Investment Cooperation Research Articles

A study on agricultural investment along the Belt and Road

On the basis of the theories of overseas foreign direct investment (OFDI) and New Economic Geography, the factors influencing the grain industry investment in the countries along the Belt and Road (herein after referred to as the “B&R countries”) were discussed, and the impacts of such investment in terms of the bilateral economic distance, institutional environments and the farmland resource levels of host countries were analyzed in depth in this study, thus expanding the theoretical analysis framework of OFDI. Empirically, the dependence on China's overseas investment was applied to measure the bilateral economic distance, and these two variables were incorporated into the empirical model along with the location characteristics of the institutional environments of host countries. The Zero-inflated Poisson Model was applied to analyze China and the B&R countries. A conclusion derived is as follows: the farmland resources of the B&R countries have a positive impact on China's overseas farmland investment, and the location characteristics of the B&R countries vary greatly. China should confer great importance to regional comparative advantages, conduct differentiated cooperation in farmland investment, strengthen the conservation of water and land resources and safeguard of farmers' livelihoods in the less developed regions, and guarantee the grain security in developing countries, while valuing the distribution and sales of agricultural products in developed regions and greatly enhance the ties between enterprises and local markets to ensure the sustainable development of grain industry investment projects in the B&R countries.

STRATEGI AKSES PASAR KERJASAMA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA KANADA DALAM KERANGKA COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEEMENT (CEPA)

Indonesia does not yet have a free trade agreement with Canada, as other ASEAN countries have done. Meanwhile, Indonesia-Canada trade activities have been running where Canada is Indonesia's export destination country at number 31 and companies from Canada have also opened businesses in Indonesia and employ Indonesian employees. For that, Indonesia considers Canada as one of the potential countries whose market can be developed. In this regard, Indonesia views the importance of Canada as a country that can be used as a trade partner bilaterally, so a strategy is needed in exploring international trade cooperation in a bilateral scheme. This study aims to analyze the strategy of Indonesia's trade and investment cooperation in Indonesia-Canada. This study is expected to answer the strategies that can be applied by negotiators in the Indonesia-Canada CEPA trade cooperation negotiations To answer the research aims, we use the SWOT method, where the formulation of a potential strategy for developing trade cooperation in the Indonesia-Canada CEPA (ICA-CEPA) is carried out through three stages, namely the input stage, the matching stage and the decision-making stage. Based on the results of the Internal and External Matrix and SWOT, Indonesia is in an S-O (Strength and Opportunity) position, which means that Indonesia must use its strengths to take advantage of Indonesia's opportunities in the Canadian market, both in the trade in goods and investment sectors. The trade cooperation explored should also include discussions of economic cooperation and increased capacity building in negotiations, so that the human resource factor that is Indonesia's strength can compete with partner countries.

Investment cooperation between Russia and Turkey under current economic conditions: New formats

Subject. This article explores the advantages of the Russian-Turkish strategic partnership based on mutual interest in building up economic and geopolitical potentials. Objectives. The article aims to describe the stages of implementation of investment cooperation between Russia and Turkey in various sectors of the economy and predict the prospects for investment cooperation between these countries. Methods. For the study, based on the review of materials of foreign and Russian experts in the field of international economics, finance, investment deposits, and reporting documents of statistical institutions, I used the historical method, observation, and generalization. Results. The article structures the factors affecting the changes in the bilateral investment cooperation between Russia and Turkey, and identifies investment risks that impede efficient cooperation in the long term. Conclusions. It is necessary to enhance efforts in the field of bilateral partnership, as well as diversification of the Russian economy key sectors.

Assessment of CHINA'S contribution to the development of the russian electric power industry: from planned to implemented projects

Modern energy cooperation between Russia and China is mutually beneficial and complementary: China invests in the implementation of Russian energy projects, and Russia, in turn, supplies its energy resources to China, meeting the needs of both sides. This article assesses China's contribution to the development of the Russian electric power industry. The assessment is carried out on the basis of careful examination of upcoming and already implemented projects of China's investment cooperation in Russia in the field of renewable energy, including solar, wind, and hydropower, as well as in the field of thermal and nuclear energy. At the same time attention is paid to the volume of investment in specific projects, and the degree of participation in the equity holding. Based on the results of the assessment, a conclusion is made about the high interest of China in the implementation of electric power projects in Russia. China especially counts on mutual support for cooperation in the field of renewable energy, namely in the sector of construction of solar, wind and hydropower plants, in order to solve the climate issue. At the same time China does not deny the importance of developing relations in the field of oil and gas.

Assessment of the competitiveness of the economies of the Eurasian Economic Union countries

The object of the study is the competitiveness of the economies of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries. Assessment of the level of competitiveness is one of the urgent problems of the modern economy. There are still no uniform methods and standards in the world for defining the concept of «competitiveness of the economy», methods for its assessment and factors influencing it, which raises many questions regarding the comparison of the level of development and competitiveness of world economies. Given the comparative advantages of economies, different methodological approaches may produce different results in relation to the competitive position of a given country. In the course of the study, the author presented the developed mathematical model for calculating the competitiveness of the similarity and dissimilarity index, which comprehensively characterizes the state of the economy of the Eurasian Economic Union countries. Thus, comparing the measure of similarity or dissimilarity of countries according to different methods will undoubtedly give a comprehensive idea of their competitiveness, as well as allow the development of an appropriate and effective economic policy. The analysis in the paper of the dynamics of the index of similarity and dissimilarity in the external economic activities of Kazakhstan with the EAEU countries over the years, it is possible to establish the trend observed in this process, and, consequently, to determine the strategy of international economic relations for the future. The results of the study can be used by government agencies that make decisions in the field of trade, economic and investment cooperation.

V4-India Partnership as an Example of Broader EU and Indo-Pacific Region Partnership

EU stepped up its efforts to reinforce its presence in the Asian region, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, due to increasing geo-strategic importance for the EU, high mutual interconnectedness, as well as trade and investment engagement. In September 2021, the EU adopted its first Indo-Pacific Strategy. The aim of the paper is to point out the development of the partnership between the EU and the Asian (Indo-Pacific) region based on the evaluation of the analysis of trade and investment cooperation between the EU and India with a focus on mutual trade and investment relations between the Visegrad Group countries and India (and point out the comparative advantages that the V4 countries might use to extend mutual trade cooperation). The paper is based on trade analysis, and empirical methods of RCA and Grubel Lloyd indices were used. There is room for expanding cooperation between the V4 countries and India in deepening intra-industry trade in commodities, where countries have a similar RCA profile. Moreover, the cooperation could complement bilateral relations between both regions. Implications for Central European audience: The paper evaluates V4 competitiveness and assesses V4’s export potential (RCA index) with India and potential trade prospects with India (RCA1) to confirm that there is room for expanding trade cooperation between regions. We consider the V4 countries to be one of the regions that could deepen its mutual relations with India and intensify political dialogue and, therefore, take mutual cooperation and relations to the next level as well as deepen cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.Â

The Benefits of Co-branding for Chinese Games Going Overseas

With the popularity of 5G networks, China's game industry has seen unprecedented development prospects. For The Chinese game industry, the domestic market growth from growth to stable, the domestic demographic dividend temporarily came to an end, but the foreign game market is still a blue sea, Chinese game enterprises rely on the development of overseas game market to create profits and it has become the most effective way to maintain the sustainable growth of game income scale. The purpose of these study was to explore the joint launch of Player Unknown’s Battleground (PUBG) by Tencent in China and KRAFTON in Korea. The qualitative analysis and SWOT analysis were used in this paper. This research concluded that brand awareness, brand image and brand loyalty are interrelated. Besides, there was correlation between brand image and brand loyalty. Thus, by investing in overseas manufacturers, Tencent not only acquire game dealership rights but also introduce advanced research and development (R&D) technology from overseas to further improve its own R&D level. On this basis, Internet Protocol (IP) licensing opportunities obtained through investment cooperation will not only test the ability of self-research but also pave the way for Tencent to build its own matrix of games in all categories.

IMPLEMENTASI MATRIKS IMPORTANCE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (IPA) UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN MAHASISWA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS PANCASILA

The existence of entrepreneurs in a country is very strategic in order to create new jobs, absorb labor, and encourage independence in the community. The greater the number of business actors in a country, the stronger the country's economy. So every effort that leads to the formation of an entrepreneurial culture, especially on campus, needs to be encouraged. This study aims to (1). analyzing the development of student entrepreneurship activities at FEB UP, (2) Analyzing entrepreneurship courses from aspects of teaching materials, learning methods and targets for entrepreneurship lectures in fostering the entrepreneurial spirit of FEB UP students, and (3) How is the potential for entrepreneurship development among FEB UP students. Research respondents are FEB UP students who have taken entrepreneurship courses, the number of samples obtained is 140 students. Data analysis using Importance Performance Analysis Matrix. The results showed that in general, the quality of the implementation of entrepreneurship courses was considered quite good by students. The development of coaching activities at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Pancasila University is quite encouraging. The potential for developing an entrepreneurial spirit among FEB students at Pancasila University is very large, this can be seen from the results of research showing the increasing interest of students to consider entrepreneurship as a career choice after graduating from college, the more research and community service to develop the entrepreneurial spirit and the more many seminars, scientific discussions, and entrepreneurship-oriented student activities. To improve the entrepreneurial culture on campus, it is recommended to improve the implementation of the Entrepreneurship Court lectures by conducting lectures every semester. The entrepreneurial concept that has been produced by students must be supported by the entrepreneurial infrastructure on campus and provide support for investment cooperation from the campus to student businesses that are already running.

Vietnam - South Korea Trade and Investment Cooperation: 30-Year Milestone and Orientation

Vietnam - South Korea Trade and Investment Cooperation: 30-Year Milestone and Orientation

Co-finance for energy project under the Belt and Road Initiative: an application of evidential reasoning-group decision-making method.

Cooperation among consortium countries for energy projects under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) faces various uncertainties, and urges institutional investors to choose the co-finance mode to diversify the investment risk of energy projects. Recently, responsible investing in energy finance has been raised as a path to make the BRI greener. However, few studies focused on the issue on how to make the optimal decision in the process of collaboration. Therefore, this study constructed the financial-environment, social, and governance (F-ESG) evaluation indicator system from the perspective of responsible investors and proposed an integrated evidential reasoning group decision-making (ER-GDM) model. Then, programmed algorithms were designed to analyze and visualize the selection of the desired alternative. Finally, we applied the evaluation framework to the co-finance for four energy projects under the BRI. The results showed that after multiple rounds of discussion and negotiation (DAN), the consensus level reached 95.1%. It depicts that the optimized collective opinion has been obtained despite heterogeneous preferences. The analysis framework and proposed model in this study not only help international investors to co-finance energy project efficiently but also provide a solution for policy-makers to realize sustainable and high-quality cooperation in investment and financing under the BRI.

Russian-Japan trade and economic relations: Complicated history and foggy prospects

The article considers the stages of formation and development of economic relations between the USSR/Russia and Japan. Within the period of the 1960s – 2021, four main stages were distinguished, differing in the forms, scale, and institutional framework of interactions: 1960s – 1980s, late 1980s – first half of the 1990s, second half of the 1990s – first half of the 2000s, the second half of the 2000s – 2021. It is shown how the sanctions against the Russian Federation introduced in 2022 affected the scale and prospects of economic interactions. The change in the model of bilateral interactions is analyzed: from trade and credit relations at the first stage to Japan's trade and investment expansion, which is characteristic of the fourth stage, while the export specialization of Russia and its Far East, based on the natural advantages of raw materials, continues. The main forms of origin and further development of mutual trade are described, starting with “small or coastal” trade and compensatory agreements and ending with spatial maneuvering and energy projects. It is argued that the general content of bilateral interactions at all stages is the formation in the Far East, as the dominant development strategy, of the concentration of economic resources in natural resource sectors and the formation on this basis of an export base oriented towards Japan as the basis for economic development. This strategy was increasingly formed as one of the most important components of economic policy both in the USSR and in Russia. The article upholds the thesis about the deepening of the gap between the Russian and Japanese economies, which are increasingly functioning within the framework of different structural and technological systems, which determines the modern scale, nature, and dynamics of mutual trade and economic interactions. The main structural and dynamic trends of exports and imports, stages and features of the organization of interactions in 1991–2021 are analyzed, as well as the features of investment cooperation. Modern problems of investment and trade relations are considered in connection with the introduction of packages of sanctions by Japan against the Russian economy and the Russian counter-sanctions.

Assessment of factors affecting the dynamics of investment cooperation between Russia and Vietnam under the Free Trade Agreement between the EAEU and Vietnam

Aim. The presented study aims to assess factors affecting the investment cooperation between Russia and Vietnam under the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV).Tasks. The authors analyze the investment strategy and investment climate of the SRV at the present stage; assess the current state of investment cooperation between Russia and Vietnam; investigate the impact of the FTA between the EAEU and Vietnam on the investment cooperation between Russia and Vietnam; build regression models to assess the impact of different factors on the volume of bilateral direct investment from Russia and Vietnam; identify risks in the development of investment cooperation between Russia and Vietnam under modern conditions; determine areas for further cooperation.Methods. This study uses the following research methods: theoretical and comparative analysis, construction of econometric models, observation, synthesis, generalization, and description.Results. The conducted research shows that Vietnam is becoming one of the world’s most attractive countries for foreign investors. Despite low indicators, the investment cooperation between Russia and Vietnam has great potential. Analysis of regression models shows that the FTA between the EAEU and Vietnam has a positive effect on Russian-Vietnamese investment cooperation.Conclusions. The observed positive trends in the development of investment cooperation between Russia and Vietnam are complicated by sanctions imposed on Russia by unfriendly countries. Nevertheless, the FTA between the EAEU and Vietnam and the development of cooperation mechanisms under new conditions can facilitate the strengthening of investment cooperation between Russia and Vietnam by partially replacing Vietnam with Russia’s western counterparties in the fields of high technology, oil and gas, and agriculture.

Risks and Strategies of China’s Direct Investment in Central Asia from the Perspective of Big Data

With the growth of Chinese economy and the improvement of its international status, Chinese enterprises foreign direct investment has ushered in new development opportunities. Although scale foreign investment continues to expand and has broad development prospects, it also faces huge risks that domestic investment has never had. China and Central Asia are highly complementary economically. Strengthening direct investment in the Central Asian countries can effectually drive China’s economic development. Based on the quantitative evaluation and analysis from the perspective of big data, this paper uses a variety of methods to evaluate and explore the risks of China’s direct investment in Central Asian countries, and gives some policy suggestions. The research shows that the motivation of Chinese foreign investment cooperation is different from the marginal industry transfer in the traditional international investment theory. The problem of country risks in Central Asia is prominent. Chinese government must rely on the build of the Belt and Road to strengthen intergovernmental communication and exchanges, and establish a good cooperation mechanism to deal with the increasingly prominent problem of country risks. Further we will improve trade facilitation and expand the trade openness of Central Asian countries to China. To avoid risks, Chinese companies should invest under the guidance of the government and establish a complete investment chain for large projects. At the same time, we also need to seize the opportunity of the development of digital economy, and gradually establish a scientific and efficient investment model to effectively avoid the risk of direct investment.

The Resurgence of the Unified Arab Investment Agreement and the Organisation for Islamic Cooperation Investment Agreement

Abstract Multilateral investment treaties (MIT s) are international legal instruments whose purpose is to, inter alia, facilitate social and economic cooperation on regional and/or global scales. While there is abundant literature and decisions on MIT s generally, there has been scant analysis of such instruments executed in the Arab and Muslim-majority worlds. This book discusses two such instruments: the Unified Agreement for the Investment of Arab Capital in the Arab States and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Agreement for Promotion, Protection and Guarantee of Investments Among Member States. These investment agreements are among the oldest MIT s in the modern world. The UAA was approved at the 11th Arab Summit Conference held in Amman, Jordan, in November 1980. The OIC Agreement was opened for signature on June 1–5, 1981 and entered into force on February 25, 1988. It is only recently, however, that these two long-dormant treaties have acquired special significance. This book provides a comprehensive, critical review of these two treaties that remain to be fully tested and utilized.

Cooperative investment problem with an authoritative risk determined by Central Bank

In this paper, we are interested to provide an analytic solution for cooperative investment risk with an authoritative risk determined by the central Bank. This problem plays an important role in solving cooperative investment problems in an investment sector such as insurance companies or banks etc and keeping in our mind the effect of a risk determined by the central Bank which has not been done before. We reformulate cooperative investment risk by writing dual representation for each risk preference (Coherent risk measure) for each agent (investor). Finding an analytic solution for this problem for both cases individual and cooperative investment problem by using dual representation for each risk preference has a strong effect on the financial market. Moreover, we find the equilibrium allocation in terms of an equilibrium price by formulating the optimization problem in the case of equilibrium with an initial endowment for each agent’s ’investor’. In addition, formulate a problem that covers the risk minimization problem with an expected return constraint and expected return maximization problem with risk constraint, in both individual and cooperative investment cases, for the general case of an arbitrary joint distribution for the asset return under certain conditions and assuming that all coherent risk measure is continuous from below. Thus, the optimal portfolio is written as the optimal Lagrange multiplier associated with an equality-constrained dual problem. Furthermore, a unique equilibrium allocation as a fair optimal allocation solution in terms of equilibrium price density function for each agent (investor) is also shown.

TRANSFORMATION OF GLOBAL CAPITAL MARKETS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MILITARY AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE

The Russian Federation, which started the war against Ukraine, since February 24, 2022, has destabilized the supply of many goods and resources, and has also significantly affected financial and investment activities in the world. The scale of the conflict between Ukraine and the Russian Federation has gone beyond local wars and is becoming a new civilizational challenge. In this regard, the global economy and international capital markets are being significantly transformed, the risks of trade, economic and financial and investment cooperation in the world are under significant threat. At the same time, global capital markets entered 2022 at peak values, but the achievement of 2021 was completely leveled. The global investment environment has largely destabilized, the budgetary and business losses in the world from the war have become enormous. Global capital markets, especially the securities market, reacted very sensitively to the war in Ukraine, dropping significantly. Thus, the leading US and world index S&P 500 has fallen by 17% since the beginning of the year; The world's leading technology index, the NASDAQ Composite, is down 28% year-to-date. The European EURO STOXX 50 indices are also down 15% since the beginning of the year. At the same time, the general trends are downward, pointing to their further decline. The world's most popular and most capitalized crypto assets have also significantly lost their value, declining significantly over the last 3-4 months of 2022, reinforcing their reputation as too volatile and speculative asset. Ukrainian large companies in the international capital markets under the influence of hostilities also significantly lost their value and liquidity. Their capitalization on international stock exchanges has significantly decreased since the beginning of the war (approximately 2-1.7 times). Trends in the leading global capital markets suggest that the war in Ukraine has significantly reduced the activity of international investors in the capital markets and "appetite for risk assets." Most investors try to invest in safer assets under such conditions. The supply of many resources and goods on the world markets does not correspond to the level of demand due to the military actions on the territory of Ukraine, which in turn deforms the investment and financial global markets. Excess liquidity is transferred to goods and companies that produce corresponding scarce resources. In the future, this significantly increases the price level, intensifying inflationary processes in the world. Oil-import dependent countries are expected to face widening budget and trade deficits, as well as rising inflationary pressures. Deteriorating external financing conditions could accelerate capital outflows and exacerbate growth constraints in countries with high levels of debt and significant financing needs. Existing challenges could lead the world and global capital markets to a global debt crisis. For Ukraine, which is in a state of war, when investments have been suspended and economic processes have been reduced, significant international assistance is needed, especially financial and economic (financial technical assistance, grants, preferential loans, cancellation of public debts, etc.). In order to overcome the consequences of war and global destabilization, in our opinion, it is necessary to form an updated international system (program) of relations and fair financial and investment support, especially for Ukraine, which suffered the most from aggression, as well as for the poorest countries of the world that are experiencing significant socio-economic the problems of this war.

Chronology of Events: April 2022 to June 2022

Chronology of Events:April 2022 to June 2022 Chen Juan (bio) Resources for China–ASEAN Relations As a research institute based in Singapore, the EAI monitors developments in relations and interactions between China and the individual countries of Southeast Asia as well as the ASEAN grouping as a whole. This material is presented in the form of (i) a chronology of events and (ii) important documents. —the Editors CHINA–ASEAN RELATIONS APRIL 2022 TO JUNE 2022: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS APRIL 2022 1st Myanmar's Foreign Minister U Wunna Maung Lwin upon invitation visits Tunxi in ChinaJs Anhui province and meets with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. The Myanmar side has expressed concerns over domestic economic difficulties. Wang suggests advancing poverty alleviation projects, starting with a batch of "small yet smart" livelihood projects. Both sides jointly inaugurate the Consulate General of Myanmar in Chongqing and exchange cooperation documents in areas such as economics, technology and agriculture. Both sides also exchange views on the South China Sea issue and the Rakhine State issue. 2nd Thai Foreign Minister Don Pramudwinai visits Tunxi and holds talks with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. The former expresses hope to expand cooperation in agricultural trade and connectivity, industrial and supply chains security, and sustainable development. Wang proposes that both sides explore conducting pilot and demonstration projects on industrial parks in Thailand. Both foreign ministers also exchange their views on the Ukraine issue. Wang briefly summarises for Pramudwinai Chinese President Xi Jinping's opinions delivered to European Union leaders on the Ukraine crisis. 3rd Philippine Foreign Minister Teodoro Locsin visits and meets with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in Tunxi. They discuss the South China Sea issue, and Wang emphasises the need to eliminate interference and to properly manage differences between the Philippines and China. The Philippines side has agreed to strengthen communications. Both sides have also exchanged views on issues in Myanmar and Ukraine. 5th The 23rd ASEAN–China Joint Cooperation Committee Meeting, held online, reaffirms ASEAN's and China's commitment to further strengthen their partnership and cooperation in line with the ASEAN–China Comprehensive Strategic Partnership established in 2021. Both sides discuss the follow-up to the implementation of the comprehensive strategic partnership, such as enhancing cooperation in trade and investment through the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area and implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement. They also update the substantive progress of the ASEAN–China Plan of Action 2021–25 in cooperation in these areas such as trade and investment, digital economy, connectivity including air connectivity, clean energy and environmental protection. 8th Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and Chinese President Xi Jinping have a telephone conversation and they officially inaugurate the Binondo–Intramuros Bridge, which is the second bridge funded by China under Duterte's "Build, Build, Build" infrastructure programme. Built at a cost of US$105.6 million, the bridge connects two busy districts in Manila city across the Pasig River and it aims to ease daily traffic congestion, catering for a daily traffic volume of 30,000 motorists. Both sides have also agreed to further enhance bilateral trade and investments, jointly address the impact of climate change and promote collaboration in the pandemic response. 14th Vietnamese Foreign Minister Bui Thanh Son and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi speak over the telephone. Both foreign ministers share their views on the South China Sea and the consultations of the three maritime working groups of both sides. They have expressed hope to see substantive progress and advancement of maritime delimitation in the sea area outside the mouth of Gulf of Tonkin (or Beibu Gulf). They also exchange views on the Ukraine issue. 26th Malaysia's Ministry of International Trade and Industry and the People's government of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China jointly organise an inaugural online investment forum. The objective of the forum is to promote investment and business opportunities in the Malaysia–China Kuantan Industrial Park (MCKIP) and the China–Malaysia Qinzhou Industrial Park (CMQIP). The forum is also part of a series of events to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the CMQIP. Companies from both sides have signed 11 memoranda of understanding for future projects...

Retrospective of the sanction regime in the framework of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and the European Union

Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the European Union is due to the potential of economic ties and the high complementarity of economies in the field of energy exchange, telecommunication systems for mineral fertilizers, however, in the crisis conditions (2008) and the sanctions regime (2014 and at present), trade cooperation is undergoing some changes. It is important to note that the above crisis points had an impact on the trade and economic relations of partners, but did not destroy the definitive supply chains of energy resources from Russia to the countries of the European Union and light industry goods and food products from the European Union to Russia. It is also worth paying attention to the deep mutual partnership between Russia and the countries of the European Union in the field of investment cooperation. Direct foreign investments from Russia to the countries of the European Union account for about 93 % of the total volume of direct foreign investments directed from Russia, and from the European Union to Russia — 70 %. At first glance, the current sanctions regime should have significantly weakened trade and economic relations between Russia and the European Union, however, today, Germany and Italy are the suppliers with the greatest potential for exporting all products to Russia along with China (largely due to high demand on the Russian market). Despite the high elaboration of the problem, this topic is relevant, because, firstly, the Russian Federation and the European Union are in close partnership, and secondly, the foreign economic cooperation of the partner countries is complicated by political and economic factors that are relevant to the world community. Thus, the study of these problems and the search for solutions are the most relevant in modern conditions.

한국기업의 인도네시아 투자실태와 투자협력 제고 방안에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate about the investment environment in Indonesia and analyze a actual investment condition of Korean enterprises in Indonesia and seek a economic cooperation for Investment between Korea and Indonesia. First, Indonesia's investment environment is divided into positive and negative aspects. Next, the result of analyzing the actual investment situation shows several characteristics. In other words, there are preponderance to manufacturing industry, small-scale investment by small and medium-sized enterprises, preference for joint ventures rather than wholly-owned subsidiary and newly-established corporation rather than M&A of local companies. restricted purpose of investment. Therefore, switchover of industry to service fields, large-scale investment to target the Indonesian domestic market, the promotion of wholly-owned subsidiary investment, and utilization of core competencies of existing companies through M&A can be suggested as alternatives. The economic cooperation measures between Korea and Indonesia for investment shall be manufacturing investment cooperation, use of the public-private partnership(PPP) system, infrastructure development demand and government-private partnership projects, establishment of institutional foundations and conditions, investment-related procedures and information sharing, official development assistance(ODA) support and other economic cooperation for investments.

Akad Kerjasama Usaha Wisata Air Perspektif Hukum Islam

Humans as social beings mean that humans cannot be separated from other people to fulfill all their needs. That cooperation between humans was needed to carry out life. One form of cooperation carried out at Gronjong Wariti Water Tourism, Mejono Village, Plemahan District, Kediri Regency was investment cooperation. The cooperation agreement in this tourism business was carried out in two ways, namely an oral contract and a written contract. In the implementation of the two contracts, both orally and in writing, the pillars and conditions of the contract have been fulfilled. The implementation practice that occurred was the implementation of the mudharabah muqayyadah contract and was included in the sahih mudharabah contract. However, the existence of fraud committed by the contracting parties causes the party to sin because in the mudharabah contract the principle of justice really must be realized.