Cooperative Routing Protocol Research Articles

Fuzzy C-Means Clustering and Improved Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm-Based Layering Cooperative Routing Protocol for UASNs

Fuzzy C-Means Clustering and Improved Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm-Based Layering Cooperative Routing Protocol for UASNs

Design and Development of a Hybrid Cooperative- Based Routing Protocol avoiding the void nodes in WSNs using the Concepts of Minimum Energy Consumption with good Data Security features

This paper presents a novel cooperative-based routing protocol designed for underwater Wireless Sensor Network Cloud Applications (uWSNCA). The protocol aims to minimize energy consumption by avoiding void nodes, which are areas without sensor coverage. The proposed approach consists of two main steps: first, avoiding void nodes using an adaptive hop-by-hop vector method, and second, applying a cooperative rule-based adaptive hop-by-hop vector method to create a hybrid algorithm that is more efficient than existing approaches, such as the watch-dog protocol. The research focuses on developing an energy-efficient distributed cooperative routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, specifically tailored for cooperation-based uWSNCA. This is achieved by preventing data packets from being forwarded through void nodes. The proposed routing protocol utilizes cooperation-based adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding concepts, where sensor nodes forward data packets in a multi-hop fashion within a virtual pipeline. In the developed algorithm for the underwater WSN cloud application, data packets are forwarded in a multi-hop manner using a virtual pipelining mechanism.Nodes outside the virtual pipeline do not forward data packets, thereby reducing flooding in the cooperative WSN. To prevent data packets from being forwarded towards void areas in the WSN, 2-hop information is used at each hop. This approach improves the performance of the wireless sensor network in terms of various performance criteria compared to existing routing protocols. The simulation tool NS2 is used to observe the simulation results of the energy packets being transferred from the source to the sink. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Overall, this paper contributes to the field of underwater WSNs by introducing a novel routing protocol that improves energy efficiency and performance for cloud applications.

Multiobjective-energy centric honey badger optimization based routing for wireless body area network

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is an interconnection of tiny biosensors that are organized in/on several parts of the body. The developed WBAN is used to sense and transmit health-related data over the wireless medium. Energy efficiency is the primary challenges for increasing the life expectancy of the network. To address the issue of energy efficiency, one of the essential approaches i.e., the selection of an appropriate relay node is modelled as an optimization problem. In this paper, energy efficient routing optimization using Multiobjective-Energy Centric Honey Badger Optimization (M-ECHBA) is proposed to improve life expectancy. The proposed M-ECHBA is optimized by using the energy, distance, delay and node degree. Moreover, the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is used to perform the node scheduling at transmission. Therefore, the M-ECHBA method is used to discover the optimal routing path for enhancing energy efficiency while minimizing the transmission delay of WBAN. The performances of the M-ECHBA are analyzed using life expectancy, dead nodes, residual energy, delay, packets received by the Base Station (BS), Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and routing overhead. The M-ECHBA is evaluated with some classical approaches namely SIMPLE, ATTEMPT and RE-ATTEMPT. Further, this M-ECHBA is compared with the existing routing approach Novel Energy Efficient hybrid Meta-heuristic Approach (NEEMA), hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Simulated Annealing (hPSO-SA), Energy Balanced Routing (EBR), Threshold-based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for physiological Critical Data Transmission (T-EERPDCT), Clustering and Cooperative Routing Protocol (CCRP), Intelligent-Routing Algorithm for WBANs namely I-RAW, distributed energy-efficient two-hop-based clustering and routing namely DECR and Modified Power Line System (M-POLC). The dead nodes of M-ECHBA for scenario 3 at 8000 rounds are 4 which is less when compared to the dead nodes of EBR.

Design of an efficient energy based dual level co-operative route protocols in multiple hop WSNs

The design and implementation of an energy efficient dual stage cooperative routing protocol (DSCR) in multiple hop wireless nets is discussed in this paper in brief, with the goal of improving network life-time, boosting dependability, and reducing energy consumption. This contribution’s major goal is to propose an enhanced version of the double stage data transfer system that computes the routing path utilizing cooperative mechanisms and the notion of reduced node energy. The work presented here also includes talks, discussion and graphical representations of the various outcomes achieved for all of the test scenarios, as well as the relevant observations and explanations. The research paper comes to a close with the multiple hop networks’ overall conclusions remarks.

Energy Efficient Region based Source Distributed Routing Algorithm for Sink Mobility in Underwater Sensor Network

The residual nodes energy consumption is a primary factor to extend the lifespan of network. Utilizing a sensor node's very low-powerbattery in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is still a difficult task. To increase the network lifespan, this paper proposes an Energy Efficient Region based Source Distributed Routing Algorithm for Sink Mobility in Underwater Sensor Network (EERSDRA-GCOP-UWSN). The proposed work consists of three Phases that are initialization phase, Routing Phase and Data transmission. For initialization phase, sinks and the sensor nodes are initialized. For Routing phase, Energy EERSDRA with sink mobility is employed to identify the region of sensor nodes. For data transmission phase, Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Protocol is proposed to select the best relay node on the basis of depth fitness factor. The proposed EERSDRA-GCOP-UWSN is evaluated with the performance metrics. Then performance of the EERSDRA-GCOP-UWSN proposed method provides 18.409%, 13.843% and 23.768% high Network lifetime, 27.744%, 24.881% and 19.703% low energy consumption, 17.346%, 20.852% and 26.347% high throughput and 16.385%, 20.416% and 22.907% high PDR when compared to the existing methods such as, Energy-efficient regional based cooperative routing protocol with sink mobility for UWSN (EERCRP-UWSN), a safe energy efficient and cooperative routing protocol for UWSN (SEECRP-UWSN), geo-opportunistic routing protocols for improving the residual energy range (EEGORP-UWSN) methods respectively. Finally, the performance of the proposed method achieves better result while compared to the existing methods.

Energy-efficient clustering and cooperative routing protocol for wireless body area networks (WBAN)

Energy-efficient clustering and cooperative routing protocol for wireless body area networks (WBAN)

RACE-SM: Reliability and adaptive cooperation for efficient UWSNs using sink mobility

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are the most crucial method for exploring the hidden resources under the water. It enables many underwater applications, such as military, commercial, disaster prevention, ocean sampling, and other emergencies. Data transmission through a single relay node creates a hotspot, which will minimize the network lifetime and reduce the network reliability. Therefore, the cooperative technique is essential for transferring data between the source and the destination. This research proposes an improved version of Reliability and Adaptive Cooperation for Efficient (RACE), a well-known cooperative routing protocol for UWSNs known as RACE-SM. RACE-SM solved the single relay node issues by using the sink mobility scheme. All sensor nodes transfer data directly to the sink node if the sink node is in the communication range. Otherwise, sensor nodes use the cooperative combining strategies scheme to send the data from the source to the destination or sink node. The performance of the proposed method is then compared with the current protocols. The simulation results show that the RACE-SM outperforms in average up to 40.60%, 59%, 278%, and 77% than current protocols in terms of alive nodes, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and end-to-end delay respectively.

Mitigation of packet loss with end-to-end delay in wireless body area network applications

The wireless body area network (WBAN) has been proposed to offer a solution to the problem of population ageing, shortage in medical facilities and different chronic diseases. The development of this technology has been further fueled by the demand for real-time application for monitoring these cases in networks. The integrity of communication is constrained by the loss of packets during communication affecting the reliability of WBAN. Mitigating the loss of packets and ensuring the performance of the network is a challenging task that has sparked numerous studies over the years. The WBAN technology as a problem of reducing network lifetime; thus, in this paper, we utilize cooperative routing protocol (CRP) to improve package delivery via end-to-end latency and increase the length of the network lifetime. The end-to-end latency was used as a metric to determine the significance of CRP in WBAN routing protocols. The CRP increased the rate of transmission of packets to the sink and mitigate packet loss. The proposed solution has shown that the end-to-end delay in the WBAN is considerably reduced by applying the cooperative routing protocol. The CRP technique attained a delivery ratio of 0.8176 compared to 0.8118 when transmitting packets in WBAN.

A Cooperative Routing Protocol Based on Q-Learning for Underwater Optical-Acoustic Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater wireless networking and communications methodologies, including the routing algorithms, have been broadly studied these years. This paper designs an optical-acoustic hybrid network modeling approach, taking the characteristics of both the underwater optical and acoustic waves into account. Underwater nodes are divided into two types, namely intra-cluster and cluster head nodes, in which energy consumption and time delay in underwater optical and acoustic links are both mathematically modeled and TDMA MAC protocol is reasonably applied in acoustic and optical links. Based on these preliminaries, a cooperative routing protocol is proposed using the Q-learning technique, where the forwarding actions are determined according to received rewards and experiential knowledge. To be specific, sender nodes will evaluate the effects of all possible forwarding actions on the network and routing performances before selecting the receiver nodes. It is shown by simulation experiment results that this routing protocol outperforms three relevant noted underwater routing algorithms in terms of network connectivity rate, lifetime, energy efficiency, energy consumption balance, packet-loss rate, and end-to-end delay.

QMCR: A Q-learning-based multi-hop cooperative routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Routing plays a critical role in data transmission for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWSNs) in the internet of underwater things (IoUT). Traditional routing methods suffer from high end-toend delay, limited bandwidth, and high energy consumption. With the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, many researchers apply these new methods to improve the quality of routing. In this paper, we propose a Q-learning-based multi-hop cooperative routing protocol (QMCR) for UWSNs. Our protocol can automatically choose nodes with the maximum Q-value as forwarders based on distance information. Moreover, we combine cooperative communications with Q-learning algorithm to reduce network energy consumption and improve communication efficiency. Experimental results show that the running time of the QMCR is less than one-tenth of that of the artificial fish-swarm algorithm (AFSA), while the routing energy consumption is kept at the same level. Due to the extremely fast speed of the algorithm, the QMCR is a promising method of routing design for UWSNs, especially for the case that it suffers from the extreme dynamic underwater acoustic channels in the real ocean environment.

Design & development of secured energy-efficient double-stage cooperative multi-path routing protocol in multi-hop co-operative WSNs to maximize the network lifetime & minimize energy consumption

In this research article, the development of a stable & secured energy efficient cooperative multi-path routing protocols for the WSNs using rejuvenated double stage cooperative multi-path routing protocols for effective transfer of data packets, to increase the network’s life-time and minimize the consumption of the energy, which is one of the proposed objectives. Here, design & development of an energy efficient dual stage cooperative routing protocol (DSCR) in multi-hop wireless networks maximizing the network lifetime, increasing the reliability and minimize the energy consumption, is being portrayed. The main objective of this article is to present an improvised / rejuvenated version of the dual stage data transfer scheme that computes the routing path by using cooperative mechanisms using the concept of reduced energies of the nodes. The work done is also compared with the work done by other authors in order to substantiate the effectiveness of the algorithm developed. This objective also demonstrates the various results obtained for all the test cases along with the necessary observations and explanations in the form of discussions and diagrammatic representations.

EERBCR: Energy-efficient regional based cooperative routing protocol for underwater sensor networks with sink mobility

The balance energy consumption of nodes is a key factor to prolong network lifetime. A sensor node in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), has very limited power battery, therefore, utilizing the power battery in efficient manner is still a challenging task. To enhance network lifetime, we proposed an Energy-Efficient Regional base Cooperative Routing (EERBCR) protocol with sink mobility for UWSNs. In EERBCR, we divided the network field in 12 regions, three by four vertically and horizontally respectively. Total numbers of four mobile sinks are positioned, having equal distance to each other while 100 sensors nodes are deployed randomly. Each mobile sink travels on pre-defined straight path and covers 3 regions. All the sensor nodes are in sleeping mode, until the sink arrives to their region, upon the arrival of sink node to a region, it broadcasts a hello message. All the nodes in that region receive that message and activate themselves. When the sink is about to leave the region, it broadcasts another packet, informing the nodes about its departure so that the nodes go back into sleeping mode. The simulation results show the validity of EERBCR as it performed better than Depth-Based Routing (DBR), Energy Efficient Depth-Based Routing (EEDBR) and depth and energy-aware dominating set (DEADS) protocols.

PB-ACR: Node Payload Balanced Ant Colony Optimal Cooperative Routing for Multi-Hop Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

For a given source-destination pair in multi-hop underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs), an optimal route is the one with the lowest energy consumptions that usually consists of the same relay nodes even under different transmission tasks. However, this will lead to the unbalanced payload of the relay nodes in the multi-hop UASNs and accelerate the loss of the working ability for the entire system. In this paper, we propose a node payload balanced ant colony optimal cooperative routing (PB-ACR) protocol for multi-hop UASNs, through combining the ant colony algorithm and cooperative transmission. The proposed PB-ACR protocol is a relay node energy consumption balanced scheme, which considers both data priority and residual energy of each relay node, aiming to reduce the occurrence of energy holes and thereby prolong the lifetime of the entire UASNs. We compare the proposed PB-ACR protocol with the existing ant colony algorithm routing (ACAR) protocol to verify its performances in multi-hop UASNs, in terms of network throughput, energy consumption, and algorithm complexity. The simulation results show that the proposed PB-ACR protocol can effectively balance the energy consumption of underwater sensor nodes and hence prolong the network lifetime.

An energy-efficient distributed adaptive cooperative routing based on reinforcement learning in wireless multimedia sensor networks

Complex task processing and frequent data communication in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) demand for energy-efficient and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee to support new applications especially in the sensing layer of Internet-of-Vehicles. However, the WMSN is heterogeneous and the energy distribution is not uniform, the current routing protocols do not take energy consumption into account while ensuring QoS. Therefore, to make energy distribution more efficiently while ensuring QoS has become a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient distributed adaptive cooperative routing (EDACR) for WMSN, taking into account the constraints of QoS and energy consumption. Particularly, we design a reinforcement learning based mechanism to perform QoS and energy balanced routing according to the knowledge of reliability and delay. The simulation results show that the energy consumption is reduced while ensuring QoS compared with the traditional cooperative protocol and the distributed adaptive cooperative routing protocol.

Improved chain based cooperative routing protocol in wsn

Energy preservation of the sensor become a prime objective of the routing protocols for prolong the period of sensor network and for efficient running of wireless sensor network applications. Taking this aspect into consideration, improved CBCCP approach has been developed that take energy, distance and node Density as parameter to choose cluster head (CH) and cluster-coordinator (CC). In Improved CBCCP, the network is partitioned into layers of fixed measurements and each cluster has one CH and varied no. of CC. Each CH and CC has the load of one cluster just to adjust the load. Data transmit to CH through normal nodes using single hop approach .Data transmitted to base station through cluster coordinator in type of chain. Communication distance is decreased by utilizing cluster coordinator for Intracluster communication and cluster head for inter-cluster communication. In comparison with CBCCP, Improved CBCCP balances the energy and prolongs the period of sensor network.

Trust-aware and cooperative routing protocol for IoT security

The resource-constrained nature of IoT objects makes the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL) vulnerable to several attacks. Although RPL specification provides encryption protection to control messages, RPL is still vulnerable to internal attackers and selfish behaviours. To address the lack of robust security mechanisms in RPL, we design a new Metric-based RPL Trustworthiness Scheme (MRTS) that introduces trust evaluation for secure routing topology construction. Extensive simulations show that MRTS is efficient in terms of packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, nodes’ rank changes, and throughput. In addition, a mathematical modelling analysis shows that MRTS meets the requirements of consistency, optimality, and loop-freeness and that the proposed trust-based routing metric has the isotonicity and monotonicity properties required for a routing protocol. By using game theory concepts, we formally describe MRTS as a strategy for the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma and demonstrate its cooperation enforcement characteristic. Both mathematical analysis and evolutionary simulation results show clearly that MRTS, as a strategy, is an efficient approach in promoting the stability and the evolution of the Internet of Things network.

Accurate and Cognitive Intrusion Detection System (ACIDS): a Novel Black Hole Detection Mechanism in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANETs) is infrastructure less in nature as it is encompassed with a collection of mobile nodes. The self-configurable feature of it has proven to be beneficial in times of disaster relief and rescue operations as the mobile nodes can be effortlessly deployed regardless of the geographical location. In this network, communication take place with the aid of several cooperative routing protocols such as AODV, DSDV, DSR etc., Due to the lack of a centralized administration, the network is prone to copious routing attacks. In this paper, an intrusion detection system called ‘Accurate and Cognitive Intrusion Detection System’ (ACIDS) for detecting the most vulnerable packet dropping attack known as black hole attack has been developed. This system takes the parameters such as Destination Sequence Number (DSN) and Route Reply (RREP) into consideration for detecting the intruders by identifying the deviation of the chosen parameters from the normal behavior. The proposed system has been simulated using NS2 and the analysis of the results attest to the efficacy of ACIDS over AODV routing protocol in detecting packet dropping scenarios of the black hole attack.

SEECR: Secure Energy Efficient and Cooperative Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is an emerging technology for exploration of underwater resources. Security plays an important role in the UWSNs environment because the environment of UWSNs is prone to different security attacks. This research proposes SEECR: Secure Energy Efficient and Cooperative Routing protocol for UWSNs. SEECR comprised of energy efficient and strong defense mechanism for combatting attacks in underwater environment. SEECR exploits cooperative routing for enhancing the performance of network. Considering the resource constrained UWSNs environment minimum computation is employed for implementing security so that SEECR remains suitable for underwater environment. In order to evaluate the performance of SEECR, this research compares the performance of SEECR with AMCTD: Adaptive Mobility of Courier Nodes in Threshold-optimized DBR - a well-known routing protocol for UWSNs environment. The performance of SEECR and AMCTD protocols are evaluated using different performance evaluation parameters such as number of alive nodes, transmission loss, throughput, energy tax and end-to-end delay. The results suggest an improved performance of SEECR over AMCTD. SEECR shows an improvement of 9% in terms of number of alive nodes, over 50% reduction in terms of transmission loss, up to 9% increase in throughput, up to 23% reduction in energy tax, and 25% reduction in end-to-end delay. Further, we observe that attack significantly degrades the performance of AMCTD whereas due to the embedded defense mechanism in SEECR the impact of attack is negligible.

Enhanced Underwater Balanced Co-operative Routing Protocol

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is an developing area for research in the wireless sensor networks (WSN) area. The normal method is to adapt for underwater use presently accessible terrestrial architectures and well-proven architectures. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have drawn a lot of concentration to help multiple applications such as tracking pollution, tsunami warnings, offshore exploration, tactical tracking, etc. For many applications, the efficiency and reliability of the network in terms of high performance, energy conservation, low bit error rate (BER) and reduced delay are prerequisites. However, UWSN's unique characteristics such as low bandwidth available, big delay in propagation, extremely vibrant network topology, and high probability of error pose many difficulties in the development of effective and reliable communication protocols. Therefore, in this proposed work, along with its mathematical model, we suggest a protocol that focuses on improving network reliability and effectiveness through cooperative routing and sink mobility. For reliable data transmission, cooperative transmission is well known. Based on their residual energy data and depth , prospective relay and target nodes for cooperative routing are chosen in this algorithm. Data from the source node is transferred in a cooperative way to the target node via the relay node. Mobile Sinks collect information straight from the nodes of the location. We consider as selection parameters the depth threshold of the source node, the residual energy of the destination nodes/ potential relay and the SNR of the relating source node to the potential relay / destination node. In this work, two distinct selection criteria for partner nodes are also introduced and contrasted. Partner node selection (relay / destination node) for cooperative routing should be carried out on the grounds of a certain criterion in order to achieve efficient outcomes. Based on the extensive simulations carried out in MATLAB, we note that our suggested method increases performance in terms of energy efficiency, network life and decreases BER relative to the existing depth-based routing protocols.

A Research on the Recent Advances in the Development of Energy Efficient Distributed Cooperative Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in the Current scenario

A brief exhaustive summary review of the various advances in the development of energy efficient distributed cooperative routing protocol for wireless sensor n/w’s in the current scenario is presented in a nut shell in this research article. This paper just gives a in-depth scenario into the various works of the authors & lays a foundation for the proposition of the works that could be done by the future researchers in the area of wireless sensor networks.