Coordination Tools Research Articles

Central Bank Digital Currencies: Experimental Evidence of Deposit Conversion

Abstract In this paper, we provide unique experimental evidence of depositors’ behaviour in presence of a possibility to convert commercial bank deposits into central bank digital currency (CBDC). Theoretically and experimentally we analyse whether such an option incentivises bank runs. We find that the availability of the deposit conversion option does not lead to a significant outflow of deposits. However, when conversion is restricted, depositors are eager to actively use it as a coordination tool. These findings highlight the importance of considering coordination and decision time in determining the choice to convert deposits into CBDC. Our study evidences that policy-makers should balance accessibility and control measures to maintain financial stability, ensuring that CBDC implementation supports the resilience of the banking system.

Inclusive Life Projects for people with Serious Mental Disorder and/or addictions

Abstract Project “Inclusive Life Projects” offers comprehensive and community care to people with SMD/A within projects of autonomous living, which provide a concrete and real response to their needs, with the ultimate objective of avoiding the risk of institutionalization. Currently, 26 actions have been designed and are being implemented within JA ImpleMENTAL pilot in five municipalities in the Region of Murcia: Caravaca, Cartagena, Lorca. Molina de Segura and Yecla with a participation of 50 people with SMD/A. The following elements are selected from the Belgian good practice: • Creation of local intersectoral networks promoting person-centered care process; • Personalization of care through the Individualized Care Plan, responding to the needs, and desires of people with SMI/A, activating the appropriate support; • Professional case manager. It generates the well-being of people on an empathy and trust basis and articulates coordination so that the agreed Plan can be developed as planned. A strategic and support coordination tool for action and facilitation of institutional support, the Social and Health Coordination Protocol for people with SMI/A, has been developed. The protocol facilitates the creation of coordination structures, among them the Socio-Health Coordination Base Teams stand out, teams made up of professionals from the different agents involved, multi-professional and intersectoral, (Mental Health, Primary Health Care, Social Services, Social Initiative) taking into account the needs of the person. It also serves to share information, detect training needs, influence resources, etc. PETRA, a computer platform, has been developed for sharing information between the systems involved, especially the health system and the social services system, both primary care, hospital care and specialized care. It allows the exchange of information, in real time, between professionals, the planning of actions, and the design of indicators and control and evaluation processes.

Governmental implementation of information and communication technology at the local level: Digital co‐production during a crisis

AbstractThe rapid expansion of volunteerism, especially during COVID‐19, requires efficient organisation of citizen volunteers, thus leading professionals to utilise information and communication technology (ICT) as an enabling tool for interaction and coordination. This study focuses on professionals’ perspectives at the local level regarding governmental steps towards digitalisation and its application in volunteer co‐production. The policy implementation approach was used through in‐depth interviews with 19 local coordinators in Israel during the COVID‐19 crisis. This study found that, while central government invested efforts in training, guidance, and ICT support for professionals, the implementation of digital technologies was not successful at the local level. This highlights the need for digital platforms for volunteer coordination to be be tailored to specific cultural characteristics and local contexts. Neglected but important factors in ICT implementation were identified, including intra‐organisational dynamics, the local community, and authority. By addressing these contextual factors and adopting a more inclusive and context‐sensitive approach, digital platforms can better support local volunteer coordination efforts.Points for practitioners Adopt a holistic approach to digitalisation: Senior‐level administrators in central government should adopt a holistic approach to digitalisation, one that accounts for local contexts—cultural characteristics and collaborative governance structures. This approach should involve coordinators in the development process, together with other stakeholders involved in co‐production. Focus on user‐centric platform design and implementation: To ensure usability and acceptance among coordinators, practitioners should prioritise a user‐centric approach to platform design and implementation. This entails constructing intuitive, user‐friendly platforms, meeting the needs of the coordinators involved in the digitalisation process. Address organisational characteristics and overcome barriers: Practitioners should recognise municipal organisational characteristics, thus obviating potential barriers to digital technology implementation. This includes such factors as status and professional position within the municipality, securing bureaucratic commitment, and overcoming governmental bureaucracy or a lack of leadership.

Effectiveness of health partners coordination for COVID-19 pandemic response in Nepal.

Nepal established the health partner coordination for COVID-19 response based on national and international plans and framework to support information-sharing for decision- making and course correction. This paper aims to assess the performance of COVID-19 Health Partner Coordination response in Nepal by adopting coordination best practices and tools from the international humanitarian cluster system. Secondary data from unpublished documents on health partner coordination for COVID-19 response in Nepal was collected and analysed from April 2023 to May 2023. The secondary data were from the review of the health partner coordination meetings conducted for COVID-19 response using a researcher-developed document review tool, responses of health partners on a survey tool adapted from the cluster coordination performance monitoring tool from the Global Health Cluster, and transcript of Focused Group Discussion among health partners. Descriptive analysis of quantitative information and thematic analysis with predefined themes of qualitative information were performed using MS Excel and MS Word respectively. A written approval from the Ministry of Health and Population and an ethical clearance from the Nepal Health Research Council was obtained before conducting the study. More than three-fifths of the meetings showed good results in conduction, process, participation, and documentation of meeting action points with improvement required for follow-up (22.2%). Assessment of health partner coordination subfunctions resulted in either 'good' (>75.0%) or 'satisfactory' (50.1%-75.0%) except for prioritization based on analyses, which was 'unsatisfactory' (<50%). Partners admired good practices of health partner coordination, pointed out some issues, and provided recommendations. COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of effective coordination of health sector for response to a pandemic. Continuation of this practice after addressing the areas for improvement will contribute to health preparedness and readiness for future disasters or public health emergencies.

Leadership in Public Sector Interorganizational Networks: A Synthesis of the Literature and Propositions Based on a Multiple Case Study

Abstract Previous studies characterize public sector interorganizational networks as sets of horizontal relationships between autonomous organizations. Due to these horizontal relationships, networks seemingly offer a promising context for leadership beyond hierarchical tools of coordination as prevalent in individual, hierarchical organizations. However, despite the promising role of leadership in public sector networks, as yet no conceptualization of the functioning of leadership within this context has been developed. This is mainly due to the current disconnect between various branches of scholarly literature on collaborative governance, network management, and leadership. Based on a synthesis of the literature and an empirical investigation of three public sector networks in The Netherlands, this study aims to fill this gap by providing a conceptual framework of leadership in public sector interorganizational networks constituting the types, distribution, and directions of leadership behaviors and the formulation of four theoretical propositions that relate these behaviors to network context.

Access and adherence to cancer care through the Veteran Affairs Close to Me cancer care service.

111 Background: Diagnosing and treating more than 56,000 Veterans annually, the Veterans Affairs (VA) National Oncology Program (NOP) is one of the nation’s largest integrated providers of oncology services. Within VA, oncology care and parenteral therapies are primarily offered at VA Medical Centers (VAMCs) in urban areas, often inaccessible to rural patients. Issues with travel distance, parking, time, and caregiver support can prevent patients from adhering to treatment appointments as evidenced by historical annual No-Show rates for VAMC infusion clinics that range from 1.1-6.7%. To mitigate potential barriers to access, NOP launched the Close to Me (CTM) cancer care service. The service deploys Registered Nurses (RNs) to local VA Community Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOCs) to administer cancer treatments. VA has opened 23 CTM clinics across 5 geographical regions since October 2021. Methods: The CTM service was implemented at VAMCs with NOP providing direct project management, safety assessment and resources such as a comprehensive implementation toolkit, standard operating procedures, care coordination tools, a tiered risk drug matrix and a standardized Healthcare Failure Mode and Effect Analysis risk evaluation. RNs followed a standardized workflow to assess patient eligibility and verify treatment clearances. Access to care was reported by numbers of unique patients and treatment visits. Patient appointment adherence was monitored by no-show rates documented in the electronic health record. Infusion reactions and medical emergencies were reported by RNs. Travel miles saved was calculated by subtracting the difference in miles round trip from the patient’s home to main VAMC and from home to CBOC, then multiplied by number of treatment visits to CBOC. Results: From October 2021 through April 2024, 23 new CTM clinics opened across 5 regions. 515 unique patients were enrolled for a total of 1,916 patient visits. Treatment appointment no-show rate was 1% across all CTM clinics. The most commonly administered medication classes include gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (30%), immune globulin (14.5%), immune checkpoint inhibitors (9.3%) and bisphosphonates (8.3%). Zero infusion reactions or medical emergencies were recorded across 1,430 treatments administered. A total of 204,000 travel miles were saved by patients enrolled in this program. Conclusions: The CTM cancer care service safely optimizes current VA CBOC infrastructure to increase access points to oncology treatment for patients across various geographical regions. CTM reduced travel burden for patients and increased ability to adhere to treatment appointments as evidenced by the service’s low no-show rate. These consistent results across CTM services at VAMCs nationwide have cemented CTM as a safe and effective treatment delivery model to expand access. CTM will be scaled to an additional 30 regions by end of 2025.

Investigating the Influence of Social Media on Youth Engagement in the August 2024 #EndBadGovernance Protests in Nigeria

Social media has emerged as a significant platform for political, economic, and social dialogue worldwide, acting as a vehicle for self-expression and a means to hold political leaders accountable. In Nigeria, platforms such as Facebook, X, WhatsApp, and Instagram have played a crucial role in the organisation and mobilisation of protests. This study explores the impact of social media on youth participation in the August 2024 #EndBadGovernance protests in Nigeria. Using the public sphere theory, the research adopted a quantitative survey approach, collecting data from 300 respondents across the six Area Councils of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The results reveal that social media was instrumental in mobilising and engaging young people during the protests. Prominent themes discussed on social media included the high cost of living, reversal of the fuel subsidy removal, investigation of the fuel subsidy regime, reduction in electricity tariffs, high cost of governance, corruption, deficiencies in educational and healthcare systems, unemployment, insecurity, and widespread poverty. This study highlights social media's dual function as both a catalyst for mobilisation and a tool for organisational coordination. It is recommended that public training on the responsible use of social media be implemented to maximise its effectiveness in civic engagement.

Development of led-based coordination tools: Validity

Development of led-based coordination tools: Validity

Evaluation of an App-Based Mobile Triage System for Mass Casualty Incidents: Within-Subjects Experimental Study.

Digitalization in disaster medicine holds significant potential to accelerate rescue operations and ultimately save lives. Mass casualty incidents demand rapid and accurate information management to coordinate effective responses. Currently, first responders manually record triage results on patient cards, and brief information is communicated to the command post via radio communication. Although this process is widely used in practice, it involves several time-consuming and error-prone tasks. To address these issues, we designed, implemented, and evaluated an app-based mobile triage system. This system allows users to document responder details, triage categories, injury patterns, GPS locations, and other important information, which can then be transmitted automatically to the incident commanders. This study aims to design and evaluate an app-based mobile system as a triage and coordination tool for emergency and disaster medicine, comparing its effectiveness with the conventional paper-based system. A total of 38 emergency medicine personnel participated in a within-subject experimental study, completing 2 triage sessions with 30 patient cards each: one session using the app-based mobile system and the other using the paper-based tool. The accuracy of the triages and the time taken for each session were measured. Additionally, we implemented the User Experience Questionnaire along with other items to assess participants' subjective ratings of the 2 triage tools. Our 2 (triage tool) × 2 (tool order) mixed multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for the triage tool (P<.001). Post hoc analyses indicated that participants were significantly faster (P<.001) and more accurate (P=.005) in assigning patients to the correct triage category when using the app-based mobile system compared with the paper-based tool. Additionally, analyses showed significantly better subjective ratings for the app-based mobile system compared with the paper-based tool, in terms of both school grading (P<.001) and across all 6 scales of the User Experience Questionnaire (all P<.001). Of the 38 participants, 36 (95%) preferred the app-based mobile system. There was no significant main effect for tool order (P=.24) or session order (P=.06) in our model. Our findings demonstrate that the app-based mobile system not only matches the performance of the conventional paper-based tool but may even surpass it in terms of efficiency and usability. This advancement could further enhance the potential of digitalization to optimize processes in disaster medicine, ultimately leading to the possibility of saving more lives.

Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP): 3D Human Reference Atlas Construction and Usage.

The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) aims to construct a reference 3D structural, cellular, and molecular atlas of the healthy adult human body. The HuBMAP Data Portal (https://portal.hubmapconsortium.org) serves experimental datasets and supports data processing, search, filtering, and visualization. The Human Reference Atlas (HRA) Portal (https://humanatlas.io) provides open access to atlas data, code, procedures, and instructional materials. Experts from more than 20 consortia are collaborating to construct the HRA's Common Coordinate Framework (CCF), knowledge graphs, and tools that describe the multiscale structure of the human body (from organs and tissues down to cells, genes, and biomarkers) and to use the HRA to understand changes that occur at each of these levels with aging, disease, and other perturbations. The 6th release of the HRA v2.0 covers 36 organs with 4,499 unique anatomical structures, 1,195 cell types, and 2,089 biomarkers (e.g., genes, proteins, lipids) linked to ontologies and 2D/3D reference objects. New experimental data can be mapped into the HRA using (1) three cell type annotation tools (e.g., Azimuth) or (2) validated antibody panels (OMAPs), or (3) by registering tissue data spatially. This paper describes the HRA user stories, terminology, data formats, ontology validation, unified analysis workflows, user interfaces, instructional materials, application programming interface (APIs), flexible hybrid cloud infrastructure, and previews atlas usage applications.

WITHDRAWN: Short-term Load Forecasting Method Based on LSTM Optimized by the Hybrid Dung Bettle Optimization Algorithm

Forecasting electricity load is a crucial responsibility for the power system. Precise short-term power load forecasting (STLF) is a valuable tool for regional production planning, energy conservation, emission reduction, and grid coordination and dispatch. This study suggests a model for STLF that makes use of an optimized Long and Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network through the Hybrid Dung Beetle Optimization algorithm (HDBO-LSTM). Firstly, the Hybrid Dung Beetle Optimization (HDBO) algorithm is used to optimize the LSTM network's hyperparameters to address the problem that the LSTM network's random hyperparameter selection will materially influence the accuracy of load forecasting. Secondly, to address the problems that the original Dung Beetle Optimization (DBO) algorithm has poor global exploration ability and is easy to falls into local optimization, multiple improvement strategies are proposed to enhance the DBO algorithm, and the HDBO algorithm, which has a stronger searching ability and faster convergence speed, is proposed. By comparing with several algorithms on 10 benchmark functions, HDBO shows better search performance. Finally, the HDBO-LSTM load forecasting model is developed and evaluated using the Electrotechnical Mathematical Modeling Competition's power load dataset. The outcomes show that HDBO-LSTM outperforms the other comparison models in terms of accuracy and predicting efficacy.

Digital Battlegrounds: The Interplay of Social Media, State Power, and Influencers in Türkiye’s Earthquake Response

This study examines the critical role of Twitter (X) in crisis communication during the earthquake that struck Türkiye on 6 February 2023, focusing on how two prominent influencers, Haluk Levent and Oğuzhan Uğur, effectively utilized the platform in response to the disaster. Analysis of highly retweeted posts and engagement rates for tweets collected using related keywords—“ahbap,” “babalatv,” “haluklevent,” and “oguzhanugur”—reveals how Twitter served not only for functions such as sharing locations for rescue operations, information dissemination, organization, and fundraising but also for defense against attacks and criticism of the government. Furthermore, Twitter emerged as a digital battleground where power struggles unfolded between the state and activist influencers. This study addresses this oversight by examining how Twitter functions not merely as a tool for communication and aid coordination but also as an arena of political contestation, filling a critical gap in understanding the role of social media. It underscores the critical need to consider the underlying political dynamics that social media interactions bring to the forefront during emergencies.

Coordination of Actions Between Universities and Business: Development of a Data-Centric Interaction Tool

This paper discusses issues related to the coordination of actions between universities and employers. Despite their interdependence in the process of preparing qualified personnel, the primary instrument of interaction remains observation, which typically does not involve the integration of interaction subjects and maintains sporadic communication during the implementation of educational programs. Enhancing the effectiveness of interaction between universities and businesses requires a corresponding tool for direct coordination of actions. The aim of this study is to develop a tool for assessing the systemic balance of the educational program curriculum to shape the competencies required by businesses. Achieving this goal required solving the following tasks: 1) to localize the mechanisms of coordination between universities and analyze approaches to their implementation; 2) to develop an algorithm for calculating the index of systemic balance of the curriculum; 3) to test the algorithm on real data and propose scenarios for improving educational programs. The ecosystem theory of G. B. Kleiner was adopted as the methodological basis. Among the main results of the study is the development of an algorithm for calculating the index of systemic balance of curricula based on a corresponding metric model. Data-centric improvement of curricula in the context of ecosystem theory allows for a rational combination of fundamental and practical training, ensures interdisciplinary solutions to professional tasks, flexibility in applying competencies for the benefit of innovative business and regional economic development, technological and personnel sovereignty of the country.

Consolidated Rotation Measure Catalog Update

We identified discrepancies between the rotation measure (RM) catalogs by Clegg et al. and Minter & Spangler and their corresponding rows in the Van Eck et al. consolidated catalog. The discrepancies, in the case of Minter & Spangler, are caused by the improper coordinate conversions between J2000 and B1950 Equatorial coordinate systems used between the catalogs. The discrepancies associated with Clegg et al. are due to differences in the number of significant figures reported between the original and consolidated catalogs, which result in overlapping points in the consolidated catalog. These errors affect studies that rely on the accuracy of the coordinate data. After proper unit conversions, we found that coordinate values differed by up to 1° between the Minter & Spangler and consolidated catalogs. Employing a combination of manual data extraction and automated coordinate conversion tools, we corrected and updated those RM coordinate values to align with the standardized format used in the Van Eck et al. consolidated catalog.

Implementation of Inpatient Electronic Consultations During the COVID-19 Crisis and Its Sustainability Beyond the Pandemic: Quality Improvement Study.

Limiting in-person contact was a key strategy for controlling the spread of the highly infectious novel coronavirus (COVID-19). To protect patients and staff from the risk of infection while providing continued access to necessary health care services, we implemented a new electronic consultation (e-consult) service that allowed referring providers to receive subspecialty consultations for patients who are hospitalized and do not require in-person evaluation by the specialist. We aimed to assess the impact of implementing e-consults in the inpatient setting to reduce avoidable face-to-face referrals during the COVID-19 pandemic. This quality improvement study evaluated all inpatient e-consults ordered from July 2020 to December 2022 at the University of California Irvine Medical Center. The impact of e-consults was assessed by evaluating use (eg, number of e-consults ordered), e-consult response times, and outcome of the e-consult requests (eg, resolved electronically or converted to the in-person evaluation of patient). There were 1543 inpatient e-consults ordered across 11 participating specialties. A total of 53.5% (n=826) of requests were addressed electronically, without the need for a formal in-person evaluation of the patient. The median time between ordering an e-consult and a specialist documenting recommendations in an e-consult note was 3.7 (IQR 1.3-8.2) hours across all specialties, contrasted with 7.3 (IQR 3.6-22.0) hours when converted to an in-person consult (P<.001). The monthly volume of e-consult requests increased, coinciding with surges of COVID-19 cases in California. After the peaks of the COVID-19 crisis subsided, the use of inpatient e-consults persisted at a rate well above the precrisis levels. An inpatient e-consult service was successfully implemented, resulting in fewer unnecessary face-to-face consultations and significant reductions in the response times for consults requested on patients who are hospitalized and do not require an in-person evaluation. Thus, e-consults provided timely, efficient delivery of inpatient consultation services for appropriate problems while minimizing the risk of direct transmission of the COVID-19 virus between health care providers and patients. The service also demonstrated its value as a tool for effective inpatient care coordination beyond the peaks of the pandemic leading to the sustainability of service and value.

The role of accounting information systems characteristics in improving the quality of insurance services An applied study for the National Insurance Company

Our modern world is experiencing rapid development at various levels of information and social systems, and it is natural for this development to be reflected in people and organizations. This development was in the information system and the field of its application. The characteristics of accounting information systems are a fundamental goal in the success or failure of the organization, because this information is used to support and coordinate administrative operations. In addition to using it as a tool for coordination and communication within the organization and its external environment on the other hand. It is considered one of the most important information that the organization needs, and the accounting information system used within the insurance company is specific to it and is compatible with the nature of its work. This is because it is used to process the collection of insurance premiums in addition to paying compensation. The accounting information system collects, classifies and communicates information to the company's management. Therefore, the use of accounting information shows us the financial reality of the insurance company because it depends on the collection of premiums and compensation.

Innovative teaching methodologies in the era of artificial intelligence: A review of inclusive educational practices

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the field of education, offering new opportunities to enhance learning experiences and promote inclusive educational practices. This review explores the impact of AI on teaching methodologies and its role in creating inclusive learning environments. By examining current research and practices, this review highlights the potential of AI to address diverse learning needs and promote equity in education.The review begins by discussing the role of AI in personalized learning, where AI algorithms analyze student data to provide tailored instruction and feedback. This approach allows educators to cater to individual learning styles and preferences, ensuring that all students have access to high-quality education. Additionally, AI-driven adaptive learning systems can identify and address learning gaps, providing targeted interventions to support students who may be struggling. Furthermore, the review explores the use of AI in facilitating collaborative learning environments, where students work together on projects and tasks. AI technologies can enhance collaboration by providing tools for communication, coordination, and knowledge sharing. This approach promotes inclusivity by allowing students to contribute their unique perspectives and skills to group projects. The review also discusses the potential of AI in promoting accessibility and inclusivity for students with disabilities. AI-powered assistive technologies can provide additional support and accommodations, allowing students with disabilities to fully participate in educational activities. Additionally, AI-driven captioning and translation tools can improve accessibility for students who are deaf or hard of hearing, as well as those who speak languages other than the primary language of instruction. Overall, this review highlights the transformative potential of AI in education and its ability to promote inclusive educational practices. By leveraging AI technologies, educators can create more personalized, collaborative, and accessible learning environments, ensuring that all students have the opportunity to succeed.

THE USE OF MESSENGER CHATS IN STATE AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF LEGAL REGULATION

Currently, communication technologies play a key role in public administration. With the development of mobile devices and messengers, the use of chats is becoming an increasingly popular tool for information exchange and coordination of activities. The purpose of the study is to consider some problematic aspects of the use of digital methods of communication by public authorities on the example of messenger chats. Materials and methods. The research was based on general scientific methods of cognition: observation, analysis, synthesis, description, generalization, comparison and others. On the basis of content analysis, comparative and systematic approaches, the use of chats in state and municipal management was investigated. The work also used system-wide scientific methods of theoretical and empirical research, as well as specific methods that made it possible to substantiate the results obtained. Sociological methods were used to study the opinions of chat users, as well as of experts and scientists. Private scientific methods, such as comparative-legal, formal-legal, statistical and structural-functional ones, were used for the study. This made it possible to identify trends, to formulate conclusions, and to offer recommendations for solving a number of issues in problem areas. Results. The obvious advantages of using messenger chats have led to their widespread use in the practice of state and municipal administration: speeding up decision-making processes, simplifying coordination, improving coordination of actions within the department and in interdepartmental interaction, increasing the quality of feedback between the state and citizens, etc. Despite the significant prospects of using messengers to improve the efficiency of communication and the quality of public and municipal services provided, to promote the development of the digital state, it is necessary to take into account the risks and problems: the use of personal mobile devices by employees; identification of the administrator and users; the possibility of deleting messages completely; legal consequences of messages sent via chat; protection of personal data; security and the integrity of messages transmitted via chat, etc. Conclusions. Some of the issues related to the use of messenger chats in the practice of state and municipal administration can be resolved by the adoption of departmental or local acts regulating the rules for the use of such chats, message monitoring, administrator powers, business etiquette, etc. In modern realities, it is important to conceptually revise approaches to document management, document flow and the concept of "document", taking into account the introduction and widespread use of digital innovations.

Coastal cities governance in the context of integrated coastal zonal management: a sustainable development goal perspective under international environmental law for ‘coastal sustainability’

Literature on integrated coastal zonal management (ICZM) for coastal sustainability from a legal perspective provided significant measures. Recently, sustainable development goals (SDGs) have become a focus in ICZM literature, which establishes coastal goals and connects these goals with other goals. Although integrating coastal goals into ICZM under international law challenges the existing models presented in the literature, the comprehensive literature review (CLR) methodology is appropriate for observing the current literature and provides a way-forward for coastal goals. Therefore, through this research, a CLR on ICZM literature is conducted to observe how far SDGs are integrated for coastal sustainability. The CLR identified that coastal city governance is a pertinent part of ICZM, and the coastal goals are devised in the form of environmental goals of SDG – 14 (life below water). This CLR examines the anthropogenic connections of waste, sanitation, and emissions management and urban planning with coastal ecosystems under the ICZM system. For such purposes, governance tools of science-policy integration under international law and policy for sustainable development are utilized to form an obligatory framework. The CLR further provided coordination, adaptivity, monitoring, and capacity-building tools, which were utilized thoroughly throughout the literature and can be incorporated with the SDGs in a multilevel governance framework of ICZM. Throughout the study, international law formulating SDGs is pivotal to be transplanted successfully into the ICZM governance processes.

Coordination Tool for Overcurrent and Earth-Fault Relays at A 33/11 KV Power Distribution Substation in Basrah City

The coordination of overcurrent relay protection in the power framework is crucial for preserving electrical distribution systems. It ensures that both primary and backup protection are provided to the system. It is essential to maintain a minimal level of coordination between these relays in order to reduce the overall running time and guarantee that power outages and damage are kept to a minimum under fault conditions. Proper coordination between the primary and back-up relays can minimize the operation duration of overcurrent with instantaneous and earth fault relays by selecting the optimum TMS (Time Multiplier Setting) and PS (Plug Setting). The present study investigates the difficulty associated with determining the TMS and PS values of earth-fault and overcurrent relays at the 33/11 kV power distribution substation in Basra using the instantaneous setting element. Overcurrent and earth fault relays were simulated in two scenarios: one with a time delay setting and one with an immediate setting. This procedure was carried out to generate Time Current Characteristics (TCC) curves for each Circuit Breaker (CB) relay took place in the Nathran substation, which has a capacity of 2×31.5 MVA and operates at a voltage level of 33/11 kV. The substation is a part of the Basrah distribution network. The short circuit current is estimated at each circuit breaker (CB), followed by the simulation of protection coordination for the Nathran substation using the DIgSILENT Power Factory software. This research is based on real data collection, and the setting considers the short-circuit current at the farthest point of the longest feeders. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed coordination scheme, which reduced trip operation time by 20% compared to the presented case study while maintaining coordination between primary and backup protection.