Reactive Coping Research Articles

The Effect of Perceived College-Related Stress on Depression, Life Satisfaction, and School Satisfaction: The Coping Strategies of Hispanic College Students From a Hispanic Serving Institution

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect reflective coping, suppressive coping, and reactive coping had on stress and indicators of well-being among Hispanic undergraduate students ( N = 177) from a Hispanic Serving Institution. Findings demonstrate that both reactive and suppressive coping had separate but important moderating effects on perceived stress and well-being outcomes. Perceived stress was also associated with both depressive symptoms and life satisfaction indirectly through copying styles.

Value co-destruction: a typology of resource misintegration manifestations

Purpose Actors who participate in co-created service experiences typically assume that they will experience improved well-being. However, a growing body of literature demonstrates that the reverse is also likely to be true, with one or more actors experiencing value co-destruction (VCD), rather than value co-creation, in the service system. Building on the notion of resource misintegration as a trigger of the VCD process, this paper offers a typology of resource misintegration manifestations and to present a dynamic conceptualization of the VCD process. Design/methodology/approach A systematic, iterative VCD literature review was conducted with a priori aims to uncover the manifestations of resource misintegration and illustrate its connection to VCD for an actor or actors. Findings Ten distinct manifestations of resource misintegration are identified that provide evidence or an early warning sign of the potential for negative well-being for one or more actors in the service system. Furthermore, a dynamic framework illustrates how an affected actor uses proactive and reactive coping and support resources to prevent VCD or restore well-being. Originality/value The study presents a typology of manifestations of resource misintegration that signal or warn of the potential for VCD, thus providing an opportunity to prevent or curtail the VCD process.

Parents' Feelings, Coping Strategies and Sense of Parental Self-Efficacy When Dealing With Children's Victimization Experiences.

Background: Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that bullying victimization poses a major risk for children’s and adolescents’ socioemotional development. Despite the key role parents play in their child’s ability to cope with bullying, very few studies have focused on parents’ reactions to their children’s victimization. The current study examined parents’ feelings, coping strategies, and sense of parental self-efficacy subsequent to their children’s victimization. Methods: The sample was composed of 217 parents of children aged 7 to 18 years who had been victims of bullying. Parents were requested to fill in a self-report survey measuring their responses to their child’s bullying victimization in the last 12 months, the feelings they experienced, the coping strategies they implemented, and their sense of parental self-efficacy in dealing with the situation. Results: Parents of victimized children experienced notable emotional distress and an array of complex emotions. A unique pattern of associations was revealed between feelings and coping tactics. Specifically, feelings of guilt were predictive of parents adopting avoidance and self-blame strategies and negatively associated with providing support to the child. Parents’ feelings of sadness positively predicted coping by providing child support and negatively linked to avoidance coping. Anger was predictive of retaliative coping, whereas worry contributed to child restrictions. Providing support to the child and retaliation positively contributed to parental self-efficacy in dealing with the victimization events, whereas seeking social support was negatively associated with parents’ sense of efficacy. Discussion: It is suggested that bullying prevention efforts should include parents and address the complex feelings they experience, especially feelings of guilt and anger, which were found to contribute to a maladaptive coping reaction.

Deliberate or Instinctive? Proactive and Reactive Coping for Technostress

Employees in organizations face technostress that is, stress from information technology (IT) use. Although technostress is a highly prevalent organizational phenomenon, there is a lack of theory-based understanding on how IT users can cope with it. We theorize and validate a model for deliberate proactive and instinctive reactive coping for technostress. Drawing from theories on coping, our model posits that the reactive coping behaviors of distress venting and distancing from IT can alleviate technostress by diminishing the negative effect of technostress creators on IT-enabled productivity. The proactive coping behaviors of positive reinterpretation and IT control can help IT users by influencing the extent to which reactive coping behaviors are effective and by positively influencing IT-enabled productivity. The findings of a cross-sectional survey study of 846 organizational IT users support the model. The paper provides a new theoretical contribution by identifying ways in which organizational IT users can cope with technostress.

PSYCHIATRIC INTERVIEW OF PATIENTS WITH CANCER

Background. Psychiatrists providing consultation in cancer centers need to understand the patient’s mental health without possibility of collecting data on the objective case history and follow-up.Purpose: to analyze the modern methods of assessment of psychopathological disorders in cancer patients.Material and Methods. Publications indexed in PubMed and devoted to the analysis of defense mechanisms, strategies for overcoming challenges, responses to acute and chronic stress, and support for family members of cancer patients were analyzed.Results. Modified psychosomatic interviews used for cancer patients, attachment styles, coping strategies, and defense mechanisms were described. The taxonomic system of the most common mental disorders in modern psycho-oncology was presented.Conclusion. The modified psychiatric interview, during which the defense mechanisms, coping styles, coping reactions with acute and chronic stress, methods of functioning of cancer patient’s family are assessed, allows a psychiatrist to obtain essential information about psychopathological status of a patient within the first (and often the only) appointment. A multidimensional diagnostic approach helps to assess the involvement of various damaging factors in a patient’s current mental status. Conclusion made by a psychiatrist in terms of the taxonomic systems of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems (ICD) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) allows him to provide information to an oncologist in a uniquely interpretable (standardized) form.

Managing the impacts of drought: The role of cultural beliefs in small-scale farmers' responses to drought in Gaza Province, southern Mozambique

Drought has had a harsh impact on small-scale farmers' agricultural activities, livestock production, and well-being, so that even droughts dating back to 1947 remain memorable. These memories, experiences, and knowledge of the impacts frame farmers' awareness of the need to respond to drought, and they therefore implement an array of responses collectively to tackle its causes, and individually to reduce its impacts. Farmers' collective responses, comprised of prayers or traditional rainmaking ceremonies, are directly framed by their enduring cultural beliefs of the causes of drought and appropriate responses to address them. Farmers' individual responses involve dependence on help, activities which generate income or secure immediate food needs. Cultural beliefs indirectly influence these individual responses by determining the timing and order of their implementation because farmers usually implement first collective responses. Thus, farmers tend to implement short-term, reactive coping strategies, which are often insufficient to feed their large families. Although cultural beliefs do not necessarily help farmers to adapt to drought, the enduring collective responses bind farmers together in solidarity during times of drought, since they are driven by their common need of rainfall for agricultural activities. Thus, acting as a psychological support system to deal with the causes, maintain their livelihoods, recover from the hardship and survive. Therefore, we conclude that it is important to account for these direct and indirect influences of cultural beliefs as they may affect the level of engagement, endorsement and position that farmers will (consciously or unconsciously) attribute to the implementation of drought-related adaptation strategies.

Contextual fear learning and memory differ between stress coping styles in zebrafish

Animals frequently overcome stressors and the ability to learn and recall these salient experiences is essential to an individual’s survival. As part of an animal’s stress coping style, behavioral and physiological responses to stressors are often consistent across contexts and time. However, we are only beginning to understand how cognitive traits can be biased by different coping styles. Here we investigate learning and memory differences in zebrafish (Danio rerio) displaying proactive and reactive stress coping styles. We assessed learning rate and memory duration using an associative fear conditioning paradigm that trained zebrafish to associate a context with exposure to a natural olfactory alarm cue. Our results show that both proactive and reactive zebrafish learn and remember this fearful association. However, we note significant interaction effects between stress coping style and cognition. Zebrafish with the reactive stress coping style acquired the fear memory at a significantly faster rate than proactive fish. While both stress coping styles showed equal memory recall one day post-conditioning, reactive zebrafish showed significantly stronger recall of the conditioned context relative to proactive fish four days post-conditioning. Through understanding how stress coping strategies promote biases in processing salient information, we gain insight into mechanisms that can constrain adaptive behavioral responses.

Asymmetric Hydrocyanation of Alkenes without HCN

AbstractA general and efficient rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric cyanide‐free hydrocyanation of alkenes has been developed. Based on the asymmetric hydroformylation/condensation/aza‐Cope elimination sequences, a broad scope of substrates including mono‐substituted, 1,2‐, and 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes (involving natural product R‐ and S‐limonene) were employed, and a series of valuable chiral nitriles are prepared with high yields (up to 95 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 98 % ee). Notably, the critical factor to achieve high enantioseletivies is the addition of catalytic amount of benzoic acid. This novel methodology provides an efficient and concise synthetic route to the intermediate of vildagliptin and anagliptin.

Preparing for Racial Discrimination and Moving beyond Reactive Coping: a Systematic Review

Racial discrimination is a commonly experienced stressor among African American that occurs in various forms. The stressful qualities of racial discrimination are highlighted by how such events are often cognitively appraised and the negative mental health outcomes associated with such racial stressors. Traditionally, existing conceptual models of racial discrimination have characterized the reactive experiences of African Americans, particularly identifying how African American typically respond cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally. Moving forward, it is vital that the conceptual models of racial discrimination extend beyond the reactive experience and further identify nuances in the anticipatory and preparatory processes associated with racial discrimination. As such, the current review draws upon a model of proactive coping (Aspinwall & Taylor, 1997) to begin conceptualizes how African American may cope with anticipated discriminatory experiences and propose future research directions for generating conceptual models that more comprehensively capture experiences of racial stress among African Americans.

Differences in stress reactivity between zebrafish with alternative stress coping styles.

Animals experience stress in a variety of contexts and the behavioural and neuroendocrine responses to stress can vary among conspecifics. The responses across stressors often covary within an individual and are consistently different between individuals, which represent distinct stress coping styles (e.g. proactive and reactive). While studies have identified differences in peak glucocorticoid levels, less is known about how cortisol levels differ between stress coping styles at other time points of the glucocorticoid stress response. Here we quantified whole-body cortisol levels and stress-related behaviours (e.g. depth preference, movement) at time points representing the rise and recovery periods of the stress response in zebrafish lines selectively bred to display the proactive and reactive coping style. We found that cortisol levels and stress behaviours are significantly different between the lines, sexes and time points. Further, individuals from the reactive line showed significantly higher cortisol levels during the rising phase of the stress response compared with those from the proactive line. We also observed a significant correlation between individual variation of cortisol levels and depth preference but only in the reactive line. Our results show that differences in cortisol levels between the alternative stress coping styles extend to the rising phase of the endocrine stress response and that cortisol levels may explain variation in depth preferences in the reactive line. Differences in the timing and duration of cortisol levels may influence immediate behavioural displays and longer lasting neuromolecular mechanisms that modulate future responses.

Rats bred for high anxiety exhibit distinct fear-related coping behavior, hippocampal physiology, and synaptic plasticity-related gene expression.

The hippocampus is essential for learning and memory but also regulates emotional behavior. We previously identified the hippocampus as a major brain region that differs in rats bred for emotionality differences. Rats bred for low novelty response (LRs) exhibit high levels of anxiety- and depression-like behavior compared to high novelty responder (HR) rats. Manipulating the hippocampus of high-anxiety LR rats improves their behavior, although no work to date has examined possible HR/LR differences in hippocampal synaptic physiology. Thus, the current study examined hippocampal slice electrophysiology, dendritic spine density, and transcriptome profiling in HR/LR hippocampus, and compared performance on three hippocampus-dependent tasks: The Morris water maze, contextual fear conditioning, and active avoidance. Our physiology experiments revealed increased long-term potentiation (LTP) at CA3-CA1 synapses in HR versus LR hippocampus, and Golgi analysis found an increased number of dendritic spines in basal layer of CA1 pyramidal cells in HR versus LR rats. Transcriptome data revealed glutamate neurotransmission as the top functional pathway differing in the HR/LR hippocampus. Our behavioral experiments showed that HR/LR rats exhibit similar learning and memory capability in the Morris water maze, although the groups differed in fear-related tasks. LR rats displayed greater freezing behavior in the fear-conditioning task, and HR/LR rats adopted distinct behavioral strategies in the active avoidance task. In the active avoidance task, HRs avoided footshock stress by pressing a lever when presented with a warning cue; LR rats, on the other hand, waited until footshocks began before pressing the lever to stop them. Taken together, these findings concur with prior observations of HR rats generally exhibiting active stress coping behavior while LRs exhibit reactive coping. Overall, our current findings coupled with previous work suggest that HR/LR differences in stress reactivity and stress coping may derive, at least in part, from differences in the developing and adult hippocampus.

Teens’ responses to Facebook newsfeed advertising: The effects of cognitive appraisal and social influence on privacy concerns and coping strategies

This study examines how cognitive (benefit-risk appraisal) and social factors (parent and peer communication) are associated with teenagers’ privacy concerns as well as individual and social coping strategies in dealing with Facebook newsfeed advertising. A survey conducted with U.S. teen Facebook users demonstrates that benefit appraisal (ad value and relevance) induces greater ad engagement, while risk perceptions (goal impediment, ad intrusiveness, and sponsorship deceptiveness) result in reactive coping strategies such as privacy concerns, ad avoidance, and regulatory control. Parental mediation has a positive impact on teens’ privacy concerns and ad avoidance, whereas peer communication makes teens less critical about advertising practices. Teens’ privacy concerns lead to ad disengagement and support for government regulation. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Patterns of Coping With Cyberbullying: Emotional, Behavioral, and Strategic Coping Reactions Among Middle School Students.

The aim of the present study was to examine coping patterns among victims of cyberbullying in middle school. The study included 232 adolescents, of whom 20.7% reported having been the victim of cyberbullying. Findings show that the most common emotional reactions to cyberbullying among the cyber victims were anger, rage, and frustration. The most commonly found behavioral reactions to cyberbullying were informing a friend, counterattacking, and ignoring the cyber incident. Examining the types of coping strategies that were used, we found that the victims of cyberbullying reported a lower use of problem-focused coping strategies for stressful situations, compared to adolescents who were not cyber victims; in addition, cyber victims also reported a much greater use of emotionally focused coping strategies and avoidance-focused strategies, compared to adolescents who were not cyber victims.

Patterns of Coping With Cyberbullying: Emotional, Behavioral, and Strategic Coping Reactions Among Middle School Students

The aim of the present study was to examine coping patterns among victims of cyberbullying in middle school. The study included 232 adolescents, of whom 20.7% reported having been the victim of cyberbullying. Findings show that the most common emotional reactions to cyberbullying among the cyber victims were anger, rage, and frustration. The most commonly found behavioral reactions to cyberbullying were informing a friend, counterattacking, and ignoring the cyber incident. Examining the types of coping strategies that were used, we found that the victims of cyberbullying reported a lower use of problem-focused coping strategies for stressful situations, compared to adolescents who were not cyber victims; in addition, cyber victims also reported a much greater use of emotionally focused coping strategies and avoidance-focused strategies, compared to adolescents who were not cyber victims.

Assessment of burnout in medical undergraduate students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

BackgroundTo assess the prevalence of burnout symptoms among preclinical and clinical medical students studying at AlFaisal University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire on 276 medical students from Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study was approved by Alfaisal University research ethics committee. Chi-square test was used to identify statistically significant differences, and binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of burnout.Results276 entered into final data analysis with a mean age 20.62 ± 1.58, of whom 54% were males, and 46% were females. The overall burnout prevalence was 13.4%, of which PA was the most prevalent domain of burnout with 64.9%. Female gender was a significant predictor of EE and DP [OR = 4.34; 95% Cl 1.86–10.13; P-value 0.001] and [OR = 2.01; 95% Cl 1.07–3.79; P-value 0.030] respectively as per multivariate analysis for demographic characteristics. Regarding the total level of burnout, females (75.7%) had significantly higher levels of burnout compared to males (41.4%); (P-value < 0.001).ConclusionBurnout is prevalent among medical student. Gender was found to exhibits effect on the burnout. Mutual proactive strategies and reactive coping mechanisms between the students and the universities are encouraged to prevent and reduce burnout among medical students.

Behavioural syndromes in stereotypic striped mice

Stereotypical behaviours (SBs) are abnormal, repetitive behaviours often observed in captivity. SBs are linked to impoverished captive conditions, and stereotypic individuals show a particular set of behaviours (e.g. bolder personality, greater activity) indicating proactive coping. Yet, we do not know whether SB is part of a behavioural syndrome, showing consistent individual variation in functionally different behaviours. We investigated the behavioural correlates of SB in the striped mouse Rhabdomys dilectus. Individual stereotypic and non-stereotypic mice were tested in four behavioural assays, including: (1) home cage behaviour; (2) dyadic encounters to assess social interactions; (3) response to novelty and risk- taking; and (4) routines (perseveration) in a plus maze. We predicted that SB is associated with proactive coping and higher levels of perseveration, and that stereotypic individuals will show a behavioural syndrome. Stereotypic striped mice showed higher levels of activity, whereas non-stereotypic mice displayed higher levels of hiding. Social motivation was not associated with the occurrence/absence of SB. Stereotypic striped mice engaged more with a novel object and were faster to return to previous behaviour after a startle than non-stereotypic mice, which displayed a reactive coping style. Levels of perseveration were higher in stereotypic striped mice. In stereotypic mice, SB was significantly positively correlated with activity, response to a novel object, risk-taking and perseveration, but not aggression. Non-stereotypic mice showed far fewer correlations. We showed that stereotypic and non-stereotypic striped mice differ in several behavioural phenotypes, possibly linked to common underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Moreover, stereotypic individuals, in particular, displayed a behavioural syndrome by demonstrating within-group correlations of behaviours in different contexts.

An Examination and Interrogation of African American Males’ Racial Identity, Prosocial Behaviors and Aggression

Using multiple regression analysis and Pearson’s R, the current exploratory study of 89 African American male adolescents (M = 12.5 years old) examined relationships among REI (i.e., 20 as a socialization product of identity formation processes), prosocial behaviors (i.e., represented as supportive behavioral orientation in response to stress), and aggression (i.e., a reactive coping strategy). Significant relationships among racial public regard, age, and verbal aggression emerged. Older adolescents believed that other people have lower regard for their race, and this predicted an increase in verbal aggression. These findings demonstrate the importance of understanding contextual factors when examining outcomes.

Synthesis and photochromism of some mono and bis (thienyl) substituted oxathiine 2,2-dioxides.

1,2-Oxathiine 2,2-dioxides have been obtained from their respective 3,4-dihydro-4-dimethylamino precursors, for the first time, by a mild Cope elimination of the 4-dimethylamino function. The application of the 1,2-oxathiine 2,2-dioxide scaffold in materials chemistry is exemplified by the efficient P-type photochromism of the 5,6-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl) substituted oxathiine 2,2-dioxides.

Cope elimination mediated by human FMO1 leads to formation of reactive Michael Acceptor intermediate

Cope elimination mediated by human FMO1 leads to formation of reactive Michael Acceptor intermediate

Expedient synthesis of highly substituted 3,4-dihydro-1,2-oxathiine 2,2-dioxides and 1,2-oxathiine 2,2-dioxides: revisiting sulfene additions to enaminoketones.

Diversely substituted 1,2-oxathiine 2,2-dioxides, including 3,5,6-triaryl-, 3,6-diaryl-, 3,5-diaryl-, 5,6-diaryl- and selected fused heterocyclic analogues, have been efficiently obtained by the application of a mild Cope elimination of a 4-amino moiety from the requisite 4-amino-3,4-dihydro-1,2-oxathiine 2,2-dioxides, which themselves were readily obtained by the addition of sulfenes to enaminoketones.