Phase Coordinates Research Articles

Programmable Self-Assembly from Two-Dimensional Nanosheets to Spiral, Twisted and Branched Nanostructures.

Self-assembly of nanomaterials into hierarchical structure is of great interest to fabricate functional materials. However, programmable design of the assembled structures remains a great challenge. Herein, we reported a programmable self-assembly strategy to customize the assembled structure. The self-assembly strategy is designed to orderly transform the two-dimensional (2D) Ca ions assembled F127 nanosheets (Ca-F127 NSs) into spiral nanosheet structures (S-Ca-F127 NSs), branched nanosheet structures (B-Ca-F127 NSs), branched-spiral nanosheet structures (B-S-Ca-F127 NSs), and twisted-branched structures (T-Ca-F127 NBs). Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicate that these different structures maintain the same orthorhombic phase and Ca-O octahedral coordination structure. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) in the double-tilt liquid nitrogen cooling holder identifies the Eshelby twist in the twisted structures, demonstrating the spiral structure are formed by screw dislocation growth. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) proves the oriented epitaxial growth in the B-Ca-F127 NSs. Furthermore, the formation mechanisms of spiral structure and branched structure can be recombined to form complex hierarchical structures. The epitaxial growth along screw dislocation can lead to the formation of B-S-Ca-F127 NSs, while the twisted epitaxial growth in the screw dislocation can lead to the formation of T-Ca F127 NBs.

Coordination of Pharyngeal and Esophageal Phases of Swallowing.

Although swallowing has been reviewed extensively, the coordination of the phases of swallowing have not. The phases are controlled by the brainstem, but peripheral factors help coordinate the phases. The occurrence, magnitude, and duration of esophageal phase depends upon peripheral feedback activated by the bolus. The esophageal phase does not occur without peripheral feedback from the esophagus. This feedback is mediated by esophageal slowly-adapting mucosal tension receptors through the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves. A similar reflex mediated by the same peripheral pathway is the activation of swallowing by stimulation of the cervical esophagus. This reflex occurs primarily in human infants and animals, and this reflex may be important for protecting against aspiration after esophago-pharyngeal reflux. Not only are there inter-phase excitatory processes, but also inhibitory processes. A significant inhibitory process is deglutitive inhibition. When one swallows faster than peristalsis ends, peristalsis is inhibited by the new pharyngeal phase. This process prevents the ongoing esophageal peristaltic wave from blocking the bolus being pushed into the esophagus by the new wave. The esophageal phase returns during the last swallow of the sequence. This process is probably mediated by mucosal tension receptors through the superior laryngeal nerves. A similar reflex exists, the pharyngo-esophageal inhibitory reflex, but studies indicate that it is controlled by a different neural pathway. The pharyngo-esophageal inhibitory reflex is mediated by mucosal tension receptors through the glossopharyngeal nerve. In summary, there are significant peripheral processes that contribute to swallowing, whereby one phase of swallowing significantly affects the other.

Cobalt/iron bimetallic oxide coated with graphitized nitrogen-doped carbon (Fe2O3-CoO@NC) derived from cobalt/iron solid complex as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator for efficient bensulfuron-methyl degradation

Cobalt/iron bimetallic oxide coated with graphitized nitrogen-doped carbon (Fe2O3-CoO@NC) was synthesized by convenient solid phase coordination combined with calcination method to activate PMS for the degradation of BSM. A series of Co/Fe bimetallic oxides with different metal ratios were designed and prepared to select the most efficient catalyst and Fe2O3-CoO@NC(Co:Fe = 1:1) demonstrated the highest catalytic activity and the lowest ions leaching. The reasons for high catalytic activity of Fe2O3-CoO@NC(Co:Fe = 1:1) were evaluated by a range of characterization techniques and the results showed it stemmed from higher mental content and larger current density. Complete (100%) degradation of 10 g L−1 BSM was achieved within 10 min under the conditions of 0.05 g L−1 catalyst and 0.3 mmol/L PMS dosage at 25 °C. Moreover, Fe2O3-CoO@NC(Co:Fe = 1:1) showed more excellent catalytic activity and lower ions leaching than Fe2O3, CoO and Fe2O3-CoO, indicating superior bimetallic synergy and carbon encapsulation effect. Furtherly, radical experiments and XPS analysis revealed the main active species and catalytic mechanism of the Fe2O3-CoO@NC/PMS system, respectively. Finally, the degradation pathway of BSM by Fe2O3-CoO@NC/PMS system was deduced by LC-TOF-MS. This paper is aimed to provide a new insight into the convenient preparation method for the construction of catalysts which could reach efficient removal of complex organic pollutants.

Key Ingredients for the Modeling of Single‐Atom Electrocatalysts

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysis is gaining interest also because of its potential applications in a broad spectrum of electrochemical reactions. The reactivity of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) is typically modeled with first principles approaches taking insight from heterogenous catalysis. An increasing number of studies show that the chemistry of SACs is more complex than often assumed, and shares many aspects in common with coordination chemistry. This evidence raises challenges for computational electrocatalysis of SACs. In this perspective we highlight a few fundamental ingredients that one need to consider to provide reliable predictions on the reactivity of SACs for electrochemical applications. We discuss the role of the local coordination of the metal active phase, the need to use self‐interaction corrected functionals, in particular when systems have magnetic ground states. We highlight the formation of unconventional intermediates with respect to classical metal electrodes, the need to include the stability of SACs in electrochemical conditions and the role of solvation in the analysis of new potential catalytic systems. This brief account can be considered as a tutorial underlining the importance of treating the reactivity of SACs. In fact, neglecting some of these aspects could lead to unreliable predictions failing in the design of new electrocatalysts.

УНІВЕРСАЛЬНА МАТЕМАТИЧНА МОДЕЛЬ АВТОНОМНОГО АСИНХРОННОГО ГЕНЕРАТОРА З КОНДЕНСАТОРНИМ САМОЗБУДЖЕННЯМ

A universal mathematical model of an autonomous asynchronous generator with capacitor self-excitation in retarded phase coordinates is proposed, taking into account the electromagnetic connections between the windings of the stator and rotor phases, saturation of the main magnetic circuit, and active power losses in the magnetic circuit elements. The model provides an opportunity to analyze stable periodic modes and transient electromagnetic and electromechanical processes in autonomous power supply systems with arbitrary switching schemes of its elements and asynchronous generators. The model provides the possibility of taking into account the residual magnetization of the magnetic circuit of an asynchronous generator and the change in rotor speed during the course of the self-excitation process of an asynchronous generator with a grounded neutral of the stator winding and an asymmetric load. References 10, figures 2.

On the problem of controlling a second-order nonlinear system by means of discrete control under disturbance

The problem of bringing a trajectory to a neighborhood of zero under disturbance is considered in terms of a differential pursuit game. The dynamics are described by a nonlinear autonomous system of second-order differential equations. The set of values of the pursuer's controls is finite, and that of the evader (disturbance) is compact. The goal of the control, that is, the goal of the pursuer, is to bring, within a finite time, the trajectory to any predetermined neighborhood of zero, regardless of the actions of the disturbance. To construct the control, the pursuer knows only the phase coordinates and the value of the velocity at some discrete moments of time and the choice of the disturbance control is unknown. Conditions are obtained for the existence of a set of initial positions, from each point of which a capture occurs in the specified sense. Moreover, this set contains a certain neighborhood of zero. The winning control is constructed constructively and has an additional property specified in the theorem. In addition, an estimate of the time required to bring the speed from one given point to the neighborhood of another given point under disturbance conditions was obtained.

Features of the information and control system of the car's hybrid power plants

Abstract. Problem. Until now, a number of features of IBS power plants of electric and hybrid cars remain unexplored. The applied IIUS analysis and synthesis methods do not pay enough attention to the multi-criteria nature of the arising optimization tasks. Management adaptation methods to changingexternal operating conditions are insufficiently effective. These circumstances do not allow to fully reveal the potential possibilities of IISD power plants of electric and hybrid cars. This determines the relevance of improvement and development of new methods of modeling and optimization of IIUS control of power plants of electric and hybrid cars based on modern theory of automatic control, vector optimization, neural network and neuro-fuzzy adaptive methodology. A methodology for the construction of IIUS invariant to various power plants of electric and hybrid cars has been developed for operational management of modes according to quality, energy and other criteria. Results. The mathematicalsupport of the "Recovery" mode differs from classical problems of optimal control in that it allows changing the parameters of the control power plant, its model type, limit values for control influences, and phase coordinates. Originality. The core of the IICS GSU software is a knowledge base, in which procedural knowledge is presented in the form of frames that implement the algorithmic support of IICS GSU. The knowledge base has a stratified, hierarchical structure that reflects an integrated graph of the synthesis technology of the ZOU solution. The content of the frames of the knowledge base ensures the search for a solution to the ZOU problem in the state space. Frames contain slots that hold not only specific data but also the names of procedures that process them according to a given algorithm. Some frames contain slots filled with product rules. During the creation of the knowledge base of the research prototype, work was carried out on the unification of frame names, which makes it possible to quickly build the knowledge bases of working prototypes. Knowledge frames are a set of classes developed in a visual programming environment. Practical value. The resulting optimal program is worked out using simulation modeling modules, which include direct modeling of systems in multiple states of operation, and if it satisfies the specified requirements, the resulting data is converted into a file containing optimal control influences, which is stored in the database.

Association of oral frailty and gait characteristics in patients with cerebral small vessel disease

BackgroundThe objectives of this study were twofold: (1) to compare gait characteristics between cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) patients with low-risk oral frailty (OF) and high-risk OF, particularly during dual-task walking (DTW); (2) to investigate the association of OF, the gait characteristics of DTW, and falls among older adults patients with CSVD.MethodsA total of 126 hospitalized patients diagnosed with CSVD were recruited and classified into a low-risk group (n = 90) and a high-risk group (n = 36) based on OF status in our study. Comprehensive data pertaining to basic parameters (cadence, as well as stride time, velocity and length), variability, asymmetry, and coordination were gathered during both single-task walking (STW) and DTW. Additionally, the number of falls was calculated. Subsequently, t-test or chi-squared test was used for comparison between the two groups. Furthermore, linear regression analysis was employed to elucidate the association of the OF index-8 score and gait parameters during cognitive DTW. Also, logistic regression models were utilized to assess the independent association of OF risk and falls.ResultsDuring cognitive DTW, the high-risk group demonstrated inferior performance in terms of basic parameters (p < 0.01), coefficient of variation (CV) of velocity and stride length (p < 0.05), as well as phase coordination index (PCI) when compared with the low-risk group (p < 0.05). Notably, differences in basic gait parameters were observed in cognitive DTW and STW conditions between the two groups (p < 0.01). However, only the high-risk group evinced significant variations in CV and PCI during cognitive DTW, as opposed to those during STW (p < 0.05). Furthermore, our findings also revealed the association of OF, the gait characteristics of cognitive DTW, (p < 0.01) and falls (p < 0.05).ConclusionCSVD patients with a high risk of OF need to pay more attention to their gait variability or coordination. Also, they are recommended to undergo training involving dual-task activities while walking in daily life, thereby reducing the deterioration and mitigating the risk of falls. Besides, this study has confirmed an association of OF and DTW gait as well as falls in patients with CSVD.

Ripple of a DC/DC converter based on SEPIC topology

Mathematical models serve as the basis for unified methods for the calculation and designing of radio-electronic devices. The developed limiting continuous mathematical model of a DC/DC converter, built using SEPIC topology, allows to determine the range of changes in currents flowing through the inductor windings and voltages on the capacitor plates, as well as to determine their maximum and minimum values for various converter parameters, such as switching frequency of the power switch, fill factor, element ratings, etc. The research results have shown that the phase coordinates of the mathematical model tend to the real values of currents and voltages of the converter when the switching frequency of the power switch is more than 200 kHz. Correspondence is established between the calculated values of the pulsation ranges and the results obtained during modelling (with changes in the filling factor and switching frequency of the power switch).

3D visualization microscope of TENG contact interface based on astigmatic imaging

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a mechanical device that can collect mechanical energy from the contact and separation of different materials. Due to the short distance of charge transfer, the characterization of the micro-contact state under localized stress has become an urgent issue in the study of TENG’s contact electrification mechanism. Most of the contact surfaces of TENG are curved surfaces, and there is a lack of effective means to characterize the contact state of curved surfaces. In this article, a technique based on astigmatic imaging principle is provided to visualize the three-dimensional contact interface of TENG, using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and butyronitrile film with rough surface as TENG. Through this technique, the three-dimensional deformation of its contact interface was observed and the three-dimensional effective contact area was calculated. The comparison of current density generated at different pressing pressures verified that larger contact area leads to higher current density, which applies to the law in 3D contact interfaces as well. Visualizing conformal contact interfaces for TENG provide a powerful tool for analyzing the charge transfer-contact separation phase coordination mechanism, providing a new route approaching larger output efficiency. In addition, this technology offers possibility for characterization of TENG with both-side deformable, which abandons the requirements of the rigid contact surface in the total reflection scheme and is much more applicable for organic TENG.

Synthesis and properties optimization of Na3(VOPO4)2F cathode material for sodium-ion batteries by co-precipitation method

Na3(VOPO4)2F (NVOPF) has become one of the most promising cathodes of the large-scale application of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owning to its high working voltage and high discharging specific capacities properties. However, the immature synthetic routes, the tedious preparation process as well as high preparation cost restrict its promotion and application to some extent. In this work, the pure NVPOF was successfully prepared by liquid phase coordination chemistry combined with co-precipitation method based on theoretical speculation. The sodium storage performances are optimized by adjusting the key process parameters such as the pH value of solutions, the catalogue of pH regulators and the solution concentrations. When pH value of the solution is 4.50, oxovanadium sulfate solution concentration lies at c[v] = 1.5 mol L−1, the as-prepared NVPOF outperforms the optimal performances. The NVPOF cathode material synthesized under the optimized conditions boasts a perfect NASICON sodium-storage structure, spherical or quasi spherical morphology. In detail, the specific capacity is 110 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and the discharging voltage is 3.86 V. The first coulombic efficiency is 91.4 %, and the specific capacity decay from 97 mAh g−1 to 87 mAh g−1 with 91.3 % capacity retention after 300 cycles in the half-cell system. This large-scale co-precipitation synthesis of NVOPF will provide new guidance for the development and application of cathode materials for SIBs.

Inducing unstable walking conditions through visual and auditory stimuli.

[Purpose] Falls can significantly affect elderly individuals. However, most current methods used to detect and analyze high-risk conditions make use of simulated falling movements for data collection, which may not accurately represent actual falls. The present study aimed to induce natural falls using visual and auditory stimuli to create unstable walking conditions. [Participants and Methods] Two experiments were performed. The first experiment focused on inducing unstable walking using visual stimuli; whereas, the second experiment combined visual and auditory stimuli. To investigate the effects of stimuli on the induction of unstable walking, our results were compared with those of normal walking conditions. In addition, the two experimental conditions were compared to identify the most effective stimuli. [Results] Both experiments revealed a decrease in step length, an increase in step time and width, and an increase in the coefficient of variation of measurements, indicating an induced walking pattern with a higher risk of falls. Furthermore, combining visual and auditory stimuli caused deterioration of inter-limb coordination, as observed through an increased phase coordination index, thus resulting in further instability during walking. [Conclusion] Visual and auditory stimuli induced unstable walking. In particular, the combination of visual and auditory stimuli with a 0.8-s rhythm increased instability.

The Association of Interlimb Coordination and Temporal Symmetry With Walking Function and Motor Impairment After Stroke.

Interlimb coordination during walking is impaired after stroke, with unknown effects on walking function. This cross-sectional study determined associations of interlimb coordination and temporal symmetry with walking function and motor impairment. During walking, participants wore wireless sensors to detect heel strikes. We calculated interlimb coordination as the phase coordination index and temporal symmetry as the ratio of contralesional (i.e., paretic) to ipsilesional (i.e., nonparetic) stance times. Associations with walking speed (10-meter walk test), walking endurance (6-min walk test), dynamic balance (Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test), and motor impairment (Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity assessment) were assessed. Fifty-six individuals with chronic stroke were tested. Worse interlimb coordination was correlated with slower comfortable ( R = -0.38, P = 0.004) and maximal ( R = -0.36, P = 0.006) walking speed and worse motor function ( R = -0.45, P = 0.001). Worse temporal symmetry was correlated with worse motor function ( R = 0.39, P = 0.004). Interlimb coordination had stronger associations than temporal symmetry with comfortable ( R = -0.38 vs. 0.08) and maximal walking speeds ( R = -0.36 vs. 0.12). Poor interlimb coordination was associated with slow walking and motor impairment and had stronger associations with walking speeds than temporal symmetry did. Interlimb coordination may provide unique insights into walking function and a target for walking rehabilitation after stroke.

Relationship between Body Composition and Gait Characteristics in Patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.

This study aims to explore the correlation between body composition, encompassing factors such as muscle mass and fat distribution, and gait performance during both single-task walking (STW) and dual-task walking (DTW) in patients diagnosed with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). The data of hospitalized patients diagnosed with CSVD, including cadence, stride time, velocity and stride length, as well as information on variability, asymmetry and coordination during both STW and DTW, were assessed. The number of falls reported by each participant was also assessed. A total of 95 CSVD patients were assessed, and the results showed that individuals with low appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), which includes both the low ASM group and the combination of low ASM and high body fat (BF) group, had reduced velocity or cadence, shortened stride length, and prolonged stride time across all walking modalities compared to the control group. Only the combination of the low ASM and high BF group exhibited a deterioration in the coefficient of variation (CV) for all basic parameters and the Phase Coordination Index (PCI) compared to the control group across all walking patterns. Conversely, patients in the high BF group displayed a decline in basic parameters, primarily during cognitive DTW. Concurrently, the high BF group showed a significant increase in the CV and the PCI compared to the control group only during cognitive DTW. Furthermore, regardless of gender, both ASM and BF independently correlated with the occurrence of falls. CSVD patients with varying body compositions could allocate different levels of attention to their daily walking routines.

Analytical modelling and design of linear controlled dynamic systems

A generalized canonical mathematical model of multidimensional controlled mining transportation complexes and other technical systems in form by A.M. Letov is considered. A principle of symmetry and an algebraic concept are in the basis of the developed analytical methods of design. A principle of symmetry is realized on a set of indexes of roots of a characteristic equation of the system and on a set of indexes of phase coordinates of the mathematical model. The problem of quality of dynamic processes in time is reduced to an algebraic problem of distribution of roots of a corresponding characteristic equation in a complex plane. An analogy in a procedure of transformation of a characteristic determinant into a polynomial and a structure of elementary symmetrical polynomials of roots is established. A new formulation of an analytical representation of change of phase coordinates in time in a form of ordered determinants with respect to indexes of roots and indexes of phase coordinates is obtained based on residue theorem. An illustration of the developed analytical method of design is performed on a special case of a well-known controlled technical system of the fourth order.

The clinical characteristics of cerebral small vessel disease patients with motoric cognitive risk syndrome during single- and dual-task walking

ObjectiveWe aimed to (1) identify neuroimaging biomarkers of distinguishing motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCRS) risk among older Chinese adults with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and (2) detect differences in gait parameters and neuroimaging biomarkers between CSVD individual with and without MCRS, especially during dual-task walking (DTW). MethodsWe enrolled 126 inpatients with CSVD who were divided into two groups according to MCRS status. Data on basic parameters, variability, asymmetry, and coordination were collected during single-task walking (STW) and DTW. Neuroimaging features (white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, and microbleeds) and total disease burden were calculated. Analysis of variance and logistic regression analyses were applied to assess the role of STW, DTW, and neuroimaging biomarkers in MCRS. ResultsIn total, 126 consecutive inpatients with CSVD were included (84 and 42 patients were classified as MCRS-negative and MCRS-positive, respectively). The MCRS-positive group showed poorer performance for nearly all gait parameters compared with the MCRS-negative group during cognitive DTW. Meanwhile, all gait parameters except asymmetry were assessed in participants with MCRS for significant deterioration during cognitive DTW compared with that during STW. However, only basic parameters differed between STW and cognitive DTW in participants without MCRS. A significant independent association between total CSVD scores and MCRS was also detected. ConclusionsFor CSVD patients, with higher total CSVD burden rather than any single neuroimaging marker, was linked to a greater risk of MCRS. In addition, CSVD individuals with MCRS had higher variability and phase coordination index (PCI), especially in cognitive DTW. Thus, they should concentrate more on their gait variability or coordination and reduce secondary task loads while walking in daily life, especially in cognitive secondary tasks.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ РЕЖИМОВ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ СЕТЕЙ, ПИТАЮЩИХ ТЯГОВЫЕ ПОДСТАНЦИИ С ДВЕНАДЦАТИПУЛЬСНЫМИ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЯМИ

A technique for computer modeling of the modes of electrical networks feeding traction substations with twelve-pulse converters in phase coordinates is proposed. The developed models can be used when choosing measures to increase the energy efficiency of transportation processes and improve the quality of electricity

Enhancing degradation of sulfapyridine by magnetic Fe2O3-CoFe2O4@NC prepared through a facile solid phase coordination-calcination method for peroxymonosulfate activation

In this study, a facile and environmentally friendly solid phase coordination combined with calcination method was designed and ultra-efficient nitrogen carbon coated bimetallic composites (Fe2O3-CoFe2O4@NC) was fabricated to activate PMS for sulfapyridine (SPY) antibiotic elimination. A series of materials after calcined under different temperature and with different metal ratios were synthesized and Co/Fe carbon-based material calcined under 500 °C with 2:1 Co/Fe molar ratios (Fe2O3-CoFe2O4@NC) was demonstrated to be superior to rapidly remove 10 mg L−1 SPY within 10 min by activating 0.6 mM PMS. Meanwhile, the main reasons why different catalysts possessed different degradation efficiency were explored. The magnetic Fe2O3-CoFe2O4@NC showed a superior catalytic activity with kobs of 0.5314 min−1, which was 13.5-, 18.5- and 12.6 times than that of Co3O4@NC/PMS, Fe2O3@NC/PMS and CoFe/PMS systems, respectively. This was attributed to the synergistic effect of Co and Fe and accelerated electron transfer, which resulted in the generation of SO4−, 1O2, O2− and OH. The Fe2O3-CoFe2O4@NC/PMS system exhibited strong environment tolerance to most anions and humic acid, as well as high stability and recyclability. In detail, Cl−, NO3−, H2PO4− and humic acid (HA) showed promoting effect on SPY degradation, and the excellent removal efficiency maintained in actual water matrix. Moreover, the SPY degradation rate could reach 90 % after the fifth cycle and the mineralization rate was preferable, with 56.4 % of total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate. Generally, the degradation of SPY mainly involved bonds cleavage and hydroxyl addition, and five possible degradation pathways were proposed. This work provided an environmentally friendly, facile and promising route to synthesize nitrogen carbon coated bimetallic catalysts with sufficient properties for pollutant removal.

Mathematical Model of a Nonlinear Power Transformer for Needs of Relay Protection

In this work, a mathematical model of a three-phase nonlinear transformer is suggested. The model enables simulating the transformer operation with allowance for its nonlinearity and covers needs of the relay protection. Our model has been developed on the basis of a mathematical model with phase coordinates, where differential equations are composed by the Kirchhoff’s phase-voltage law. Based on this model, we first compose a mathematical model for simulating steady-state operation modes of a transformer, taking into account the asymmetry and nonlinearity of its ferromagnetic core. In this model, the initial values of inductances and mutual inductances of loops are determined from the main phase inductance calculated by the experimentally found no-load current, and their current values are determined from the currents in windings and the magnetic fluxes in legs of the transformer core. The magnetic fluxes are calculated by the nodal-pair method. This improved mathematical model is verified through a comparison between the calculated harmonic components of the phase currents and the experimental results. The harmonic components are calculated with the use of Fourier expansion of the calculated phase currents. Their experimental values are determined with a spectrum analyzer. The calculated and experimental harmonic components of the currents of phase A during no-load and rated-load operation of the transformer are tabulated. The comparison of these results shows that the mathematical model of a three-phase transformer we suggest makes it possible to simulate currents in transformer windings under steady-state operation modes with accuracy acceptable for relay protection.

Breathing Motion Pattern in Cyclists: Role of Inferior against Superior Thorax Compartment.

The thoracoabdominal breathing motion pattern is being considered in sports training because of its contribution, along with other physiological adaptations, to overall performance. We examined whether and how experience with cycling training modifies the thoracoabdominal motion patterns. We utilized optoelectronic plethysmography to monitor ten trained male cyclists and compared them to ten physically active male participants performing breathing maneuvers. Cyclists then participated in a self-paced time trial to explore the similarity between that observed during resting breathing. From the 3D coordinates of 32 markers positioned on each participant's trunk, we calculated the percentage of contribution of the superior thorax, inferior thorax, and abdomen and the correlation coefficient among these compartments. During the rest maneuvers, the cyclists showed a thoracoabdominal motion pattern characterized by an increased role of the inferior thorax relative to the superior thorax (26.69±5.88%, 34.93±5.03%; p=0.002, respectively), in contrast to the control group (26.69±5.88%; 25.71±6.04%, p=0.4, respectively). In addition, the inferior thorax showed higher coordination in phase with the abdomen. Furthermore, the results of the time trial test underscored the same pattern found in cyclists breathing at rest, suggesting that the development of a permanent modification in respiratory mechanics may be associated with cycling practice.