Cooperative Goals Research Articles

Aircraft Icing Study Using Integrated Observations and Model Data

Abstract Light (LGT) to moderate (MOD) aircraft icing (AI) is frequently reported at Cold Lake, Alberta, but forecasting AI has been a big challenge. The purpose of this study is to investigate and understand the weather conditions associated with AI based on observations in order to improve the icing forecast. To achieve this goal, Environment and Climate Change Canada in cooperation with the Department of National Defence deployed a number of ground-based instruments that include a microwave radiometer, a ceilometer, disdrometers, and conventional present weather sensors at the Cold Lake airport (CYOD). A number of pilot reports (PIREPs) of icing at Cold Lake during the 2016/17 winter period and associated observation data are examined. Most of the AI events were LGT (76%) followed by MOD (20%) and occurred during landing and takeoff at relatively warm temperatures. Two AI intensity algorithms have been tested based on an ice accumulation rate (IAR) assuming a cylindrical shape moving with airspeed υa of 60 and 89.4 m s−1, and the Canadian numerical weather prediction model forecasts. It was found that the algorithms IAR2 with υa = 89.4 m s−1 and IAR1 with υa = 60 m s−1 underestimated (overestimated) the LGT (MOD) icing events, respectively. The algorithm IAR2 with υa = 60 m s−1 appeared to be more suitable for forecasting LGT icing. Over all, the hit rate score was 0.33 for the 1200 UTC model run and 0.6 for 0000 UTC run for both algorithms, but based on the individual icing intensity scores, the IAR2 did better than IAR1 for forecasting LGT icing events.

On the issue of cooperation of States in the field of organ donation and transplantation

In today’s world, state cooperation is carried out in almost all aspects of political, social and economic life. The interaction of States on high technologies in medicine is not something new and is carried out in a wide range of clinical areas. The cooperation of States in the field of organ donation and transplantation is not limited to the exchange of clinical experience between specialists from different countries or the provision of medical care in a particular case. On the one hand, this direction affects many aspects of social life of man, and needs special legal regulation. On the other hand, it is an effective organizational mechanism, the use of which by States can contribute to saving the lives and health of their own citizens through the inter-state exchange of donor organs. The most important goal of inter-state cooperation is to unite the efforts of the relevant state institutions and services to combat the illegal organ donation and transplantation tourism.

Synchronous and Asynchronous Discussions: Effects on Cooperation, Belonging, and Affect

Supporting productive peer-to-peer interaction is a central challenge in online courses. Although cooperative learning research provides robust evidence for the positive outcomes of face-to-face cooperative learning (Johnson & Johnson, 1989), online modes of cooperative learning have provided mixed results. This study examines the effects of synchronous versus asynchronous interaction on students’ sense of cooperation, belonging, and affect in online small-group discussions. Fifty-two undergraduate students were assigned to synchronous and asynchronous interaction conditions. The findings support prior research that asynchronous communication interferes with the relationship between cooperative goals and the outcomes of cooperation. Results inform theory and practice, by showing that asynchronous cooperative learning may not work as designed because the presence of cooperative goals do not predict cooperative outcomes.

Saudi Arabia’s Economic Diplomacy through Foreign Aid: Dynamics, Objectives and Mode

Economic diplomacy is an important part of a country’s overall diplomacy, and foreign aid is an essential tool in a country’s economic diplomacy. With the accumulation of wealth, Saudi Arabia uses its petrodollars to carry out economic diplomacy, and by increasing the amount of aid and expanding aid targets, it achieves multiple goals. This article analyzes the policy objectives of Saudi Arabia’s foreign aid from the perspectives of political, economic and religious dynamics, and reviews the main models in this field, namely, strategic foreign aid, development-oriented foreign aid and humanitarian foreign aid. The author believes that Saudi Arabia’s foreign aid is double-sided. On the one hand, it actively implements the development goals of South-South cooperation and contributes to the promotion of global economic recovery and development; on the other hand, it promotes Wahhabi expansion and development, bringing certain threats to the world’s traditional security. However, since 2015, the Saudi government has begun to control, regulate, and minimize religious promotion to reduce certain threats that Wahhabism has generated.

Strategic goal interdependence approach to dynamic capability and the effects of customer integration and market dynamism: evidence from China

ABSTRACTBased on the theory of cooperation and competition, this study proposed goal interdependence with downstream company as an important enabler of firms’ dynamic capability. Moreover, we examined both how and when cooperative and competitive goals affect dynamic capability by considering customer integration as a mediator and market dynamism as an important contingency. We tested our moderated mediation model by using survey data from a cross-industry sample of 233 firms in China. Results of structural equation analyses suggest that firms and downstream companies that recognize strategic goal interdependence as cooperation rather than competition develop customer integration. With customer integration, firms’ dynamic capability is promoted. Additionally, the moderated mediation analysis revealed that the positive indirect relationship between cooperative goal and dynamic capability with the linkage of customer integration is weaker for higher levels of market dynamism, but the negative indirect effect of competitive goal on the dynamic capability through customer integration does not depend on market dynamism. Based on these findings, we discussed how our findings extend dynamic capability research, the theory of cooperation and competition and provide implications for practice.

Development of social sector through institutional change

The article analyses the preconditions of institutional changes in the social sector of Ukraine with the focus on the analysis of institutional regime quality and the analysis of the current model of social services management and financing. A comparative analysis of countries by the Knowledge Economy Index showed that it is due to institutional component that this index value decreases. High-income countries do not show significant growth dynamics as well. It is a quite representative fact that countries on path to creating competitive institutions (Baltic countries, Poland) are demonstrating the increasing dynamics of the Knowledge Economy Index, by the development of institutions as well. The analysis of individual components of the Knowledge Economy Index is also informative. Thus, Ukraine demonstrates a decline in the institutional environment quality over the period from 2000 to 2012 according to quantitative indicator of the economic and institutional regimes. The article also compares models of social services management in Ukraine and in developed countries. A multi-level model of social services management in Ukraine is formed. Its feature isthat most services are attributed to all three levels of management and financing. The results of the analysis show that the management of social service delivery is distributed to a wide range of stakeholders. The main difference between the models of social services management in Ukraine and in the countries of the analysed group is in the degree of private capital attraction. Current trends in the social sector development indicate the need for development of market economy institutions there: the social services market, social entrepreneurship in combination with the development of social impact investments. These processes should be regulated based on the following principles: priority of social goals in stakeholder cooperation, continuous improvement of quality, priority of one level of management of budgetary funds, stage-by-stage and comprehensive assessment of consequences of implementing new models of social services management.

Совершенствование и сближение подходов к образованию как фактор гармоничного развития надлежащей клинической практики (GCP)

The article presents a detailed analysis of the possibilities for the harmonious development of good clinical practice (GCP) to form objective standards for international cooperation in the circulation of medicines and other medical products. It reflects unity in the issues of bringing together the goals of cooperation recognized by the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the leading authorized international agencies in order to ensure fair and universal access to the best medical achievements. The authors showed significance and influence of the qualification component of clinical studies on the quality of the results and identified their direct dependence on the level of primary and subsequent education. A review of the modern training system for specialists dealing with the clinical studies. The article objectively identified limiting and future trends in GCP education and training. The possibility of differentiated GCP education focused on various levels of required competences in the format of participation in clinical studies has been demonstrated on the basis of the current developments of the European Forum for Good Clinical Practice (EFGCP). The paper presented accessible arsenal of educational opportunities and formed the prospects for achieving harmonization and rapprochement in educational issues on the GCP.

The European Union and Africa: Depoliticised Development and the Elusive Quest for Democracy and Security

As the negotiations for a new cooperation framework between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states have just started, this research paper examines the historical evolution of the ideological assumptions and goals of the EU-Africa development cooperation, the problems and difficulties it encountered, and its achievements since its inception in the late 1950s. During the Cold War the relations between the European Economic Community and the African governments aimed at accelerating the economic modernisation of the African states and cementing their links with the Western bloc. However, after the end of the Cold War, the imposition of political and economic conditionalities and the subordination of development cooperation to political and security goals have led to a growing politicisation of the EU-Africa partnership. However, the notion of development at the basis of the partnership has been vaguely defined and increasingly depoliticised. The research paper shows that the insufficient attention paid to the contradictions between the promotion of the neo-liberal economic reforms on the one side and the support for human rights, democracy and security in Africa on the other side, contributed to the disarticulation of the EU-Africa partnership and undermined its effectiveness.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Structural equation model analysis of information systems in cooperative organizations: focusing the role of cooperative experience and information process mechanism

Cooperation in competitive environment is a vital way for an organization to enhance learning and competence. Information process mechanism is a key element of information systems in cooperative for achieving cooperative goals, and cooperative experience serves as an important variable to promote information process and learning ability in a cooperative organization. By using a big survey dataset from Chinese enterprises, this study explores the relationship between cooperative experience and cooperative performance. Based on an analysis using a structural equation model, this study found that information process mechanism plays the role of a complete mediation in the relationship between cooperative experience and performance. This means that cooperative experiences depend on the information mechanism within the cooperation to improve internal and external performances and realize desired cooperative objectives. Furthermore, it was found that the key information process mechanism has an obvious four-stage, including information acquisition, information encoding, information sharing, and information internalization.

Concept of interoperability of state with civil society: applied aspect

It is substantiated that today more and more people understand that the conflict is generally unprofitable and unconstructive for society. The world community has come to understand that reconciling interests, that is, finding a consensus solution, is the best result of interaction between the parties. It is also evident that participants in the course of finding solutions to each other should demonstrate their personal ability to hear the opinions of other participants and try to bring them into their actions and proposals. Under these circumstances, it’s important to be set up for an «effective dialogue» to all parties to such interaction. They should strive to find compromises, to work out common visions on ways to solve problems, and to make a single joint decision that will take into account the interests of all, and in the future - to control its implementation. The conceptual approach to establishing interaction between the state and civil society institutions is analyzed. It is noted that during its introduction there are two main problems. First, there are no clear, accessible and well-developed channels of interaction between non-governmental organizations and the state. Therefore, the government should be obliged under the agreement not only to specify its priorities and goals of cooperation, but also to create clear and accessible channels of interaction. Secondly, if the methods of interaction are not developed enough, to ensure the real representation of the interests of communities will be impossible. Therefore, for example, the Welsh Treaty emphasizes the procedures that the state must take to ensure the possibility of a broad democratic representation of interests by non-governmental organizations. This includes, for example, the requirement to hold consultations with the sector on issues that may affect its interests. It also includes early warning of non-governmental organizations about possible policy changes and new developments, potential problems, as long as they are just emerging, providing sufficient time to conduct consultations, feedback on the outcome of consultations and opportunities for participation in policy implementation and evaluation. To effectively represent the interests of non-governmental organizations, all these issues need to be addressed (included in the treaty).

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF HUMAN CAPITAL MAINTENANCE IN THE UNITED NATIONAL TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY

The article covers the influence of pedagogical conditions on the preservation of human capital in the united territorial community. The concept of "pedagogical conditions", "united territorial community", "human capital" is highlighted. The basic problems of saving of human capital in the united territorial community are analyzed.It is concluded that pedagogical conditions, as a combination of forms, methods and techniques, increase the efficiency of the educational process, thereby positively affecting the process of saving human capital.The authors believe that human capital is a socio-economic category, which is considered as a combination of natural characteristics (health, creative inclinations, talent, knowledge) that are due to the employee, as well as self-accumulated (acquired as a result of life experience) and developed by him as a result of investing in education, vocational training and health improvement.The welfare and sustainable development of any nation depends on human capital, and therefore a well thought-out and consistent policy in the field of development and human resource conservation is needed.It is grounded that community activity should primarily focus on the development of cooperation, partnership relations. The essence of cooperation is that the territorial community combines its efforts and resources with a pedagogical university to solve the existing problems of its own development. The ultimate goal of cooperation should be to create appropriate conditions that will improve the quality of life of community members and contribute to the enrichment of the human resources that reside in its territory.

A distributed economic MPC framework for cooperative control under conflicting objectives

Abstract In this paper, we consider the problem of coordinating self-interested interacting dynamical systems by means of a distributed economic MPC framework. The self-interest of the systems is reflected by an individual local objective function each agent is trying to minimize, while cooperation is required with respect to coupling constraints and an asymptotic cooperative goal, which is represented by a particular steady state of the overall system. Our basic premise is that this steady state, which fulfills the cooperative goal, is not known a priori but has to be negotiated online, while already taking control actions. For the purpose of determining this steady state in a distributed way, arbitrary distributed computation algorithms can be incorporated into the proposed framework. We show that satisfaction of coupling constraints and convergence to the desired overall steady state can be established. Examples for an asymptotic cooperative goal include synchronization under conflicting objectives or sensor coverage, which are both studied in the work at hand and are also illustrated by numerical simulations.

The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations and Interfaith Dialogue: What is it Good For?

The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) was founded in 2005, following the devastating attacks by al Qaeda on the United States on 11 September 2001 (‘9/11’). The article examines the UNAOC’s involvement in interfaith dialogue by focusing on three faith-based entities with which the Alliance regularly cooperates in joint interfaith events: The Committee of Religious NGOs at the United Nations, Religions for Peace, and United Religions Initiative. The article concludes by suggesting that, while such cooperation is no doubt well-meaning and probably does no harm, it is unclear whether it actually advances the goals of interfaith dialogue and cooperation: reduced tensions and conflicts.

Accountability breeds response-ability

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between perceived subordinate performance and abusive supervision. From the perspective of moral exclusion theory, the authors examine cooperative goal interdependence and competitive goal interdependence as key boundary conditions to hypothesize and demonstrate the direct negative relationship between low-performing subordinates and abusive supervision. Within the moral exclusion framework, supervisors may strategically abuse low performers when cooperative goal interdependence is high, or competitive goal interdependence is low. Moreover, this study explores the impact of abusive supervision on subordinate’s objective performance.Design/methodology/approachThis research employs two independent studies to examine the antecedents and consequences of abusive supervision based on respondents from a Fortune 500 company located in Anhui province of People’s Republic of China (PRC). Study 1 uses a time lagged, single source survey while Study 2 employs multi-source, multi-wave data. The results support the integrated model.FindingsAcross the two studies, the results showed that the direct negative relationship between perceived subordinate performance and abusive supervision was found to be stronger when cooperative goal interdependence was high and when competitive goal interdependence was low. Study 2 also revealed the negative impact of abusive supervision on subordinate’s objective performance and that the conditional indirect effect of subordinate’s perceived performance on objective performance via abusive supervision was contingent on the extent of cooperative and competitive goal interdependence.Originality/valueThe results clearly demonstrate that supervisors are likely to turn to abusive supervision in response to poor performing subordinates but that the tendency to use abuse as an instrumental strategy for improving subordinate performance is dependent on the nature of goal interdependence between the supervisor and subordinates’ goals. The research also shows that although supervisors may turn to abusive supervision under certain goal interdependence conditions, it is not an effective strategy for actually improving subordinate objective performance. In fact, it has the opposite effect.

The stochastic incentive effect of venture capital in partnership systems with the asymmetric bistable Cobb–Douglas utility

Partnerships, between multiple sides that share cooperative goals, strive for mutual benefit, and acknowledge a high level of mutual interdependence, are ubiquitous both between and within the enterprises, and the internal or external stochastic factors driving competition and cooperation are the fundamental characteristics of partnership systems. Thus motivated, we establish an over-damped Langevin equation to describe the stochastic dynamical behaviors of the enterprise subject to asymmetric bistable Cobb–Douglas utility (CDU) potential. Due to the contemporaneous presence of periodic capital-product switches and stochastic fluctuations of internal and external capital environment, the stationary response of partnership systems is driven by the combination of the two driving effects cooperatively cause the enterprise to switch between the two utility equilibriums, and produce the maximum of stochastic incentive effect in the statistical sense. Based on the two-state theory, we derive the analytical results of performance measurement, including output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), stationary unit risk-return (URR) and the incentive risk, which are divided into two categories: systematic risk and bilateral risk. Finally, one true example are introduced, and our proposed model is used to fitly explain the ‘U’-shape phenomenon observed from small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) samples. The purpose in this paper is to develop a quantitative method and the associated prototype system try to answer the questions of how the venture capital incents the partners especially associated with partnership success, what roles the internal and external risks play respectively, and how to avoid risk resonance and create portfolio strategies of introducing venture capital and optimizing the portfolio risk.

We cooperated so… now what? Infants expect cooperative partners to share resources

Research has demonstrated that an understanding of and engagement in cooperative activities emerges early in life. However, little is known about the expectations infants hold about the consequences of cooperative action. We demonstrate that 14-month-old infants expect that cooperative partners will share the recently attained cooperative goal instead of keeping it for themselves. Interestingly, this prediction does not hold if infants saw the two individuals work towards individual goals. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature suggesting that infants possess at least a basic understanding of cooperation well before their second birthday.

The Effect Of Goal Structure On Vo2 And Motivation In 6-10 Year Old Children During Exergame Play

Previous research has examined contexts which may promote playing physically interactive video games (exergames) in place of traditional, sedentary video games in children. In one such study the presence of a friend did not increase children’s motivation to play an exergame versus a sedentary alternative. This lack of an effect may have been due to the competitive goal structure of the exergame studied. Children may prefer a cooperative game structure when playing with a friend. PURPOSE: To examine physiologic response and relative reinforcing value (RRV, i.e., motivation) for playing an exergame with a friend under two different goal structures: competitive and cooperative. METHODS: Participants (N = 7, 7.9 ± 1.5 years old) and a same-sex friend each completed three, 10-minute conditions: supine rest, competitive, and cooperative game play. During competitive game play, participants played Nintendo Wii Tennis against their friend. During the cooperative condition, subjects and their friend played together against a computer avatar. During each 10 minute session oxygen consumption (VO ml[BULLET OPERATOR]kg-1[BULLET OPERATOR]min-1) was recorded and children reported their liking, via visual analog scale, for that condition. After completing all three conditions, children completed an RRV computer task to assess their motivation to play the competitive versus cooperative goal structures. During the task children performed work (button presses) to gain access to competitive play, cooperative play or a combination of the two. The output maximum (Omax) or maximum amount of work (presses) for each goal structure was used as the measure of RRV. RESULTS: VO2 was significantly (p ≤ 0.009) greater for cooperative (8.88 ± 3.29 ml[BULLET OPERATOR]kg-1[BULLET OPERATOR]min-1) and competitive (10.24 ± 3.24 ml[BULLET OPERATOR]kg-1[BULLET OPERATOR]min-1) game play than the resting condition (5.75 ± 1.59ml[BULLET OPERATOR]kg-1[BULLET OPERATOR]min-1). Liking was also significantly (p ≤ 0.004) greater for cooperative (8.92 ± 2.03 cm) and competitive (8.59 ± 2.39 cm) game play than rest (3.07 ± 2.59 cm). There were no differences (p > 0.05) between cooperative and competitive game play for: VO2, liking, or Omax. CONCLUSION: In children, VO2 and liking were both greater during exergame play versus the resting condition. However, motivation to play the competitive and cooperative game structures was not significantly different.

INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF FORMATION AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES AND THEIR ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN ECONOMY

Topicality. Development of agricultural cooperatives is an important area of structural adjustment of agrarian sector. Relevance the research of vectors of influence an institutional environment for a cooperative movement, caused by the need to improve the process of institutionalization of agrarian cooperation for its accelerated development in realities of Ukraine taking into account world experience. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is the justification institutional foundations for the formation of agricultural cooperatives and their role and functions in system of agrarian economics period of structural transformations. In the research, the following methods are used: dialectics, structural and dynamic analysis, horizontal and vertical comparative analysis, index method. Research results. In the article authors components of institutional environment of agrarian cooperation are determined. Based on an institutional approach substantiated the basic features and essence agricultural cooperatives in market conditions. In the course of the study, it was established both the productive and service agricultural cooperatives have a single meaningful essence, a common goal, which is to meet the needs of members at the least cost resources, which is confirmed by Declaration on Cooperative Identity. This goal is achieved through entrepreneurial activity, in this case, profit plays a role a means of implementing a cooperative goal. In the article focuses attention the need for development of informal institutions agrarian cooperation in Ukraine, which ensure the interaction of legal institutions. Were conduced estimation of dynamics and structures of agrarian enterprises for organizational and legal forms of management. Conclusions. The dynamics of indicators of profitability, wage and labor productivity agricultural enterprises in nominal and real dimensions are analyzed. According to the results of analysis the main social problems in agriculture in Ukraine are identified, namely: decrease in number of employees, a significant wage gap from the state indicator, reduction of labor productivity in real measure, a decrease in the net profit of agrarians in 2016, etc. Proved that in market system agricultural cooperatives perform a social function by means of creating new jobs, reducing unemployment, growth in real labor productivity on the basis of the introduction of new technologies, development of rural infrastructure and so on. In practice, the social function of cooperatives is realized through solving social problems.

Alfred Marshall on Cooperation

Alfred Marshall’s treatment of cooperation includes a confusing mix of approbatory and disparaging positions. Cooperation is praised for aiming to “regenerat[e] the world by restraining the cruel force of competition,” but its aspirations are reportedly “higher than its practice.” The article uncovers two reasons for this tension. Firstly, the tension is an effect of two different modes of engagement, namely an ethical commitment to the universal cultivation of desirable forms of character through work (the explicit goal of cooperation), and a pragmatic analysis of the comparative economic benefits of organizational types (leading to a diagnosis of cooperation’s limitations). Secondly, the tension is also an outcome of reflection on the historical development of British cooperatives. The prevalence of consumer (rather than productive) cooperatives in nineteenth-century Britain leads Marshall to doubt the ability of cooperation to cultivate character. The article then provides a conceptual presentation of three interrelated concepts of cooperation in Marshall’s work—cooperative ethics, cooperative organization, and constructive cooperation—of which the latter two forms are shown to be evaluated with reference to the extent to which they promote the principles of the first. It is shown that whereas the early Marshall speaks highly of the explicitly ethical nature of cooperative organization, the later Marshall is increasingly attentive, first, to the failure of cooperative organization to achieve its ethical goal, and second, to certain unintended ethical benefits of competitive constructive cooperation (a form of industrial organization oriented toward reciprocal mutual profit). In closing, the paper considers the significance of Marshall’s work for a recent set of debates reflecting renewed interest in cooperative production.

Patient-centered Goals of Care: Using the Chronic Care Management (CCM) Code Towards Cooperative Goal Setting in the Multimorbid Elderly

Patient-centered Goals of Care: Using the Chronic Care Management (CCM) Code Towards Cooperative Goal Setting in the Multimorbid Elderly