Cooperative Sales Research Articles

Has the agricultural cooperatives served each member fairly? A new perspective based on utilization level of member services.

With the rapid increase of the number of agricultural cooperatives in China, the problem of fake cooperatives has become more and more serious. The core problem is that some members do not use cooperative services, and elite capture phenomenon appears in the organization. Since services are one of the most important public goods attributes of cooperatives, it is important to ensure that more members use them. What are the factors that affect members' utilization level of cooperative services? Existing research does not provide a comprehensive answer. Based on the micro-survey data of 74 citrus cooperatives and 524 citrus members in China, the article found out that 50.9% of the members did not use any services provided by cooperatives, and only 20.04% of the members used cooperatives' sales services. So, this study empirically analyzes the factors that influence the use of cooperatives' services by puns model. The results show that quality of service, service convenience and mountain terrain promote the use of cooperative sales services for members. In addition, cooperative knowledge, planting area, surplus distribution, quality of service, and service convenience significantly increased the utilization leve of cooperative sales services by members. Finally, the study puts forward some suggestions, such as propagating cooperative sales service, improving the quality of cooperative sales service, perfecting cooperative distribution system.

Penerapan Metode Fuzzy Time Series Chen Orde Tinggi Pada Peramalan Hasil Penjualan (Studi Kasus: KPRI “Serba Guna” Kecamatan Selorejo Kabupaten Blitar)

The most developed forecasting method currently is the time series, which uses a quantitative approach with past data as a reference for future forecasting. Fuzzy time series is a solution that uses time series data by applying fuzzy methods in forecasting. This research using fuzzy time series is applied on data from the sale of the Republic of Indonesia Employee Cooperative (KPRI) Selorejo District, Blitar Regency in 2015-2021. This study describes the problem of forecasting the results of cooperative sales using the Fuzzy Time Series (FTS) which was developed with the High Order. The development of the method is done by improving the FTS method with mathematical rules and is applied to the stages of the process of forecasting the results of cooperative sales. Testing the results of the High Order Fuzzy Time Series forecasting using the best Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) accuracy values . The High Order Fuzzy Time Series consists of second order FTS, third order FTS and fourth order FTS. The results of the calculation of the smallest accuracy values are found in the fourth-order FTS, namely MSE of 19,333,658,980,372, MAPE of 11%, and MAE of 267,749. So it can be concluded that the fourth-order FTS is the best method in this study.

Will Participatory Guarantee Systems Happen Here? The Case for Innovative Food Systems Governance in the Developed World

Participatory guarantee systems (PGS) are locally-rooted agroecological governance mechanisms primarily designed to meet the needs of local producers for product certification and cooperative sales. They have experienced periodic waves of interest in different places throughout the globe. There is a small but rich and growing scholarship devoted to understanding how they are managed, how they are sustained, and what factors predict their success. Interestingly, there is little evidence that they have developed in the United States, which has instead, witnessed the growth of community supported agriculture (CSA), farmer’s markets, food hubs and food policy councils (FPC), although many of these mechanisms have failed to sustain interest and support. Here, we explore the factors that drive the creation of systems in the global South, Europe and other regions, and identify the factors that shape a different trajectory for local agriculture in the United States. We discuss the possibilities for more radical food system transformation in the United States, considering a changing climate, an industrial food system that has prioritized profit over health, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we conclude by identifying some future pathways for policy reform and research opportunities.

ANALISIS SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN BARANG KOPERASI BERBASIS WEB SEBAGAI PENDUKUNG PROGRAM PELAYANAN PRIMA

The cooperative at Abdul Kadir Panyipatan High School is engaged in trading, which in 
 cooperative sales procedures still has weaknesses in terms of data management and 
 reporting of goods and transaction systems. Students who want to buy a lot of their 
 needs in shopping have to wait a long time in the place of the cooperative, this is 
 because the sales transaction system is still done conventionally and the financial 
 reporting process still refers to the financial ledger. The problem solving method used is 
 the need for procedures and web-based sales information systems using PHP 
 programming and Mysql databases, so that data and reports can be well integrated. The 
 result can be managing data and reports which to archive data supported by web-based 
 information systems can support cooperative employee performance in excellent service 
 so that it helps and facilitates the financial recapitulation process at the end of the year, 
 so sales will be as expected.

Cooperative sales promotion with a point-sharing policy: Advantages and limitations

Consumption-point programs have been commonly implemented in retail industries in efforts to promote sales and improve customer loyalty. In Korea, many retailers from different industries use a point-sharing policy to augment the conventional consumption-point program of each retailer. In a multi-retailer coalition under such a cooperative sales promotion policy, by purchasing from one coalition retailer, customers earn points that they can redeem points at other retailers in the coalition. On one hand, the introduction of this policy gives customers great flexibility for redeeming earned points, which can increase the demand at all retailers who promote the policy. On the other hand, the additional product costs associated with the points created by one retailer may spill over and be partly borne by other retailers, possibly distorting the coalition members’ equilibrium decisions under decentralized control. Under the general assumptions about the demand functions, we developed a model consisting of two retailers with fixed retail prices and addressed the retailers’ equilibrium decisions under a pure point-sharing policy. The findings suggest that the policy resulted in a cost spillover phenomenon. Then, we revealed that a pure point-sharing policy may fail to maximize the total profit of the coalition. Moreover, we showed that a pure point-sharing policy does not dominate the individual point scheme, which may explain the reason that point sharing is useful but not ubiquitously used in the real world. Our numerical examples also illustrate the way a pure point-sharing policy influences retailers’ profits when retail prices are decision variables. To improve the overall profit under the point-sharing policy further, we propose a target rebate contract to coordinate a pair of retailers. This contract can maximize the total profit and arbitrarily split the profit between retailers.

Is online multiple-stores cooperative promotion better than single-store promotion? Misprediction from evaluation mode

Inspired by the evaluation mode theory, we show online vendors mispredict consumers’ responses to different types of sales displays. While vendors predict that consumers evaluate a featured product more positively in a cooperative sales promotion (CSP; i.e., multiple stores promoting synchronously) than in an independent sales promotion (ISP; i.e., a single store promoting independently), consumers actually do the opposite. The reason is that vendors compare CSP with ISP and are able to evaluate depending on perceived acquisition utility; consumers, however, see either CSP or ISP, resulting in difficulty in accessing acquisition utility. Thus, they evaluate according to perceived transaction utility.

Is Online Multiple-Stores Cooperative Promotion Better than Single-Store Promotion? Misprediction from Evaluation Mode

Inspired by the evaluation mode theory, we show online vendors mispredict consumers' responses to different types of sales displays. While vendors predict that consumers evaluate a featured product more positively in a cooperative sales promotion (CSP; i.e., multiple stores promoting synchronously) than in an independent sales promotion (ISP; i.e., a single store promoting independently), consumers actually do the opposite. The reason is that vendors compare CSP with ISP and are able to evaluate depending on perceived acquisition utility; consumers, however, see either CSP or ISP, resulting in difficulty in accessing acquisition utility. Thus, they evaluate according to perceived transaction utility.

The sales income analysis of agricultural cooperatives

This paper aim is to define impact factor of cooperative sales income and recommend ways to increase cooperative income. The hypotheses were: the Government subsidy on raw material is key income factor of cooperative total income and cooperative characteristic influence to the their income. The economic survey conducted to 176 rural cooperatives and research methods are by inductive, deductive, comparative analysis and regression analysis. The 40% of Mongolian cooperatives are agricultural cooperatives and half of them cooperatives with members 201-300. The Government subsidy on raw material procurement is main advantage of agricultural cooperatives and lack of financial source and climate and nature condition are main disadvantage of cooperatives. In the research result, cooperative activities are unsustain, however Mongolian Government approved and implemented programs and projects for cooperative development. The sales income of cooperatives depends on income from animal raw materials, mainly Government subsidy on wool and cashmere procurement by econometric analyses of using Stata program. The cooperative working age (experience) significant to the sales income, also. With diversification cooperative activities in the future and Government support on multi-income generation for cooperatives for cooperative development.

The Influence of the Relationship between Consumer and Tie-in Promotion on Loyalty

There has been recognition of the increasing importance of cooperation as an element of marketing strategy. Such cooperation is confined to four levels based on product development, sales promotion, pricing arrangements, and place (or distribution) mechanisms as the usual marketing 4Ps mixed (Varadarajan 1986). At present, however, little is known about the nature of tie-in promotion as a cooperative sales promotion comparing three other levels. The primary goal of this study is to examine the effect of consumer-tie-in promotion relationship on loyalty. The construct of consumer-tie-in promotion relationship is based on the previous research on consumer-brand relationship. In addition, this study divides the concept of loyalty into host brand loyalty and partner brand loyalty to reflect the characteristics of tie-in promotion including program in order to determine the effect of the consumer-tie-in promotion relationship on loyalty. The results showed that the three dimensions of the consumer-tie-in promotion relationship (i.e., commitment, intimacy, and interdependence) had significantly positive effect on program loyalty. The effect of program loyalty is significantly on both host and partner brand loyalty. This study empirically tested the relationships among consumer-tie-in promotion relationship, program loyalty, host brand loyalty, and partner brand loyalty, and then compared with the difference in the suggested model for the target customers and non-target customers. As a result, for target customers, intimacy and interdependence among dimensions of consumer-tie-in promotion relationship had significantly positive influence on program loyalty. In case of non-target customers, however, commitment and interdependence among dimensions of consumer-tie-in promotion relationship had significantly positive influence on program loyalty. Also, program loyalty had significantly positive impact on host brand loyalty and partner brand loyalty in both target and non-target customers. This study has significance in that it addresses the need to identify research and academic implications by analyzing the consumer-tie-in promotion relationship to determine the relationship between tie-in promotion and loyalty, which has not been clearly described by previous studies. Furthermore, this study builds a foundation for firms and managers actively using tie-in promotion to establish tie-in promotion strategies that can maximize loyalty for both host and partner brands from the consumers` point of view.

Japanese agricultural competitiveness and migration

This paper reviews the importance of foreign trainees to farmers whowant to expand their production oflabour-intensivecommodities.Local Japanese youth generally shun farm worker jobs, and Japan is generally closed to low-skilled migrants, but permits farmers, manufacturers andother employers to train and employ young foreigners for up to three years. In Ibaragi Prefecture north of Tokyo, the agricultural cooperatives that provide inputs to farmers and market their vegetables and other produce helped their farmer-members introduce foreign trainees, whoallowed farmers to expand their production andincreased cooperative sales. Trainees must be paid the Japanese minimum wage for most of the 36 months they are in Japan with the additional costs for train-related system, but they are still cheaper than full-time Japanese farm workers. Main data are coming from the statistics like Japanese Agricultural Census and interviews with coops, farmers and trainees.

輸入量変動下のブロッコリー産地における農協共販組織の対応──埼玉県深谷市を事例として──

1990年代以降，アメリカ産の生鮮ブロッコリーの輸入量増減下で，生産規模を維持させている国内産地がどのような生産・流通システムを形成しているのか，本研究では，埼玉県深谷市（旧岡部町）榛沢地区を管轄する榛沢農協の取り組みを事例に明らかにした。 当地区のブロッコリー栽培は，1970年代末から農協主導によって品種開発や播種から定植作業の機械化を図ってきた。その結果，1980年代から1990年代初頭にかけて当地区のブロッコリー作付面積が増加した。また，真空予冷による鮮度保持と出荷量を調整する出荷申告制度の導入，ブランド化を図ることで，計画的な生産・流通システムを構築してきた。1990年代以降は，輸入ブロッコリーの増加に対抗するために期間限定の予約販売を行っている。2000年代初頭のアメリカ産の輸入量の減少に対して，日本各地のブロッコリー作付面積は増加したが，当地区では農家の労働力配分と所有農地の制約から作付面積の増加はほとんどみられなかった。その代わりに，2000年代は生産履歴記帳の開始やエコファーマー認定の取得といった出荷量の維持と品質向上に取り組んでいる。そして，近年では出荷先市場数を絞り込み，大消費地である京浜市場を中心に大量出荷している。このように，ブロッコリー輸入量の変動と産地の現状に合わせた農協とその共販組織の事業展開によって，産地を維持させている。

An Integrated Bargaining Solution Analysis For Vertical Cooperative Sales Promotion Campaigns Based On The Win-Win-Win Papakonstantinidis Model

Authors intention was to examine the possibility to investigate win-win-win papakonstantinidis model in order to develop an integrated bargaining solution analysis for vertical cooperative sales promotion campaigns. Based on previous theoretical extensions (Spais and Papakonstantinidis, 2011; Spais, Papakonstantinidis and Papakonstantinidis, 2009), this study presented an integrated bargaining solution analysis for cases of optimal allocation of a promotion budget in a cooperative sales promotion campaign in vertical marketing channels. This integrated bargaining solution analysis included: a) three (3) adjusted utility functions, considering the parameters of sales response budgeting method, the break-even sales analysis and the marketing channel members trade promotion goals; b) the referee solution, the optimal solution for the three players and the constraints; c) the definition of the third win in terms of a continuous sensitization process and perfect information; and d) the presentation of the potential outputs from a bargaining process regarding to the sharing of the cooperative sales promotion cost among A, B and C parties/players for different sales promotion offerings. Encouragingly, the review of the modern literature and the four (4) critical case studies of cooperative marketing programs confirmed the need for a win-win-win approach in cooperative sales promotion planning in vertical marketing channels.

A cooperative benefits framework in South Africa's land redistribution process: The case of sugarcane farmland transfers

ABSTRACT A good indicator of successful land redistribution cases has to be the continuation of viable productivity rates in their post-transfer periods. Continued productivity benefits all the stakeholders that are involved in the process. Unfortunately, negative productivity levels have been reported in numerous South African land redistribution transfers in recent years. A game theoretic perspective is adopted to illustrate and argue that cooperation among key stakeholders, which could be enforced through long-term contracts between land buyers, sellers and new owners, may lead to maintenance and higher productivity levels and other benefits within the country's land redistribution process. Sugarcane farm transfer cases from two municipality districts in the KwaZulu-Natal province are used to show that the productivity rates in the post-transfer periods within cooperative land sales were more than 10% higher than the rates observed before such transfers. At the opposite end of the scale, the productivity rates in non-cooperative land sales dropped by 12% after the land was sold and taken over by new farmers. Also notable is that the prices paid by government for farms that became less productive after transfers were higher by more than 40% compared to prices paid for productive farms. The cases could be illustrative of the benefits of cooperation in land redistribution transactions.

Restructuring of the Cooperative Sales Strategy of Apple Farmers in Small-scale Producing Districts to Reduce Use of Chemicals and Fertilizer : Based on Research of the Iwate Chuou Farmers' Cooperative

Restructuring of the Cooperative Sales Strategy of Apple Farmers in Small-scale Producing Districts to Reduce Use of Chemicals and Fertilizer : Based on Research of the Iwate Chuou Farmers' Cooperative

Garage Sales Make Good Neighbors: Building Community through Neighborhood Sales

This article explores the community-building potential of neighborhood garage sales, focusing on case examples in suburban developments and city block sales, and contrasting them with student housing, town/rural, and cooperative sales. Under the auspices of attracting more shoppers and making some extra money by cleaning out unneeded goods, neighborhood sales get residents out of their dwellings and mingling among themselves, sometimes for the first time. Some neighborhood sales have been organized expressly for the purpose of getting the neighbors to know one another in areas undergoing transition. They provide a positive means to combat a perceived “decline of community” in the United States today, developing both bonding and binding social capital. The most successful sales for community building occur in neighborhoods that have: houses relatively close together with a high density of sales to facilitate walking; few other community integrating activities; capable organizers with a vision of community;...

上武地域における野菜生産地域の分化過程

This paper aims at clarifying the factors for the process of spatial differentiation of vegetable growing areas in the Jobu Region 70 to 80km northwest of Tokyo.Major factors for creating spatialy differentiated characteristics of the vegetable growing areas concerned are as follows:(1) Since the 1970s, negi (long Welsh onion or green onion, normally 50cm or longer) growing areas have changed to yamatoimo (flat-shaped nagaimo, a kind of yam) growing areas, spatially smaller negi growing areas, and vinyl greenhouse vegetable areas in Ojima, Honjo, Fukaya and Okabe. On the other hand, since the 1980s, daikon (big-root radish) growing areas have changed to negi growing areas, and various vegetables growing areas.(2) In the middle of the 1950s, agricultural study groups were organized for improving cultivation techniques of yamatoimo in Ojima and northern Fukaya. After learning necessary cultivation techniques from these groups, the farmers introduced yamatoimo. Further, they enlarged yamatoimo growing in area and cooperative sales started.(3) In the 1970s, most vegetables were sold through agricultural cooperatives and their branches in the daikon growing areas of southern Fukaya and eastern Okabe. The shippers, not the growers as before, came to decide kinds of vegetables to be grown and also sowing seasons of them.(4) In the 1980s, the southern part of Fukaya started to introduce negi planting, not sowing, machines where the soil condition is acceptably soft. The negi farmers there enlarged negi growing area by borrowing other farmers' fields. On the other hand, negi planting machines could not be introduced in northern Honjo and northern Fukaya, where the soil is a little too hard to apply. In these areas, negi farmers having family succesors could borrow financial support from the national and prefectural governments to construct vegetable vinyl greenhouses, and cooperative sales became common thereafter.

A Study on the Completion of a Cooperative Sales System for Beer Barley

A Study on the Completion of a Cooperative Sales System for Beer Barley

昭和初期日本の新聞用紙カルテルと外紙輸入

In Japan, the newsprint manufacturers founded a cartel for the cooperative sales of newsprint in 1901. It intended to control the domestic market. But the newspaperdom succeeded to curtail the import duties on newsprint in 1906, and so sometimes was able to import cheaper foreign-made newsprint easily. Consequently, the cartel couldn't control the market satisfactorily.Under those market structures, plenty of cheap newsprint began to be imported from Northern Europe and Canada after 1930; it was regarded, especially about the Canadian newsprint, as dumping among the Japanese persons concerned in those days, and it induced industrial reorganization of Japan's paper manufacturing in 1933.But that commonly accepted understanding as dumping overlooked the influence of exchange fluctuation of those days. As the concluding remarks, after the Japan's lifting of the gold embargo in 1930, yen revaluation served to reduce the yen basis imported prices. So the importation wasn't dumping. But after the final gold ban in 1931, yen devaluation didn't raise prices, because several foreign manufacturers began to dump on the Japanese market. However the dumping was begun after the informal decision of the above-mentioned industrial reorganization.

The Use of Discriminant Analysis in Measuring Cooperative Growth Factors

Vermont agricultural cooperatives were surveyed to investigate key factors contributing to cooperative success. Most of the cooperatives were formed within the last 15 years. Financial, organizational, and operational data were collected for selected years from 1974–1984.Average annual changes in gross sales were used to divide cooperatives into low-growth and high-growth groups. Selected variables were identified to classify individual cooperatives into low- or high-performance groups with discriminant analysis.Management experience and adoption of multi-year plans were the two factors found to have the most significant influence on cooperative sales growth.

Horizontal Cooperative Sales Promotion: A Framework for Classification and Additional Perspectives

This article focuses on horizontal cooperative sales promotion, an area that has remained largely unexplored. First, a framework for its classification is proposed. Next, a number of issues pertaining to joint sales promotion, one of the most extensively used forms of horizontal cooperative sales promotion, are explored. The article concludes with a brief discussion on directions for future research.