Cooperative Tactics Research Articles

THE G7 SUMMIT 2024: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW

Leaders of the most developed economies in the world gathered for the 50th G7 Summit in Italy in 2024 to discuss important global concerns. With an emphasis on digital transformation, geopolitical stability, economic recovery, and climate action, this study examines the summit's main agenda items and results. While the world was still getting over the COVID-19 epidemic, the G7 was emphasizing the need for coordinated economic policies to boost development and close the gap between developed and poor nations. A major focus was climate action, with pledges to save 30% of land and ocean by 2030 and reach net-zero emissions by 2050. The establishment of the G7 Digital Partnership to improve data privacy and counter cyber threats brought attention to cybersecurity and digital infrastructure. Underscoring the G7's commitment to preserving international law and democratic ideals, the summit also addressed geopolitical challenges, including Russia's actions in Ukraine. Prioritizing social inclusion and lowering economic disparity meant endorsing sustainable development objectives and collaborating with emerging nations. According to the study's findings, the G7's cooperative tactics and proactive participation are critical for tackling global issues and promoting a more safe, fair, and sustainable world.

THE ROLE OF COOPERATIVES IN ADVANCING AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA – A META-ANALYSIS

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to meta-analyse the effects of agricultural cooperatives in Dakshina Kannada, both historically and currently. In assessing the economic impact on farmers for revenue generation and cost savings, it looks for success factors and obstacles. Methodology: This study examines the literature on Dakshina Kannada agricultural cooperatives using a meta-analytical methodology. In order to give policymakers direction, the study evaluates historical effects, success determinants, and economic influences by utilising insights from governmental and academic sources. Findings: The research emphasises the necessity for thorough investigation to guide policymakers and cooperative initiatives by highlighting a significant knowledge gap about the effects of agricultural cooperatives in Dakshina Kannada. Practical Implication: The studys main goal is to provide important insights for wise policy decisions and successful cooperative tactics by examining historical and modern aspects. KEYWORDS: Agricultural Cooperatives, Dakshina Kannada, Meta-Analysis, Knowledge Gap, Policymaking, Cooperative Strategies.

Challenges and Solutions in Postoperative Complications: A Narrative Review in General Surgery.

In general surgery, the goal of achieving favorable results following surgical procedures is consistently impeded by the intricate range of postoperative problems. This abstract summarizes a comprehensive narrative study that examines the numerous difficulties associated with postoperative complications and investigates potential remedies. With the progress of surgical practices, the intricacies of complications also increase, requiring a flexible comprehension of the diverse scenarios. This review examines the many factors contributing to postoperative complications, including patient-specific variables and advancing surgical procedures. It also explores the broader consequences of these problems on individual patients and healthcare systems. The economic results, such as extended hospitalizations and increased allocation of resources, highlight the need for specific solutions. This abstract also emphasizes the review's examination of novel methodologies, technology incorporations, and cooperative tactics as potential transformative factors. This abstract provides an overview of the ongoing efforts to change how postoperative complications are understood in general surgery. It highlights the importance of taking preventive measures and adopting a comprehensive approach to patient care.

Multiplayer Reach-Avoid Differential Games in 3D Space Inspired by Harris' Hawks' Cooperative Hunting Tactics.

This paper investigates a multiplayer reach-avoid differential game in 3-dimensional (3D) space, which involves multiple pursuers, multiple evaders, and a designated target region. The evaders aim to reach the target region, while the pursuers attempt to guard the target region by capturing the evaders. This class of research holds significant practical value. However, the complexity of the problem escalates substantially with the growing number of players, rendering its solution extremely challenging. In this paper, the multiplayer game is divided into many subgames considering the cooperation among pursuers, reducing the computational burden, and obtaining numerically tractable strategies for players. First, the Apollonius sphere, a fundamental geometric tool for analyzing the 3D differential game, is formulated, and its properties are proved. Based on this, the optimal interception point for the pursuer to capture the evader is derived and the winning conditions for the pursuer and evader are established. Then, based on the Apollonius sphere, the optimal state feedback strategies of players are designed, and simultaneously, the optimal one-to-one pairings are obtained. Meanwhile, the Value function of the multiplayer reach-avoid differential game is explicitly given and is proved to satisfy Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) equation. Moreover, the matching algorithm for the case with pursuers outnumbered evaders is provided through constructing a weighted bipartite graph, and the cooperative tactics for multiple pursuers are proposed, inspired by the Harris' Hawks intelligent cooperative hunting tactics. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results for both cases where the number of adversary players is equal and unequal between the 2 groups.

D3GF: A Study on Optimal Defense Performance Evaluation of Drone-Type Moving Target Defense Through Game Theory

Based on the paradigm shift in modern warfare, ground forces conduct pilot operations of wireless unmanned maneuvering systems, such as tactical drones, in the form of manned and unmanned cooperative tactics after deploying the relevant systems in the battlefield. However, security considerations for relevant systems are limited to the scope of using only the existing end-to-end encryption and public key authentication modules, and no defense strategy to actively respond to specialized cyber-electronic warfare threats has been officially established. To drastically reduce both the potential attack surface and security vulnerabilities of drones employed in network-centric-warfare, a proactive defense technology that expires the effectiveness of attacks by avoiding invasive action at the target is expected to be essential. Accordingly, this paper proposes the concept of active moving-target-defense (MTD), an element of cyber deception that minimizes the rate of success of cyber-attacks while conversely maximizing both defense predominance and attack complexity asymmetrically, exclusive according to partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP)-based threat modeling that considers both the internal and external operation sequences of target drones. To optimally design the proposed drone-type MTD based on the Pareto frontier, we additionally advanced and simulated a drone-based defensive deception game framework (D3GF), which represents a general-sum combat framework reflecting decision logics such as the perfect Bayesian Nash equilibrium, stochastic Stackelberg, and partial signal game. This study was conducted to compare and calculate the efficiencies of the drone-type MTD’s deceptive defense, which had not been considered in prior studies, by unique environmental features inside and outside the drone. Furthermore, we conducted a detailed performance evaluation considering game metrics based on sensitivity analysis. Hereafter, the drone-type MTD will be extended into an actual active drone protection technology combining cyber flare-type avoidance strategies and cyber camouflage-type disarrangement strategies by expanding its optimization domain as a hypergame, while integrating it with drone decoy elements.

Sex differences in cooperative coalitions: a mammalian perspective.

In group-living species, cooperative tactics can offset asymmetries in resource-holding potential between individuals and alter the outcome of intragroup conflicts. Differences in the kinds of competitive pressures that males and females face might influence the benefits they gain from forming intragroup coalitions. We predicted that there would be a female bias in intragroup coalitions because females (1) are more like to live with kin than males are, and (2) compete over resources that are more readily shared than resources males compete over. We tested this main prediction using information about coalition formation across mammalian species and phylogenetic comparative analyses. We found that for nearly all species in which intragroup coalitions occur, members of both sexes participate, making this the typical mammalian pattern. The presence and frequency of female or male coalitions were not strongly associated with key socio-ecological factors like resource defensibility, sexual dimorphism or philopatry. This suggests that once the ability to form intragroup coalitions emerges in one sex, it is likely to emerge in the other sex as well and that there is no strong phylogenetic legacy of sex differences in this form of cooperation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives'.

Cooperative maneuver decision making for multi-UAV air combat based on incomplete information dynamic game

Cooperative autonomous air combat of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is one of the main combat modes in future air warfare, which becomes even more complicated with highly changeable situation and uncertain information of the opponents. As such, this paper presents a cooperative decision-making method based on incomplete information dynamic game to generate maneuver strategies for multiple UAVs in air combat. Firstly, a cooperative situation assessment model is presented to measure the overall combat situation. Secondly, an incomplete information dynamic game model is proposed to model the dynamic process of air combat, and a dynamic Bayesian network is designed to infer the tactical intention of the opponent. Then a reinforcement learning framework based on multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient is established to obtain the perfect Bayes-Nash equilibrium solution of the air combat game model. Finally, a series of simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the simulation results show effective synergies and cooperative tactics.

Target Tactical Intention Recognition in Multiaircraft Cooperative Air Combat

Accurately identifying the tactical intention of the target can facilitate the prediction of the opponent’s behavior and improve the efficiency of collaborative decision. We have observed that traditional methods could achieve high recognition rate on conventional tactical intent. Nevertheless, their performance would deteriorate seriously when recognizing cooperative tactical intention in multiaircraft air combat environment. The main reason resides on key features that are difficult to extract for traditional methods. To this end, this paper proposes a novel approach to recognizing tactical intention of multiaircraft cooperative air combat. Specifically, we employ support vector machine (SVM) to forecast the attack intention based on 19 low correlation features. The purpose of the employment of SVM is to avoid local optimization and reduce data dimension. Moreover, we use three models, i.e., dynamic Bayesian network (DBN), radar model, and threat assessment model to extract crucial information regarding maneuver occupancy, silent penetration, and attack tendency. The extracted information would make great contribution to the recognition accuracy of six types of cooperative tactics. Finally, we learn a decision tree model on train samples processed by above two phases to classify different tactical intention. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we use data sets from a loop simulation platform. The experimental results have approved the superiority of our method via the comparison to several baseline methods with respect to recognition rate and efficiency. In addition, we underline that our method also performs well on incomplete and uncertain information.

Negotiating with the tax auditor: Determinants of tax auditors' negotiation strategy choice and the effect on firms’ tax adjustments

Using a survey of tax auditors, we investigate which factors determine tax auditors' choice of negotiation strategies during tax audits and analyze the effect of their chosen strategy on audit outcomes. The results show that, compared to a cooperative auditor negotiation strategy, a competitive auditor negotiation strategy is associated with significantly higher additional assessed taxes. However, the competitive strategy is associated with a lower probability that the negotiation partners will reach an agreement. These findings indicate an advantage of combining competitive and cooperative tactics (i.e., using a “mixed strategy”). We find that although this mixed strategy does not lead to significantly fewer additional taxes, it results in a higher agreement probability. Moreover, we show that the probability of using a mixed strategy increases with audit expertise and time pressure, whereas the use of a competitive (cooperative) strategy increases with the availability of higher authority (the quality of the taxpayer's financial accounting system) and a perceived competitive (cooperative or mixed) negotiation strategy of the tax advisor. In sum, our study provides new insights into how firms' tax burden is affected by negotiations between tax auditors and firms' tax advisors. The way these negotiations affect firms' tax burden is relevant for both tax policy and firms.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РОССИЙСКОГО МИГРАНТСКОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ДИСКУРСА

In recent years, the processes of international cooperation and migration in the sphere of science and education in Russia have been actively developing in the context of the formation of an international scientific and educational space. This article discusses the features of the functioning of the Russian migrant educational discourse. Based on the analysis of sources in the Russian scientific and periodical press, electronic media, and articles in the blogs of teachers and parents on the Internet that are part of the migrant educational discourse, we have noted that it is dominated by erethism. Most of the texts of this discourse indicate that they are dominated by a negative attitude towards this group of students studying in Russian schools. The media often uses the technique of "dramatization", strengthening the negative position of the topic at the expense of the title. The analysis of texts shows that in the migration educational media discourse, communication strategies primarily Express a conflict (confrontational) communication strategy. Only a small part of the texts (about 20%) is focused on cooperative tactics aimed at developing linguistic tolerance in a multicultural educational space.

Relations between preschooler social competence and coping tactics during resource‐based conflicts

AbstractAlthough peer conflict is a common experience in preschool classrooms, few studies have examined relations between coping with peer conflict and social competence (SC) in preschool samples. In this study, 166 preschoolers (95 male) were observed during dyadic play episodes designed to induce a resource‐based conflict. Coping tactics were coded using Zimmer‐Gembeck and Skinner’s framework, and their relations with indicators of SC, assessed using direct observations and sociometric interviews, were tested. On average, dyadic play episodes produced 4.19 conflict events per partner, with children’s most common tactics being verbal and/or physical assertions (29% and 17% of all conflict events, respectively). Coping tactics showed moderate correspondence with current taxonomies, and regression analyses with SC demonstrated partial correspondence to studies of older children. Cooperative tactics reflected higher levels of SC, particularly for boys, and failure to cope with the dilemma (i.e., perseveration) reflected lower levels of SC. The use of disengaged tactics was not associated with SC, and only few differences in coping tactic use were associated with the dyad gender composition. Results suggest that coping tactics during resource‐based conflicts among preschoolers are associated with measures of SC and, with slight adjustments, map onto existing frameworks.

Cooperation of oxygen vacancies and 2D ultrathin structure promoting CO2 photoreduction performance of Bi4Ti3O12

Reduction of CO2 to solar fuels by artificial photosynthesis technology has attracted considerable attention. However, insufficient separation of charge carriers and weak CO2 adsorption hamper the photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity. Herein, we tackle these challenges by introducing oxygen vacancies (OVs) on the two-dimensional Bi4Ti3O12 ultrathin nanosheets via a combined hydrothermal and post-reduction process. Selective photodeposition experiment of Pt over Bi4Ti3O12 discloses that the ultrathin structure shortens the migration distance of photo-induced electrons from bulk to the surface, benefiting the fast participation in the CO2 reduction reaction. The introduction of OVs on ultrathin Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets leads to enormous amelioration on surface state and electronic structure, thereby resulting in enhanced CO2 adsorption, photoabsorption and charge separation efficiency. The photocatalytic experiments uncover that ultrathin Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets with OVs reveal a largely enhanced CO2 photoreduction activity for producing CO with a rate of 11.7 μmol g−1 h−1 in the gas–solid system, ~3.2 times higher than that of bulk Bi4Ti3O12. This work not only yields efficient ultrathin photocatalysts with OVs, but also furthers our understanding on enhancing CO2 reduction via cooperative tactics.

Exploring fear of appearing incompetent, competency pressure, tactics and perceptions in negotiations

PurposeThis study aims to examine how the fear of appearing incompetent (FAI) and competency pressure relates to negotiation tactics and subjective perceptions in a negotiation.Design/methodology/approachUsing a dyadic buyer/seller negotiation simulation and pre- and post-negotiation questionnaires, we assessed FAI, competency pressure, tactics and subjective perceptions of the negotiation. Mediation models were tested using path analysis adapted from Hayes (2013) PROCESS procedures. MPlus “complex” multi-level function was used to account for non-independence of observations.FindingsResults indicated that those with a higher FAI perceive more competency pressure, which is associated with greater use of competitive tactics (e.g. misrepresenting own interest, holding back information, making unreasonable offers) and lesser use of cooperative tactics (e.g. sharing helpful information, making reasonable offers, compromising). Tactics used in the negotiation mediated the relationship between competency pressure and subjective perception of the negotiation, such that competitive tactics were negatively related, and cooperative tactics were significantly positively related to subjective perception of the negotiation.Research limitations/implicationsReliability on the cooperative tactics measure was only minimally acceptable and all measures were self-report and collected during a single lab simulation session.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that relieving competency pressure in negotiation settings could open avenues for cooperation. Gaining expertise through formal negotiation training may be one way to accomplish this.Originality/valueThis is the first known study to investigate FAI and competency pressure in a negotiation setting. We draw on an emotion–cognition–behavior framework to show that FAI is associated with competency pressure thoughts, which predict negotiation behaviors. Further, this research lends support to the notion that competitive tactics are fundamental to the mental model of a negotiation.

Roots of Resistance and Resilience: Agroecology Tactics for Resettlement

In the current era of intensifying global migration and displacement, people face significant obstacles as they resettle and reestablish community in a new place. This reflective essay explores the process that the researchers used to study how one com­munity in El Salvador employed agroecology tac­tics for resettlement after the Salvadoran civil war and has remained rooted despite new forms of vio­lence across Central America. The authors reflect on how their relationship to the community and their role as researchers from the United States vis­iting El Salvador unearths important connec­tions between resettlement and agroecology. An approach utilizing oral histories, participant obser­vation, and situation analysis revealed the need to connect macrolevel sociological perspectives on the environment to a spiritually informed under­standing of how people relate to food systems and agriculture in everyday life. The essay highlights how cooperative agroecology tactics can contribute to people’s ability to resist the forces that create contemporary environmental, human rights and international justice crises after displacement—or confront them with resilience. Concluding insights from El Salvador are offered to inform future agroecology and food systems scholarship and practice. See the press release for this article.

Negotiation as an interpersonal skill: Generalizability of negotiation outcomes and tactics across contexts at the individual and collective levels

As part of a program of research to develop and evaluate assessments of interpersonal skills, we developed a dyadic negotiation task that allows participants to select options and to communicate with each other through a chat window interface. Based on the New Recruit negotiation task, we developed an assessment of negotiation skills that included three negotiation issue types—distributive (zero-sum), integrative (trade-off), and compatible (aligned)--implemented in two tasks (Fundraiser and Robot) given to 84 participants in dyads. We found evidence for the generalizability of negotiation skill across tasks at both the individual (r = 0.62) and joint (r = 0.74) levels. Participants' chat turns were coded into 14 tactic categories (e.g., making a concession, stating a disagreement). Tactic use across tasks was consistent at both individual (average correlation was r = 0.52), and joint (r = 0.58) levels. Principal component analysis of tactics used identified four tactic types (cooperative, competitive, greetings, impasse). Greater use of cooperative tactics was associated with higher joint negotiation scores (i.e., sum of individual scores). This research contributes to an understanding of negotiation as a general individual and joint skill and suggests specific tactics associated with that skill. The research also highlights the value of an online platform for conducting such research that enables small-group interactive task performance in which participants communicate with each other using a text-based chat box.

Insider Status and Outsider Tactics: Advocacy Tactics of Human Service Nonprofits in the Age of New Public Governance

AbstractPolicy advocacy is an eminent feature of the activities of non-profit human service organizations (NPHSOs), allowing them to represent their constituencies, in addition to their core activity as providers of social services in welfare states. The article presents findings on the advocacy tactics of 47 NPHSOs in Israel, focusing on the ways in which partnership policies in the age of New Public Governance affect their activities. The findings reveal that the shift towards increased governmental funding and contracting-out to nonprofits, as part of the NPG scheme, increases opportunities for the NPHSOs to influence public policy, using a wide variety of both insider cooperative tactics and more confrontational outsider tactics. NPHSOs are firstly concerned with establishing their insider status, using cooperative tactics. After achieving this goal, they feel confident enough to turn to more aggressive outsider tactics, utilizing their relative power as major providers of social services.

Integrative and distributive negotiations and negotiation behavior

Negotiations are essential part of many business relations. The implementation of the negotiation process is dependent on many factors and its chosen design may lead to different outcomes. The negotiation features and characteristics shape the negotiation process. The negotiation outcome depends on the negotiation skills of the involved parties, the available information and their chosen approach and behavior. When following a distributive approach, the parties are interested in maximization of the personal outcome so they may not be able to see the total potential of an integrated approach. Crucial requirements for the integrative negotiations are close cooperation and communication between the parties. These negotiation types -distributive and integrative-are closely related to the negotiation behavior of the involved parties: competitive and cooperative. Commonly used competitive and cooperative tactics are mentioned in this work, followed by economic and social-psychological measures of negotiation behavior. The obstacles for reaching integrative agreements are summarized. The contributions of the negotiation support system (NSS) for integrative negotiations are discussed in terms of a possible solution for overcoming certain negotiation challenges.

Cooperative Communicative Strategies and Tactics as Means of English Business Discourse Harmonization

The article investigates the cooperative communicative strategies and tactics of English business discourse. There is a necessity of harmonization of business discourse as a sphere of positional and interest collision. Harmonization is a process of maintaining cooperative communication leading to mutually beneficial results. The pragmatic properties of cooperative communicative strategies enable the speakers not only to achieve the set goal but also to sustain positive relationship with the partner.

Institutional Design of Behavior Right in Highway Project Management

For guaranteeing the collaboration between behavior subjects and the highest efficiency in cooperative tactics, collaborative approaches or authority approaches can be adopted to design the institution of behavior right configuration. The strategic point collaboration among highway project subjects lies in the considering of individual interest of behavior subject from overall collaboration surplus. The behavior right institution can regulate the distribution of overall collaboration surplus to realize the collaboration and the optimal overall profit in the highway construction project.

Comparing the Establishment of Judicial Review in Canada and the United States

Judicial review cannot be established without support from the incumbent regime. The early U.S. Supreme Court exercised a great deal of caution in asserting its power because it feared the ruling Jeffersonian coalition would ignore its decisions. After enactment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Supreme Court of Canada has been more aggressive in striking down legislation. Legislative bodies have not responded by invoking the Notwithstanding Clause because public opinion has created a political barrier to utilizing this clause. Accordingly, Canadian political elites have chosen more cooperative tactics in dealing with judicial nullifications.