond the brain itself, e.g., the world, and how that shapes the brain and its neural activity, e.g., world-brain relation. We then lend empirical support to the world-brain relation by converging it with Karl Friston’s free energy principle that, as we see it, provides a neuro-ecological and therefore post-Copernican view of the brain. That, in turn, allows us taking into view that mental features are shaped by both world and brain and are therefore truly neuro-ecological rather than merely neuronal. This raises the question for the link, e.g., the “missing ingredient” or “common currency” of world brain relation and mental features. Recent empirical evidence suggests that temporo-spatial dynamics may provide such link as it characterizes both the world-brain relation’s free energy and mental features, e.g., their spatiotemporality as described in philosophy. Taken together, I here advocate a change in our methodological strategy on how to approach the brain, that is, a shift from a pre-Copernican vantage point from within brain to a post-Copernican vantage point from beyond brain. The latter allows us taking into view that what happens beyond the brain in the world and how that shapes the brain in such a way that it can yield mental features. This amounts to nothing less than a Copernican turn or revolution in neuroscience akin to the ones in astronomy (Copernicus) and biology (Darwin).

„Wojnę domową śpiewam więc i głoszę” − wojnę na księgi, indeksy i katalogi. O rząd młodych dusz

The development of education, which in the 18th century was available not only to boys, but also girls from wealthy bourgeois families, as well as the development of publishing houses and specialised bookstores with books for children (the first of them was founded by John Newbery) caused the phenomenon of children and teenagers’ ‘eager reading’. The introduction of free access for children to library collections at the American public library in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1877), turned out to be the ‘Copernican revolution’. The idea was introduced to many American and European libraries. From that time on, children and teenage readers had a real influence not only on the selection of their own readings, but also on the profile, subjects and nature of newly-created books. At the same time, the opposite phenomenon intensified: adult writers and educators tried to control the readings of younger generation. The catalogues of books for children and adolescents created during nearly half a century (1884–1929), evaluated the didactic values of readings, but ignored their literary qualities.

Immunità e tumori

The relationship between immune system and cancer has met a Copernican revolution. Indeed, the inflammation is recognized as a hallmark feature of tumor development. In particular, it has been observed the opposing effects of cancer-associated inflammation, ranging from positive local effects, such as T-cell mediated cytotoxicity leading to tumor inhibition, through to cancer development and progression. In the last few years, we have learned that within the tumor microenvironment a complicate network of cells communicates to form the local immune response. It is well known that the presence of tumor necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate, constituted by T regulatory cells, fewer Th1 cells, a lot of myeloid-derived suppressor cell and expansion of M2 macrophages, promotes tumor growth and progression. The field of cancer immunotherapy has experienced alternating periods of success and failure in the development of cancer therapies. The current breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy results from the identification and subsequent targeting of checkpoint mechanisms in T cells with antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1. CTLA-4 and PD-1 are co-inhibitory receptors found on the cell surface of T cells.

Challenges of multi/hyper spectral images in precision agriculture applications

According to the CEMA, Agriculture 4.0 paves the way for the next evolution of farming consisting of unmanned operations and autonomous decision systems while Agriculture 5.0 will be based around robotics and (some form of) artificial intelligence. It is clear how Agriculture is experimenting a Copernican Revolution where multidisciplinarity is the engine of this revolution. In this context it is central the topic of Variable Rate Treatments (VRTs). A VRT application relies on prescription maps that are generated by considering the agronomist experience augmented with data sensed also by using advanced platform as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or satellites. Prescription maps are usually implemented by tractors using Variable Rate Controllers (VRCs) that apply a given quantity of product on a given region. The typical operation is spraying nitrogen or weed treatment application over the agricultural field. The generation of a correct prescription map requires the definition of specific management zones that reflect areas and their status. The planning of agricultural tasks necessitates a deep knowledge of crop state, for example, an important but typical case is variable rate nitrogen fertilizer application. In this scenario multi-spectral images play a key role and today the technology is mature to be used also in real applications. Hyper-spectral imagery is still expensive and it is usually adopted for advanced research considering the complexity to acquire and post-process data. However multi and hyper spectral systems are changing the agriculture enabling complex analysis with ultra high spatial and spectral resolution.

Fichte, Kant and the Copernican turn

The paper studies Fichte’s views of the cognitive problem, especially his account of the three fundamental principles. I argue three points: fi rst, Kant’s position includes two incompatible approaches to knowledge I will be calling representationalism and constructivism; second, in his early writings Fichte defends a version of the so-called Copernican Revolution or Copernican turn, more specifically a revised conception of “representation”; and, third, though Fichte’s version of the Copernican turn improves on Kant’s, it is not a satisfactory solution to the cognitive problem.