Forms Of Cooperation Research Articles

Specifics of Bilateral US-EU Relations under J. Biden Administration

The article is dedicated to current state of affairs and perspectives of institutionalization of US-EU relations. Due to different international and domestic political reasons, after the 2020 the two sides declared a rapprochement. The US is likely to re-main the most influential center of power of the current system of international affairs. Due to the process of European integration, the EU acquired an ability to behave as an international actor and the US’ global partner. An ambitious bilateral agenda includes not only pragmatic goals, but a long-term intention to cooperate. Institutions of bilateral relations are supposed to build strategic partnership regardless of concrete political situation. The period from 2021 to 2023 were favorable for such efforts, because of the White House retreat from the isolationist foreign policy. The article explores different formats of cooperation between the US and the EU with special focus on high level co-operation. Interparliamentary connections between the US Congress and European Parliament play a special role in institutionalizing the relations. Special attention is paid to the new frameworks of executive branch cooperation, such as Council for Trade and Technology, as well as a number of Strategic Dialogues on different topics. Institutionalization of bilateral relations is aimed at consolidation of economic and technological resources for strategic confrontation against China.

The Evolution of Washington's Strategy towards Central Asia

The article examines the evolution of Washington's policy towards the countries of Central Asia. The reasons for the growing US interest in the Central Asian countries, as well as its recently extremely proactive policy against the backdrop of a fierce confrontation with Russia, have been identified. A step-by-step analysis of Washington’s position regarding this region, together with the old and new formats of both bilateral and regional cooperation, is given in the context of the Global South agenda becoming extremely urgent against the backdrop of increasing competition for the region carried out by its key players – China, Russia, and the United States. At the same time, the role and significance of Central Asia could change depending on the place this region will occupy in the constantly changing scale of US priorities while implementing its policy towards the post-Soviet space.

Evolution of China's Role in the Asia-Pacific Region

In the 30 years since China joined APEC, China has actively participated in various forms of economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region, and has been a firm and active supporter of Asia-Pacific economic cooperation. China has closely integrated Asia-Pacific economic cooperation and its own development. China has become the second largest economy in the world, and its role is also changing significantly. By promoting China's economic development - it has promoted economic development and social progress, improved people's living standards and made great contributions to development in the Asia-Pacific region. China is playing an increasingly important role in the world. It has played an active role in building an open world economy, supporting the multilateral trading system and guiding the development of economic globalization. China's rapid consolidation of its comprehensive state power has shattered the original power structure in the Asia-Pacific region and changed the original territorial pattern. Against this background, key economies in the region, such as the US, Japan and ASEAN, are also making strategic adjustments that have a significant impact on the order in the Asia-Pacific region. In recent years, the US has been trying to create a group political environment in the Asia-Pacific region in order to suppress and isolate China. The final shape of the changing order in the Asia-Pacific depends on the great power competition and the degree of China's development. Ultimately, the role China hopes to play may also be achieved.

Anangula before and after: to the 50th anniversary of Soviet-American archaeological expedi-tion on the Aleutian Islands

The purpose of this work is to analyze the events in scientific life that preceded and followed the first Soviet-American archaeological expedition to the Aleutian Islands 50 years ago (1974) and the excavations of the Anangula Site, the materials of which date back to ca. 9,000 years ago. The used sources include various publications by Rus-sian and foreign authors, highlighting the key episodes of international dialogue and the stages of the formation of American studies in the Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg), the Institute of Ethnography (Moscow), and the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy (Novosibirsk), as well as the information on the participation of Russian scientists, with reports, at major international forums, periodicals, and scientific chronicles, freely available archival data, and also records from family collections. The dynamics and forms of academic cooperation between Russian and North American archaeologists and ethnographers (exchanges of visits, conferences, exhibitions, joint projects, publications) are traced during different stages — in the 1900s–1930s, 1950s–1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. The initial period featured the interest of the American side in the study of materials from Siberia and Northeast Asia in the person of such specialists as A. Hrdlicka, F. Rainey, and W. Laughlin, and the late 1960s period — the institutional, structural, and thematic development of American studies in several scientific centers in Russia. The specifics of changes in the structure of financing, and the role of the grant system (Russian and foreign scientific foundations) since the 1990s are noted. As a result, a number of conclusions have been drawn about the regularity of the ap-pearance and implementation of the project on the Aleutian Islands, the role of Siberian researchers (A.P. Okladnikov, A.P. Derevianko, R.S. Vasilievsky) in the development of such areas as American studies and Pacific archaeology in science and education, the long-term effect of the “Anangula legacy” for the next generations of Russian and North American archaeologists, as well as about the current state of the research in the area.

The social leverage effect: Institutions transform weak reputation effects into strong incentives for cooperation

Institutions allow cooperation to persist when reciprocity and reputation provide insufficient incentives. Yet how they do so remains unclear, especially given that institutions are themselves a form of cooperation. To solve this puzzle, we develop a mathematical model of reputation-based cooperation in which two social dilemmas are nested within one another. The first dilemma, characterized by high individual costs or insufficient monitoring, cannot be solved by reputation alone. The second dilemma, an institutional collective action, involves individuals contributing to change the parameters of the first dilemma in a way that incentivizes cooperation. Our model demonstrates that this nested architecture creates a leverage effect. While insufficient on its own to incentivize cooperation in the first dilemma, reputation incentivizes contributions to the institutional collective action, which, in turn, strengthen the initially weak incentives for cooperation in the first dilemma. Just as a pulley system transforms minimal muscular strength into significant lifting capability, institutions act as cooperative pulleys, transforming initially weak reputational incentives into powerful drivers of cooperative behavior. Based on these results, we suggest that institutions have developed as social technologies, designed by humans to exploit this social leverage effect, just as material technologies are designed to exploit physical laws.

INTERAKSI SOSIAL NELAYAN PURSE SEINE DI NEGERI YAINUELO KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

This study analyzes the associative social interactions of purse seine fishermen in Yainuelo Village, Amahai District, Central Maluku Regency. This area is rich in fishery resources, with most residents relying on fishing as their primary source of livelihood. Social interactions between fishermen and traders play a crucial role in utilizing marine resources, building solidarity, and enhancing operational efficiency. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method, gathering primary data through interviews, observations, and documentation, alongside secondary data from official sources. The findings reveal various forms of cooperation among fishermen, including the determination of fishing locations and the hauling of nets. These social interactions are categorized into four types: individual-to-individual (I-I), individual-to-group (I-G), group-to-individual (G-I), and group-to-group (G-G). Each interaction type demonstrates unique social dynamics that reinforce solidarity and work efficiency. This study recommends enhancing cooperation among fishermen and providing support to strengthen existing social networks, aimed at optimizing fishery yields and improving the welfare of the local community.

Trusting neighbours? Public perceptions on civil defence cooperation across the Nordics

This article zooms in on the pre-conditions on the citizens’ level for deeper Nordic cooperation on civil defence matters. Historical ties, Nordic security cooperation, high-trusting citizens and the fact that all five Nordic states now are members of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) speak in favour of increased cooperation on civil defence. Still, the experiences from the Covid-19 pandemic with different strategies, diverging policies and closed borders, as well as heated exchanges of views, provide us with contradicting expectations. Based on a unique dataset with over 11,000 Nordic respondents, we address these mixed expectations and study the trust of the Nordic citizens in both their respective government’s civil defence preparedness and the citizens’ preferences regarding Nordic and other forms of international cooperation in this area. The results show a significant variation of trust in the civil preparedness of national governments (Finland highest trust, Sweden lowest trust). The variation returns in the desire for deeper international cooperation with considerably lower level of support for enhanced Nordic cooperation among the Danish respondents and strong support for such cooperation among the Finns, Norwegians and Swedes. Hence, our results indicate a potential for enhanced cooperation among some Nordics, but not all.

New Formats of U.S. Nuclear Alliances and Their Impact on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

This article examines the impact of new formats of nuclear cooperation launched by the United States with its allies on the international nonproliferation regime established by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The two examples of such cooperation outlined in this article are the AUKUS partnership between Australia, United Kingdom and Untitled States that involves transfer to Canberra of a large amount of highly-enriched uranium for use in nuclear-powered submarines, as well as the extended deterrence between the United States and the Republic of Korea. This material presents the analysis of how (if at all) these initiatives are compatible with the NPT and what the most problematic elements are in each case in relation to the Treaty and its regime. It derives from the research that has been conducted that the new formats of United States’ nuclear cooperation are undermining the NPT regime and its international standing. As a result of such cooperation the NPT loses its unique international legal core that for more than half a century has allowed to stop proliferation of nuclear weapons. The norms that lied in the basis of the Treaty are also being eroded. Such tendencies create a completely new environment and inevitably affect security calculus of other States Parties to the NPT. Against this backdrop further decrease of the political weight of the Treaty cannot be excluded, together with its role in upholding international peace and stability. Such transformations may require a brand new look at and approach to the international nonproliferation regime in the future.

Safe motion planning and formation control of quadruped robots

This paper introduces a motion planning and cooperative formation control approach for quadruped robots and multi-agent systems. First, in order to improve the efficiency and safety of quadruped robots navigating in complex environments, this paper proposes a new planning method that combines the dynamic model of quadruped robots and a gradient-optimized obstacle avoidance strategy without Euclidean Signed Distance Field. The framework is suitable for both static and slow dynamic obstacle environments, aiming to achieve multiple goals of obstacle avoidance, minimizing energy consumption, reducing impact, satisfying dynamic constraints, and ensuring trajectory smoothness. This approach differs in that it reduces energy consumption throughout the movement from a new perspective. Meanwhile, this method effectively reduces the impact of the ground on the robot, thus mitigating the damage to its structure. Second, we combine the dynamic control barrier function and the virtual leader-follower model to achieve efficient and safe formation control through model predictive control. Finally, the proposed algorithm is validated through both simulations and real-world scenarios testing.

ANALYSIS OF STRATEGY WOMEN'S COOPERATIVE POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON HUMAN RESOURCES

This study is a qualitative study, aimed at analyzing the development of Human Resources in women's cooperatives in Lumajang Regency using Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats analysis, so that it becomes a consideration in determining the strategy for developing women's cooperative business. The target of this study was 54 women's cooperatives. The research used were primary and secondary data’s. The data collection technique used a questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that the strengths of women's cooperatives in Lumajang Regency are the level of knowledge and experience of cooperative managers, both with an average service period of 8 years. The level of education of the management is good, generally high school or equivalent. The internal capital and financial management of the cooperative is good, namely by paying attention to the principles of good and healthy governance. Women's Cooperatives strive to maximize their strengths as supporting factors for improving performance so that the weaknesses of Women's Cooperatives can be minimized. The results of the IFAS matrix analysis in the form of opportunity factors show that the potential for cooperative development due to the presence of a third party to establish partnerships through the support of information technology and government policies is very good. There is potential for business network cooperation between women's cooperatives at the regional and area levels, opportunities through government programs in the development of women's cooperatives and ease of licensing in the formation of new cooperatives as well as an increasingly open and conducive cross-sectoral business climate.

Event-triggered consensus adaptive filters for target localization

Distributed filters show strong robustness by using certain resources of communications and calculations to collaboratively estimate or track an unknown dynamic process of interest over a sensor network. In this paper, an event-triggered mechanism (ETM) is introduced for least mean square (LMS)-based consensus adaptive filters to deal with applications with communication resource constraints. An upper bound of the estimation errors for the proposed event-triggered consensus adaptive filters is established under a cooperative information condition without independent or stationary signal assumptions. To verify the effectiveness and resource saving properties of the proposed event-triggered consensus LMS-based filters, numerical simulations for target localization using bearing-only measurements of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles are provided. It is proved that the ETM provides settable thresholds to artificially adjust the proportions between the estimation accuracy and the resource consumption. Finally, experimental results are given to further show the performance and applicability of the proposed algorithm in practical engineering.

The Role of Universities in the Development of “Smart Cities”: Foreign and Russian Experience

The “Smart city” concept was introduced in 1994 and since then has been actively implemented in city management, including in the Russian Federation. Despite the fact that a large part of researchers reduces a smart city to the modernization of aging infrastructure through digitalization, practice shows that technology in itself is rarely a solution to urban problems; it is necessary to develop, first of all, the social aspects of management simultaneously with the introduction of appropriate technological solutions. The development of a sociocentric dimension of management of urban systems involves the involvement of various actors in the development and implementation of initiatives of public authorities, including universities. The purpose of this study is based on the study of foreign and domestic cases, to highlight the forms of interaction between universities and local governments and determine the role of universities in the formation and development of smart cities.The work used the method of analysis and synthesis, comparison and synthesis of information, the method of induction and deduction. The information base for the study was the materials of the Urban Digitalization Index “IQ of Cities”, regulations aimed at the development of smart cities in the Russian Federation, and the authors’ own research.Based on the data, the role of universities in the formation and development of smart cities in Russia and foreign countries was determined, the main forms of cooperation between universities and other actors in the process of developing smart cities were identified, recommendations were developed for the development of cooperation between universities and public authorities in the implementation of the departmental project “Smart City”.The experience of Russian and foreign cities shows the existence of a relationship between the degree of involvement of universities in the implementation of the smart city project and the results of intellectualization and digitalization of the urban economy. The critical role of universities is to promote socially oriented management, as opposed to the chaotic digitalization of individual processes of urban management and data collection, without further analysis. To expand the practice of involving universities in the development of Smart Cities, a number of recommendations are proposed.

School entry examinations in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1949 to 1989 - An overview of formal and content-related implementation

Summarising the formal and substantive enrolment practice of school entry examinations (SEU) in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Through a systematic literature review using a conventional as well as internet-based sources, specialised literature on specific topics and original documents were made available following selected search terms to capture essential characteristics of SEU in the GDR and to present them in a general context. In the GDR, regular school enrolment took place at the age of 6, although SEU implementation practice during the 1950s and 1960s was fundamentally inconsistent in terms of form and content. On the basis of mandatory annual screening examinations for children, the medical screening examination at pre-school age of 5-6 years was formally valid as a SEU. On a case-by-case basis, the responsible paediatricians carried out supplementary, but non-standardised developmental tests. From the 1970s onwards, the increasing density of kindergarten in the GDR led to their specialist staff getting more involved in the assessment of pre-school children's competences relevant to schooling. In addition, screening at the age of 4-5 years also became more relevant for developmental diagnostic purposes. While various examination procedures were initially used, a standardised inventory of instruments for assessing learning ability, intellectual development and language development gradually emerged during the 1970s. These two staggered SEUs between the age of 4 and 6 years enabled preschool children to be supported if necessary, so that children with developmental delays could be given adequate developmental and educational opportunities. This concept also enabled an intensifying, partly informal cooperation between the specialist staff in the kindergartens, paediatricians, parents and school headmasters. Overall, the SEU in the GDR was based on a professionally and a well thought-out concept from the 1970s onwards. At this time, the standardised, staggered and multidisciplinary approach was methodologically superior to school enrolment practice in West Germany.

Content and forms of cooperation between preschool educational institution and parents

Content and forms of cooperation between preschool educational institution and parents

Does the impact of open innovation depend on contextual factors? A case of the Korean biopharmaceutical industry.

Investments in the strategic development of the biopharmaceutical industry are increasing in both developed and developing countries. The biopharmaceutical industry is a technology-intensive industry where securing original technology and intellectual property rights is important. The role of open innovation is becoming more important due to the enormous research and development (R&D) funds and long development period in the early development process, and open innovation (OI) is becoming more important in the corporate world. Many empirical studies have been conducted on the impact on performance. However, the contextual factors that affect the relationship between OI activities and innovation performance have received relatively little attention, and studies from the perspective of developing countries catching up with developed countries are even rarer. Accordingly, this study examined the moderating effects (government R&D support, absorptive capacity, and alliance management capacity) that affect open innovation and innovation performance in the biopharmaceutical industry using data from Korea, one of the most representative latecomer countries in the biopharmaceutical industry. The basic information, OI activities, and patent achievements of Korean biopharmaceutical firms were collected and organized into a database. Samples with missing or incorrect information were excluded, and 527 firms were analyzed. Negative binomial regression analysis was performed considering the characteristics of patent performance, which is the dependent variable, and a time lag of one to two years was assumed considering the time required to generate results. OI in the form of technological cooperation, rather than technology purchasing, has a positive effect on patent performance. Meanwhile, the greater the absorptive capacity and government R&D support, the greater the positive impact of technological cooperation on patent performance. Conversely, the greater the alliance management capacity, the greater the positive impact of technological cooperation. These results indicate that the impact of OI activities on technological innovation performance may vary depending on context.

Energy transition governance in the ASEAN: current status and future prospects

PurposeA study of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states’ (AMS) norm entrepreneurial practices regarding the energy transition to reveal insights into its current and future governance.Design/methodology/approachUnderstanding why the notion of an energy transition has garnered support, and importantly, knowing what this means for the future requires reviewing the forces of norm entrepreneurship at play. By adopting a constructivist lens, this article undertakes a comparative analysis of the “modes of transmission” of the energy transition amongst AMS.FindingsASEAN nations have in many respects been at the vanguard of the energy transition. Yet the governments themselves demonstrate both norm entrepreneurial and antipreneurial characteristics. Notwithstanding this mix, there are extant opportunities for “intraconnection” – in the form of cooperation between AMS and “interconnection” – in the form of cooperation between AMS and other state and non-state actors.Practical implicationsThis article underscores the importance of partnerships in the energy transition: both in enabling AMS to meet their respective nationally determined contributions (NDCs) but also crucially in catalysing action amongst a broader swathe of countries.Originality/valueApplying the lens of norm entrepreneurship to the ASEAN context, including introducing novel conceptions of “conductive” practices that drive the energy transition and “resistive” practices that slow it down.

Implementasi Akuntansi Syariah pada Sistem Bagi Hasil Pembiayaan Mudharabah dalam Praktik Keuangan Modern

Mudharabah financing is a form of cooperation between shahibul mal (capital owner) who provides all the capital to mudharib (the manager). The profit sharing used in mudharabah financing, in this case there are two parties who make a business agreement, then the results of the business carried out by both parties or one of the parties, will be divided according to the portion of each party to the agreement. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of the profit-sharing system of mudharabah financing used to develop businesses in today's modern era. The research method used is literature review through literature study to collect data and research information by collecting materials from journals and scientific articles on mudharabah financing with profit sharing system. From the results of this study, the number of business actors in today's modern era, with the high need for small business capital, especially street vendors who at the same time find it difficult to fulfill the procedures for obtaining funding in the banking sector, this is a great opportunity for Sharia Financial Institutions (LKS) such as Baitul Mal wa Tamwil (BMT) to provide a forum for street vendors (mudharib) by issuing Mudharabah financing with the aim of improving the performance and income of a Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM). So that mudharabah can play a role in sharia-based economic development and the growth of modern industrial society.

Regional Alliance - Lublin Triangle: geopolitical priorities and dynamics of foreign policy transformation in the context of security challenges and threats

The article is devoted to the current problem of the effectiveness of the Lublin Triangle Alliance as a multilateral security cooperative format between Poland, Ukraine and Lithuania in the military-political, economic, cultural and social spheres. The strategies and directions of activity of the Lublin triangle are analyzed in the context of modern geopolitical and security challenges, including Russian expansion and aggression. The decisive role of the Alliance in the development of the European security system, the provision of military-technical, financial-economic, and humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war is substantiated. The role of the Lublin triangle in maintaining the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Ukrainian state has been studied; the de-occupation of the territories captured by Russia, as well as the realization of Ukraine's European and Euro-Atlantic integration aspirations, including membership in the EU and NATO. The article analyzes the dynamics of transformations of partnership strategies and interactions of Poland-Lithuania-Ukraine in the context of security threats from Russia during the full-scale war. The priority areas of cooperation for 2022-2024 have been outlined and characterized. The effectiveness of cooperation between the states of the Lublin Triangle in the field of security and defense is substantiated; cybersecurity; energy security; strategic communications, comma and countering hybrid threats. It was emphasized that in the conditions of modern geopolitical challenges and threats, security strategies in the activity and foreign policy of the «Lublin Triangle» are a priority.

Rhetorical action in a liberal international order in crisis: theorising EU and NATO enlargements post-2022

ABSTRACT The Russian invasion of Ukraine has thrust the issue of European Union and NATO enlargement back into the political spotlight. However, it remains uncertain whether established theoretical frameworks are still applicable in today’s rapidly changing world. In response to this uncertainty, this debate section brings together five short reflection pieces, with a response from Frank Schimmelfennig, to assess the relevance of the theory of ‘rhetorical action’ in light of recent developments in European and international politics. How effectively does rhetorical action explain current EU and NATO enlargement processes, as well as broader forms of international cooperation? The authors find strong overall support for the theory’s continued validity. However, they caution that the increasing politicisation of issues, the rising competition from populist, non-liberal forces, and the broader crisis of the Liberal International Order require more careful reflection and specification of the scope conditions that define the theory’s limits.

A comprehensive review on agricultural greenhouse gas emission reductions in China: opportunities and challenges

China is the world’s largest carbon emitter. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, one of the main sources, is a channel for achieving China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets on schedule. To clarify the status and prospects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction in Chinese agriculture, this paper focuses on macro-level factors such as policies, economy, society, and technology, meso-level factors such as agricultural digital transformation and carbon trading market construction, and micro-level factors such as individual farmers and household influences on agricultural emissions reduction. Therefore, this article examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in China’s agricultural greenhouse emission reductions by SWOT. It is concluded that optimized industrial structure and technological progress are strengths, while weak low-carbon awareness among farmers and the limitations of traditional small-scale production methods are weaknesses. Aligning with national development direction, absorbing foreign experiences, and integrating with digitization are opportunities. The imbalance between the economy and emission reduction and the significant regional differences are the threats. Overall, China’s efforts are on the right track, but urgent action is needed to improve the quality of farmers and transform the agricultural economy, which requires fundamental changes. Based on this, suggestions are proposed for farmers, businesses, and government from four aspects: promoting and expanding pilot demonstration areas for agricultural carbon sequestration trading, building regionally superior agricultural products and specialty industries, synergistic cooperation for technology development and promotion, improving farmer educational level in the form of agricultural cooperatives, so as to help balance economic and environmental benefits in reducing agricultural GHG emissions.