Role Of Cooperation Research Articles

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of pediatric intracranial empyemas in Spain.

Intracranial infections due to sinusitis and otitis, although rare, can progress rapidly and result in significant morbidity, necessitating multifaceted management including extended antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention. Predominantly affecting infants and older children, these infections have seen a perceived increase in incidence following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Our study aims to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of intracranial infections secondary to sinusitis or otitis in the pediatric population and assess changes in incidence and clinical presentation post-pandemic. Specific objectives include analyzing neurosurgical management practices, the role of ENT-neurosurgery cooperation, incidence of epileptic seizures, and management of associated venous thrombosis. A retrospective multicentric study was conducted in hospitals across the Iberian Peninsula, including data from January 2018 to December 2022. Data were divided into pre-lockdown (January 2018 to March 2020) and post-lockdown (March 2020 to December 2022) periods for analysis. The study included 60 pediatric cases (38 post-pandemic and 22 pre-pandemic). The average age was 9.8 years, with a male predominance (61.67%). Sinusitis was the most frequent cause (86%), and the frontal region was the most common site of infection (75%). Neurological symptoms were more prevalent post-pandemic (55.26% versus 23.68%). The primary pathogen was S. intermedius (29.6%). Most patients required neurosurgical intervention (81.7%), with a significant portion undergoing combined ENT-neurosurgery procedures (52.9%). The average antibiotic treatment duration was 6.6 weeks. Complications included venous sinus thrombosis (20%) and seizures (39.2%). Mortality was 3.3%. Although there was a perceived increase in cases post-pandemic, our study observed a normalization of incidence after the lockdown, with a decrease in diagnoses during confinement. The accepted antibiotic regimen lasts 6 weeks, extendable to 8 weeks in non-surgical patients, with at least 2 weeks of intravenous treatment. Sinus surgery combined with antibiotics may suffice to avoid craniotomy in some cases, while combined surgery has a lower reoperation rate in others. Anticoagulation should be individualized and discontinued upon recanalization. Prophylactic antiepileptic drug use remains controversial and should be tailored to patients with specific risk factors. Prolonged antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy may be warranted for those with early seizures and hemorrhagic lesions, whereas others may gradually taper off AEDs after the acute stage.

Exploring the role of inter-municipal cooperation for promoting water circular economy: insights from a Southern European country

ABSTRACT This article analyses the role of inter-municipal cooperation (IMC) as a governance model in promoting water circular economy (WCE) and water reuse practices. Despite the potential benefits offered by IMC, little is known about how IMC could contribute to fostering WCE adoption. The article develops and uses a framework to assess the involvement of IMC in advancing WCE strategies, addressing three key dimensions: governance robustness, IMC engagement in WCE, and territorial fit. It uses Portugal as a case study within the South European Union, where water scarcity and interest in IMC approaches are growing. Considering the emphasis on collaboration in legal and legislative frameworks, the results show the constrained role of inter-municipal communities (IMCs) in promoting the WCE through water reuse in Portugal. In addition, the limited integration of water reuse into territorial strategies highlights the lack of integration of water management and spatial planning. Moreover, the robustness of governance is hindered by a lack of funding, inadequate infrastructure, spatial barriers, a lack of experts or knowledge, and a deficiency in common goals or diversity of interests. Further research is essential to address territorial fit and spatial considerations critical to WCE adoption.

Controlled Cooperativity of Proton Tunneling in a Water Trimer.

Proton tunneling through a hydrogen bond is a significant quantum phenomenon in proton-mediated processes. Hydrogen bonds strengthen each other through cooperative interactions, enhancing proton tunneling. Controlling cooperativity of the hydrogen-bond network is required to understand the role of cooperativity in proton tunneling; however, engineering hydrogen bonds is difficult due to the stable structure of hydrogen-bonded cluster. Here, we demonstrate that collective proton tunneling can be controlled inside a cyclic water trimer simply by assigning an asymmetry in the adsorption structure. Asymmetric configuration of water trimers in registry with the NaCl(001) surface perturbs the strength of hydrogen bonds, destroying cooperativity. We reveal two pathways that facilitate proton tunneling in the interfacial trimer: vibration-excited and rotation-mediated processes. The vibrationally excited states lead to lowering the tunneling barrier, and the intermolecular rotation increases the cooperativity by modifying the adsorption configuration. Our results highlight the atomic-scale control of hydrogen bonds, which is crucial in proton-involved reactions.

Comparative governance of for‐profit provision of public services: Investor‐owned firms versus cooperatives as internet providers

AbstractResearch SummaryWe examine the comparative governance of for‐profit provision of public services, distinguishing between two types of for‐profit providers: investor‐owned firms (IOFs) and cooperatives. We argue that because cooperatives are owned and operated by those who benefit directly from the positive externalities generated by public services they are well suited to serving poor or high cost communities that may be underserved by IOFs, and that this will be especially true when they serve less diverse communities or needs. We test and find support for these predictions in the context of internet service provision in the United States. Our study thus offers a discriminating alignment perspective on the provision of public services, while also shedding light on the role of cooperatives in addressing societal grand challenges.Managerial SummaryPublic infrastructure and services provide two types of benefits: specific benefits to their users and general benefits to the communities they serve. Investor‐owned for‐profit firms only capture value through the payments they receive from users, however, so they may provide poorer quality service to poor or rural communities, causing such communities to be left behind. In this study, we argue that cooperatives—which are owned and controlled by members of the community themselves—represent a potential solution to this problem. Using internet service provision in the United States as a context, we show that cooperatives are more likely to enter rural and low‐income communities where existing firms are providing low quality service, and to provide higher quality service when they do so.

Impact of Secondary Sphere Hydrogen Bonds on O2 Reactivity within a Nonheme Iron Complex.

A nonheme iron complex bearing the tris(6-phenylamino-pyridyl)methylamine (TPANHPh) ligand with appended hydrogen bond (H-bond) groups displays facile O2 reactivity to form a monomeric Fe(III)OH complex, which can release •OH via rebound to a carbon radical. An analogous compound without H-bonds, based on tris(6-methylpyridyl)methylamine (TPAMe), exhibits minimal O2 reactivity, forming a Fe(III)2(μ-O)(μ-OH) dimer, which also reacts with carbon-based radicals. The H-bonding system enables O2 binding and activation at weakly reducing nonheme iron complexes, highlighting a cooperative role of secondary sphere units to facilitate reactions at atypical redox environments.

Watt's in it for you? Unpacking the role of renewable energy cooperatives in the Netherlands in energizing consumer engagement

Watt's in it for you? Unpacking the role of renewable energy cooperatives in the Netherlands in energizing consumer engagement

The Status of Neigbhourliness in the Quran and Sunnah

This study addresses the human dimension in Islam, which seeks to promote harmony and cooperation among people by encouraging mutual respect and working together for the common good. The significance of this topic lies in Islam’s emphasis on fostering good conduct, preserving the rights of neighbours, and promoting social solidarity, recognising that the concept of neighbourhood extends beyond simple proximity. The study highlights the importance of neighbourly rights as outlined in the Qur'an and Sunnah, illustrating how respecting these rights contributes to achieving social peace. It also discusses the consequences of neglecting these rights, including social fragmentation, weakened faith, and social unrest. The study employs an analytical approach to understand the texts and their implications, focusing on Quranic verses, Prophetic traditions, and relevant Islamic sources concerning neighbourly rights. It also draws on the methodology of Hadith scholars to assess the authenticity of the narrations when necessary, acknowledging that some narrations may be weak but do not reach the level of fabricated Hadiths, as the study focuses on values rather than legal rulings. The study concludes that safeguarding neighbourly rights, as stipulated in the Qur'an and Sunnah, is an essential part of Islamic ethics, whether for Muslims or non-Muslims. It stresses that neglecting these rights leads to social discord and weakens community ties. The study also highlights Islam's vital role in encouraging ethical behaviour, cooperation, and coexistence among individuals and nations. The conclusion reiterates that reform must begin with self-improvement, followed by family, and then extend to the broader community—an individual who is both good and reformative is better than one who is simply good.

Maturity of risk management in agricultural supply chains

Purpose This paper aims to assess the maturity level in the strategic risk management of an agricultural cooperative’s supply chain. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive qualitative research approach was employed for a case study. Four interview scripts were administered to 15 stakeholders within the supply chain and subjected to content analysis. Findings The findings reveal 23 strategic risks in the supply chain, whereas the maturity assessment identified five dimensions at the “Defined” level and two at the “Fragmented” level. To elevate the risk management maturity, this paper delineated 22 intervention actions. Research limitations/implications The theoretical contribution is the presentation of the various maturity assessment models and how they can be employed in studies on agribusiness supply chain risks. Practical implications Managerial implications underscore the formal establishment of a risk governance unit, the appointment of a Chief Risk Officer (CRO) and the constitution of an interdisciplinary risk management committee. Social implications Cooperatives contribute to adding value to rural production in many regions and project small and medium-sized producers in global markets. They play an economic and social role, promoting fair prices and providing services to members and the community. Efficient risk management can contribute to fostering the social role of cooperatives. Originality/value No maturity model for risk management in agribusiness supply chains is listed in the literature. This study can contribute to the development of such maturity models.

Unveiling climate extremes: A bibliometric odyssey through resilience, adaptation, and sustainable development goal synergies

Abstract In order to achieve sustainable development, it is critical to comprehend the intersectionality of severe events and the tactics used for their mitigation and adaptation as the effects of climate change become more widespread. This study explores the complex relationship between environmental challenges, climate change, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It highlights the significant threat posed by environmental degradation, driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors, and its impact on global climate patterns. The study emphasizes the role of greenhouse gases in altering climate systems and the disproportionate effects on developing countries. It underscores the importance of sustainable development, as outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the need for urgent action to combat climate change (SDG 13). The paper explores various theoretical perspectives on development, including the modernization theory and dependency theory, and their implications for environmental sustainability. It discusses the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, which suggests a relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation, and presents contrasting views from contemporary research. The study also examines the socio-economic impacts of extreme environmental conditions and the importance of disaster risk reduction frameworks like the Sendai Framework. It highlights the ongoing challenges of climate change, such as increased greenhouse gas emissions and their effects on human health, agriculture, and water resources. Furthermore, the paper delves into the concept of sustainability and sustainable development, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that integrates economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. It reviews the historical evolution of sustainable development goals and the critical role of international cooperation in achieving these objectives. The findings of this paper provide valuable insights for policy makers, researchers, and practitioners working towards a more sustainable and resilient future. By addressing the complex interplay between climate change and sustainable development, the study aims to contribute to the global discourse on environmental sustainability and the achievement of the SDGs by 2030.

Catalytic H/D exchange of (hetero)arenes with early-late polyhydride heterobimetallic complexes: impact of transition metal pairs.

Metal-catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) has become a valuable method for incorporating deuterium and tritium into organic molecules, with applications in a wide range of scientific fields. This study explores the role of transition metal cooperativity in enhancing catalytic hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange using early-late heterobimetallic polyhydride (ELHB) complexes. A series of four ELHB complexes, of general formula [M(CH2tBu)3(H)xM'Cp*], combining early transition metals (M = Hf, Ta) with late metals (M' = Ir, Os), were synthesized and evaluated for their catalytic activity in HIE of (hetero)arenes. Hafnium-iridium and hafnium-osmium complexes showed a clear improvement in catalytic efficiency and reaction rate over monometallic analogues, suggestive of metal-metal synergy. Conversely, the tantalum-based heterobimetallic complexes showed lower catalytic performance, revealing that not all metal combinations are equally effective. These results underline the importance of careful metal selection to optimize transition metal cooperativity, and open up new possibilities for the design of more efficient H/D exchange catalysts.

SlH3 and SlH4 promote multicellular Trichome formation and elongation by upregulating woolly in tomato

Abstract Trichomes are tiny outgrowths on the plant epidermis that serve defensive purposes against various stresses. While the regulatory mechanisms underlying unicellular trichome development are well understood, those governing multicellular trichome formation remain largely unexplored. In this study, we reveal a new regulatory pathway involving the Hair3 (H3) and H4 genes, which encode C2H2 zinc finger proteins that participate in multicellular trichome development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Using CRISPR-Cas9 to generate single- and double-knockout lines, we found that h3 and h4 single-mutant plants did not show altered trichome characteristics compared to wild-type plants. However, h3/h4 double-knockout plants displayed decreased densities of types I, VI, and VII trichomes, increased densities of types III and V trichomes, and reduced leaf and stem lengths of type I trichomes, revealing that H3 and H4 redundantly regulate trichome development. Notably, protein interaction assays demonstrated that H3 and H4 formed both homo- and hetero-dimers, supporting their cooperative role. Transcriptome and gene expression analyses identified H3 and H4 as key regulators of several genes involved in trichome development, including Woolly (Wo) and its downstream targets, such as Wox3b, MX1, H, and HD8. Protein-promoter assays showed that H3 and H4 did not directly bind to the Wo promoter but rather interacted with Wo, thereby enhancing the expression of Wo and Wox3b. These findings establish H3 and H4 as key regulators of trichome development and provide novel insights into the mechanisms controlling multicellular trichome development in tomato plants.

The wheat NLR pair RXL/Pm5e confers resistance to powdery mildew.

Powdery mildew poses a significant threat to global wheat production and most cloned and deployed resistance genesfor wheat breeding encode nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors. Although two genetically linked NLRs function together as an NLR pair have been reported in other species, this phenomenon has been relatively less studied in wheat. Here, we demonstrate that two tightly linked NLR genes, RXL and Pm5e, arranged in a head-to-head orientation, function together as an NLR pair to mediate powdery mildew resistance in wheat. The resistance function of the RXL/Pm5e pair is validated by mutagenesis, gene silencing, and gene-editing assays. Interestingly, both RXL and Pm5e encode atypical NLRs, with RXL possessing a truncated NB-ARC (nucleotide binding adaptor shared by APAF-1, plant R proteins and CED-4) domain and Pm5e featuring an atypical coiled-coil (CC) domain. Notably, RXL and Pm5e lack an integrated domain associated with effector recognition found in all previously reported NLR pairs. Additionally, RXL and Pm5e exhibit a preference for forming hetero-complexes rather than homo-complexes, highlighting their cooperative role in disease resistance. We further show that the CC domain of Pm5e specifically suppresses the hypersensitive response induced by the CC domain of RXL through competitive interaction, revealing regulatory mechanisms within this NLR pair. Our study sheds light on the molecular mechanism underlying RXL/Pm5e-mediated powdery mildew resistance and provides a new example of an NLR pair in wheat disease resistance.

The role of civil-military cooperation in contemporary United Nations peacekeeping operations: a case study of UNIFIL

The role of civil-military cooperation in contemporary United Nations peacekeeping operations: a case study of UNIFIL

Assessing Trainee Needs for Developing Response Scenarios and Training Manuals for Unknown Infectious Diseases: Insights From a Focus Group Interview.

This study employed focus group interviews (FGIs) to evaluate the preparedness and training requirements for an emerging infectious disease response system in the Republic of Korea. Based on the FGIs, the critical role of interdepartmental cooperation in responding to emerging infectious diseases was identified, with agencies such as public health centers, police, and fire services playing key roles in scene control, decontamination, and patient transport. Frequent staff turnover and a lack of trained personnel at local government levels were significant challenges, necessitating the development of training materials for unskilled workers. Civil complaints, common during outbreaks, require public officials to be educated on legal frameworks and the management of patients' rights. The absence of standardized procedures for managing patients, such as bed assignments considering underlying conditions and sample collection, underscores the need for comprehensive guidelines. Interviewees emphasized cross-departmental training, detailed manuals, and legal education to improve infectious disease response capabilities.

Research on the Driving Paths of Bilateral Renewable Energy Trade between Neighboring Countries and China from the Perspective of Behavioral Attribution

Abstract The bilateral trade in renewable energy between China and its neighbors represents a global cooperative endeavor influenced by various factors. However, few studies have conducted a comprehensive examination of the behavioral attribution-based reasons behind the bilateral cooperation in renewable energy between China and its neighbors. This study breaks down the aspects of cooperation willingness, cooperation capability and cooperation environment, along with their respective components, based on international behavioral attribution theory. To determine the configurational pathways of each constituent element's role in the bilateral renewable energy trade cooperation between each case country and China, this paper employs a mixed-method approach of Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs-QCA), selecting 20 'country-stage' cases based on data availability. The study finds that for neighboring nations to engage in substantial renewable energy trade with China, extensive use of market-incentive policy instruments is essential. Additionally, favorable bilateral political ties, a lower level of nationalism and increased energy security within surrounding nations are critical factors in fostering extensive renewable energy trade with China. Meanwhile, the economic vulnerability and reliance of different nations on China have varying impacts on their final trade in renewable energy with China. The study identifies five configurational pathways that drive large-scale renewable energy trade cooperation between neighboring countries and China, as well as four configurational pathways that constrain such cooperation.

Role of Cooperative in Promoting Women’s Empowerment

Women empowerment is the process of enhancement of women development through different initiatives, cooperative is the unity of people, basically for economic enhancement of local people. The cooperative collects the small amount money from local people basically from women and they provide to the needy people among the members of cooperative. Main aim of this article is to analyzed the role of cooperative to enhance the women empowerment of study area, this article will be useful to researcher, students, teachers and other related people who are directly and indirectly working in cooperative and women empowerment field. Quantitative research methods, descriptive and analytical research design has been applied with deductive approach. Both primary and secondary data are used. Data are analyzed using the latest data analysis tool and technology. The cooperative is playing vital role to empowerment of women through the economic enhancement.

The role of regional government in the development of MSMEs in Cirebon City

In order to support MSME players, the government continues to provide stimulus to accelerate the national economic recovery process and strengthen Bank Indonesia’s policy mix related to strengthening financing or credit. Several things have been done in the context of developing MSMEs in the agricultural sector through the development of end-to-end integrated agricultural clusters by utilizing digitalization for superior commodities, volatile foods and export commodities. The development of this agricultural cluster also supports the inflation control program in West Java. Cirebon City, is one of the cities/regencies in West Java which has the target of “Increasing the role of industry, trade, cooperatives and MSMEs in the economic stability of Cirebon City” as reflected in the average achievement of the two performance indicators as measuring tools, namely 98.58%. Therefore, this research aims to describe the role of local government in developing MSMEs in Cirebon City. The research results show that the regional government plays a role as a facilitator which is realized through training activities, capital and technology assistance, the regional government also plays a role as a catalyst which is realized through promotional activities for MSME products in Cirebon City.

MARITIME PIRACY AND TERRORISM EMERGENCE AS LEGAL CATEGORIES

This paper explores the emergence of maritime piracy and terrorism as significant legal categories within international law and domestic legal frameworks. Historically viewed as acts of lawlessness on the high seas, maritime piracy has evolved into a complex issue that necessitates comprehensive legal responses. At the same time, maritime terrorism has surfaced as a contemporary threat to global maritime security, closely intertwined with broader discussions of terrorism in international relations. The analysis begins with a historical overview of piracy, tracing its evolution from ancient practices to modern challenges. Key legislative efforts, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and regional treaties, are highlighted as critical measures aimed at combating piracy. The paper examines how traditional definitions of piracy have adapted to encompass contemporary acts, reflecting significant changes in maritime operations, technology, and geopolitical contexts. The rise of terrorism in maritime settings is analyzed, focusing on high-profile incidents such as the 2000 USS Cole bombing and various cruise ship hijackings. The legal systems’ challenges in addressing acts of maritime terrorism are emphasized, particularly given their dual nature as both criminal acts and threats to national and international security. The paper evaluates the legal frameworks that govern maritime piracy and terrorism, discussing international conventions, customary international law, and national legislation. A critical analysis of enforcement mechanisms reveals notable gaps and inconsistencies in legal approaches, particularly concerning jurisdiction, prosecution, and the treatment of suspected pirates and terrorists. The role of international cooperation is underscored, emphasizing the necessity of collaborative efforts between states and maritime organizations to effectively combat these phenomena. The impact of piracy and terrorism on maritime trade, security, and international relations is explored. By addressing the legal intricacies and socio-political dimensions of maritime piracy and terrorism, this study aims to contribute meaningfully to ongoing discourse on global maritime security and the role of law in mitigating these threats.

Strategi Pengembangan Koperasi dalam Mengangkat Kesejahteraan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

The purpose of this Observation is to identify and evaluate external and internal elements and cooperative development tactics that can improve the welfare of the people of Tulungagung Regency. The methodology used in this Observation is qualitative. In-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observation, and documentation are the methods used to collect data. SWOT analysis is the data analysis method used. Referring to the Observation findings, the researcher came to the following conclusions: The results of the Observation reveal that the approaches that can be taken to build cooperatives and improve the welfare of the people's welfare are: One way to develop the people's economy is by: Utilizing the APBN to provide funding stimulus for business funding for people's economic actors, increasing the number and quality of local products so that they are able to compete in regional and global markets, improving agricultural human resources through funding from financial institutions and private assistance (business partners). This can be done in order to overcome various obstacles in the development of the people's economy: Improving the quality of human resources of people's economic actors through non-formal teaching and practice, continuous teaching and practice for assistants, utilization of appropriate technology (TTG) for the provision of funding for agricultural businesses and equipment, expanding the role of MSMEs and cooperatives in all districts and cities, and utilization of activity funds for profitable economic businesses. Improving the quality and quantity of competitive local products can be done through policies to build a people's economy. In addition, the community rarely relies on government funding assistance, and economic actors rarely rely on middlemen. The IE Matrix Strategy is a strategy analysis used in the growth-driven strategy development model, while the SWOT diagram displays Quadrant I which reveals a favorable situation because cooperatives in the Kedungwaru Tulungagung Area have strengths and opportunities that allow them to maximize their potential and implement strategies that support aggressive growth policies.

Bibliometric Analysis of Cooperatives Role in a Environmental Economy

This study aims to analyze the development trends and direction of research on the role of cooperatives indexed in Scopus from 2014 to 2024. This type of research is quantitative research using bibliometric analysis. Based on the search results, there are 149 research articles, then inputted into the VOSviewer application and analyzed descriptively through a literature review study. The results showed that the number of publications has increased every year. Then, based on the mapping results using the VOSviewer application, research on the role of cooperatives is divided into 13 clusters. Meanwhile, based on the results of the literature review study, there are 7 main themes around the role of cooperatives. Recent trends show increased attention to environmental issues and adjustment to change. The practical implication of this research is the need to strengthen cooperative management through innovation in various fields, such as technology, education and the environment. Then for potential research directions to be developed in the future is research that includes keywords of agricultural cooperatives, cooperative interaction, cooperative learning, cooperative assembly, cooperative extension, SMES and environmental cooperatives variables because they are still rarely researched.