Cooperative State Research Articles

On the issue of Ukraine's cooperation with UNESCO in the field of cultural, natural and intangible heritage safeguarding

The dynamic development of international relations determines the priorities of cooperation of the Ukrainian state. Safeguarding of cultural, natural and intangible heritage is an integral part of such relations. The symptomatic and chaotic actions of the Ukrainian authorities, combined with the lack of systematic promotion, require the development of an effective strategy in the matter of heritage protection. This issue is especially relevant in relation to facilities located in temporarily occupied territories.

Physical Education and its contribution to Agenda 2030: a systematic review

The United Nations (UN) is an institution to seeks world peace and development of all countries through dialogue and cooperation of all Member States. In the 2000s, the Member States outlined eight goals, which were expanded in 2015 to 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). The SDGs of the 2030 Agenda continue with the same purpose of improving the destiny of humanity. The UN understands that sport is a powerful instrument in overcoming social vulnerabilities. Therefore, School Physical Education has the role of expanding the motor repertoire of its students so that they enjoy body practices and become adults with healthy habits. This systematic review uses the Pubmed, Scielo, ERIC and Science Direct online collections. The question of the present study was, “How has school Physical Education contributed to sustainable development?. Three articles were included in this review. All included studies address the school's physical space in a sustainable way, relating it to the practice of physical activity. The Physical Education teacher does not participate significantly but as a secondary assistant in promoting the students' health. Despite all the mentions of sustainable development, only one paper discusses SDGs, 3 and 11. The other two articles do not explicitly state which SDG physical education is related to. With this, it was concluded that few works in the literature address physical education and the 2030 agenda. The studies were related to the school environment and no study directly cited the Sustainable Development Goals. In this way, future research should be invested in dealing with the contributions of the Physical Education curricular component to the 17 sustainable development goals. Keywords: Physical Education; School; Agenda 2030; Sustainable development.

Կոլեկտիվ անվտանգության տարածաշրջանային կազմակերպությունների առանձնահատկությունները. Քաղաքագիտական վերլուծություն ՆԱՏՕ-ի և ՀԱՊԿ-ի օրինակով / Peculiarities of regional collective security organizations: Politological case study of NATO and CSTO

Comparative analysis of alliance models of regional collective security systems, carried out at the level of theoretical developments, including corresponding official documents of leading states and concepts, as well as performance of NATO and CSTO, enables drawing out some structural principles, typical of such models, and acitivity mechanisms of such organizations with specific peculiarities, inherent to particularly NATO and CSTO. More specifically, the principle of indivisibility of security, meaning that the security of one state ought not to be gained on another state’s expense, is underlying the idea of collective security. The willingness of each of the members to view any aggression against one as aggression against all the members, and the exclusion of power solution of any contradictions within the given organization are a basic term for shaping an alliance model of collective security. NATO was established as a counterweight to the Socialist Camp, setting up in Eastern Europe. The goal for this union of states within the NATO system was to ensure the military security of separate states on account of collective military, political and economic power of the Organization as a whole, i. e., the corporate power of all of its members. At present, NATO at times undertakes functions, not provided by its founding treaty. The USA, being nowadays the world’s leading power, steps up as the leader of NATO, this greatly providing for the Alliance’s strength and authority in the international relations system. Though CSTO has been set with the same goals as NATO, but it remains purely regional organization with limited area of responsibility. In this regard, in the course of the years the Organization has carried out only one peacemaking operation (Kazakhstan, 2022). CSTO is characterized by certain specific features, which allow for a number of objective and subjective factors hindering its efficient performance. Thus, for instance, the membership of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in CSTO, while being at the same time members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Organization of Turkic States, has led to the fact that in the CSTO framework, Armenia has practically cooperated and still cooperates in the bilateral format only with Russia (Belarus “having leant towards” Islam). No wonder that CSTO has to some degree ignored numorous acts of aggression Azerbaijan carried out against Armenia, and avoided real in-depth political assessments of these acts. As a main hindrance for CSTO’s efficient performance can be viewed the fact that the titular nations of the majority of members didn’t have their own statehood, and lacked any experience in shaping international realtions before.

French foreign policy initiatives during the presidency of Emmanuel Macron

Abstract. The French foreign policy concept under the leadership of President Emmanuel Macron revolves around a proactive policy aimed at strengthening the European strategic autonomy in international relations and the defence sphere. The security and defence cooperation of EU member states is developing along two main axes: joint institutions and projects to collectively develop the defence potential of the EU member states and ‘horizontal’ projects where individual states participate based on shared goals and interests. In recent years, Western European countries have put forward at least 5 specific initiatives to deepen political and security ties among the EU countries and their partners on the European continent. Two French projects are particularly prominent: the European Intervention Initiative (2018) and the European Political Community (2022). The European Intervention Initiative represents a vision for joint deployment and anti-crisis military operations involving a voluntary group of partners. For its part, the European Political Community project embodies the concept of a pan-European dialogue excluding russia and Belarus, thus making it a prospective delineated continental framework. It also offers a practical alternative to the OSCE and has the potential to duplicate certain functions of the Council of Europe. The current French foreign policy concept has a predominantly realistic basis, combining pragmatic solutions with the adaptation of the integrated complex of the European Union to the conditions of a multipolar international order. Considering the factor of the russian threat, French President Emmanuel Macron strongly emphasises the necessity of preventing a direct military conflict between the EU and NATO countries with russia. Concurrently, Emmanuel Macron expresses his determination to continue helping Ukraine in repelling russia’s aggression and urges the EU and NATO countries to reconsider the form of their support to Ukraine. Keywords: Macron, defence potential, France, military conflict, European initiatives, russian-Ukrainian war.

Цифровизация миграционной политики ЕС в контексте секьюритизации миграции

The objective of the article is to analyze the transformation of information systems for controlling migration flows in the EU in cases where migration becomes a security issue, which intensified after the refugee crisis of 2015-2016. Special attention is paid to the use of big data analytics for forecasting migration. The research methods of the investigation were: the problem-chronological method to trace the evolution of the EU regulatory framework in the field of border control digitalization and an interdisciplinary approach to analyze the possibilities of using big data to forecast migration, with sociological and statistical methods to characterize migration flows. The article is based on the legal, statistical and fact sheets documents of the EU and the UN, and the publications of foreign and Russian researchers on this theme. The author considers the main characteristics and functional features of the Schengen information system and its components, identifies the limitations, highlightes the stages of transformation of the system and indicates the achieved and planned results. During the modification of the system, along with expanding the set of alerts, enhanced access is provided for EU agencies, including the possibility of making searches using fingerprints. A key function of the new system is to ensure the cooperation of nation states for prompt, confidential and efficient follow-up of cases, through the data exchange via a secure network. The author infers that the digital transformation of border control is aimed at creating a European-wide information infrastructure to investigate crimes and terrorist acts, generate alerts about the danger of their commission by “suspicious” persons and highlight groups of “unreliable” people whose stay in the EU is undesirable. At the same time, the target risk group is not limited to terrorists and criminals, but also includes illegal immigrants. In addition to border control information systems, big data analytics is used to monitor and forecast migration. Mobile phone call detail records, social media and Google trends become a leveraged data source to study mobility patterns and create profiles of potential migrants in real-time; the provided big data can also reflect emerging trends and support early warning mechanisms of easier monitoring of migration at national, subnational and local levels. Based on the analysis of the documents, statistical and sociological data, the author concludes that European migration policy has been advanced into a kind of risk management, in which, due to the process of digitalization, it is possible to profile groups of migrants and create series of “risk filters” serving to identify, isolate and deflect those whose presence in the EU should be limited.

Энергетические инициативы Шанхайской организации сотрудничества

Sustainable energy supply and the more complex concept of energy security that has developed are a condition and guarantee for ensuring economic growth. The achievement of this task seems possible in the current situation, provided that joint efforts are combined within the framework of integration associations. For Russia, the SCO is chosen as a reliable outpost – a circle of friendly states, the basis of relations with each of which is many years of experience in reliable cooperation. For example, in order to ensure the full realization of Russia’s export potential, on the one hand, and to meet the growing energy demand from Asian partners, on the other hand, programs are being developed and projects are being implemented to create appropriate trunk transport and energy corridors. Thus, in the eastern direction, the construction of the Power of Siberia main gas pipeline has been completed, the design of the Power of Siberia‑2 main pipeline is underway, work continues to increase the capacity of the transport infrastructure, and the task is to modernize and expand the main infrastructure. Recognizing the need to guarantee the right of all states and peoples to energy security while providing access to reliable, sustainable and modern energy sources, and taking into account current energy trends in the use of clean and low-carbon energy sources, the SCO, in a statement issued in 2022, laid the foundation for its own energy course the common and complementary benefits of fossil fuels and clean energy sources, while taking into account the conditions and characteristics of each state. Ways and directions for expanding the energy cooperation of the member states of this integration association, taking into account the identified priorities, will be studied in this article.

Dynamic Evolutionary Game-based Modeling, Analysis and Performance Enhancement of Blockchain Channels

The recent development of channel technology has promised to reduce the transaction verification time in blockchain operations. When transactions are transmitted through the channels created by nodes, the nodes need to cooperate with each other. If one party refuses to do so, the channel is unstable. A stable channel is thus required. Because nodes may show uncooperative behavior, they may have a negative impact on the stability of such channels. In order to address this issue, this work proposes a dynamic evolutionary game model based on node behavior. This model considers various defense strategies' cost and attack success ratio under them. Nodes can dynamically adjust their strategies according to the behavior of attackers to achieve their effective defense. The equilibrium stability of the proposed model can be achieved. The proposed model can be applied to general channel networks. It is compared with two state-of-the-art blockchain channels: Lightning network and Spirit channels. The experimental results show that the proposed model can be used to improve a channel's stability and keep it in a good cooperative stable state. Thus its use enables a blockchain to enjoy higher transaction success ratio and lower transaction transmission delay than the use of its two peers.

Роль міжнародного кредитування та діяльність міжнародних фінансових організацій у світі та Україні

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the work of domestic and foreign scientists. The results were obtained due to the application of a system of methods: the method of logical analysis made it possible to develop the logic of the research; generalization and synthesis - to form a chronology of IMF cooperation with the domestic national economy; methods of structural and economic-statistical analysis were used to assess the current state of cooperation between the countries of the world and international financial organizations. The graphic method made it possible to visualize the obtained research results. The article is devoted to a detailed study of the role of international lending and the activities of international financial organizations in the countries of the world and Ukraine. An overview of the existing IMF lending mechanisms was carried out and the dynamics of the lending structure of the world's countries under these mechanisms was studied. It has been proven that the most used lending mechanism is the "Stand-by" loan mechanism (SBA), which is designed to help solve short-term balance of payment problems. An analytical review of the largest IMF borrowers of the geographic structure of the fund's financial support to the countries of the world was carried out. An in-depth analysis of financial flows to low- and middle-income countries in 2018-2022 led to the conclusion that the net inflow of debt for 2018-2022 grew by 9% annually, which increases the dependence of these countries on international financial organizations. Within the framework of Ukraine's cooperation with international financial organizations, the country's interaction with the IMF, the World Bank, and the EBRD was investigated. The authors created a chronology of the development of cooperation between Ukraine and the IMF. The assessment of the current state of cooperation between Ukraine and the IMF confirmed the intensity of these relations recently, both in terms of the number of loans granted and their volume. As a result of almost thirty years of cooperation, Ukraine received loans in the amount of 35 billion dollars. The result of Ukraine's cooperation with another largest creditor - the World Bank - was studied. During 28 years of cooperation, the World Bank offered Ukraine funds totaling more than 7.94 billion dollars. The purpose of granting loans by the World Bank and the EBRD is the sustainable and comprehensive recovery of the economy of Ukraine as a whole, and of certain industries in particular. The issue of cooperation with international financial organizations is especially relevant today in view of the limited financial resources and the gradual entry of our country into the stage of peak payments for foreign debt.

Peculiarities of the legal regulation of international cooperation of states when investigating criminal offenses committed by illegal migrants

Peculiarities of the legal regulation of international cooperation of states when investigating criminal offenses committed by illegal migrants

Стигматизациялюдей,живущих с ВИЧ-положительным статусомв Казахстане и роль социального работникав ее преодолении среди женщин с опытом тюремного заключения

Significant progress has been made worldwide in preventing, treating,and reducing new infections and deaths due to AIDS and HIV. However, there are still many gaps from a regional perspective. For example, there are barriers to access to treatment and prevention in Central Asian countries that relate to stigma and discrimination. A great deal of research and practical observation has underscored the importance of social work in this area.The aim of the work was to study the peculiarities of stigmatization, discrimination,and human rights violations among HIV-infected people by the example of women with imprisonment experience in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to formulate recommendations for improving the capacity of social work in de-stigmatization in the national context.A combined study was conducted using statistical,functional, and descriptive methods. A survey was conducted among women with imprisonment experience receiving services in HIV serviceorganizations in Astana and Almaty.There were revealedsomefindings. First, the main subjects of discrimination were healthcareworkers. Second, the main reasonfor stigmatization on the part of society was to adopt HIV. Third, every fifth PLHIV (21.3%) experienced fear of insults, harassment, or verbal threats. One in ten PLHIV feared physical harassment or threats of action (10.8%) or physical violence (9.5%).Thus, stigma is a significant barrier to involvement in receiving services, and disruption of social functioning. Among the recommendations are actions todevelop policies on interagency cooperation of government agencies, as well as inter-sectoral cooperation of state, public,and private sectors, the need to develop and conduct training of counseling skills of health sector staff, involving specialists from public organizations working with key populations (hereinafter -KP).

НАДАННЯ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ ПРИ НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ

The article examines the issue of international legal regulation of relations in the provision of telecommunication assistance within the framework of operations in emergency situations and liquidation of the consequences of natural disasters. The historical aspects of the formation of international legal regulation of the provision of telecommunication resources in emergency situations, the conditions of cooperation of states in the field of communication in emergency situations, aimed at mitigating and eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, are studied. Considered the importance of the Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations of 1998 (Tampere Convention) in the formation of such a component of humanitarian aid as telecommunication aid. The peculiarities of the activities of the International Telecommunication Union in the field of international telecommunication assistance are analyzed.

Stability analysis and design of cooperative control for linear delta operator system

<abstract><p>This paper investigates the cooperative state feedback control problem for delta operator-based large-scale systems with independent subsystems. First, the state feedback controller is introduced to interconnect the adjacent subsystems into a closed-loop system. Second, the Lyapunov function in delta domain is constructed, and the linear matrix inequality method is used to design the cooperative state feedback stability controller for the whole large-scale interconnected system. Third, a performance index is introduced for the design of the optimal cooperative state feedback controller. Finally, stability of the closed-loop system is proved on the basis of stability theory, and simulation examples are given for showing the effectiveness of the design method.</p></abstract>

On Prescribed-time Cooperative State Estimation of LTI Plants

The problem of prescribed-time cooperative state estimation is addressed in this paper. A network of strongly connected (linear homogenous) distributed observers are designed under the assumption that each observer can receive a time-varying scalar signal broadcasted by a supervisor. By a proper parameter tuning, the observer gains go infinity and estimation errors correspondingly reach zeros at the settling time prescribed by users.

Abstract B017: A home-based vegetable gardening intervention to address health behaviors and well-being among chronic disease survivors in the Deep South

Abstract Purpose: To assess changes over time in health behaviors (fruit & vegetable [F&V] consumption and physical activity [PA]), physical performance (PP), and anthropometrics among chronic disease survivors (CDS) of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease participating in a home-based vegetable gardening intervention in the Deep South. Methods: A community-based partnership was developed between the O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, and the Mississippi State Cooperative Extension System to implement an evidence-based gardening intervention (Harvest for Health). CDS were recruited from nine counties in Alabama and six in Mississippi. All participants were provided gardening supplies and paired with a Master Gardener (MG) from the Cooperative Extension. MGs mentored participants in planning, planting, and maintaining a summer/fall garden over a 3-month period. Senior Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and anthropometrics (weight, height, and waist circumference [WC]) were collected by trained study personnel during community-based assessments (baseline and post-intervention). Self-reported data on health behaviors (NCI's Eating at America's Table Study and modified Godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire) were collected electronically via REDCap (baseline, post-intervention, 6-month follow-up). Results: One hundred and twenty CDS enrolled in the study (66% diabetes; 34% cancer; 29% heart disease). Participants (93% African American; 81% female; Mage=65) tended to be retired/disabled (62%), have overweight or obesity (92%), and reported a family income of less than $40,000 (68%). Overall, CDS engaged in gardening for 15-45 minutes (70%), several times a week (79%). Increases were seen in PA minutes/week at post-intervention (Moderate PA +10, p=0.34; Vigorous PA +30; p=0.05) and 6-month follow-up (Moderate PA +26, p<0.01; Vigorous PA +22; p<0.01). A trend in increased F&V consumption was seen, with nearly a one serving/day increase at 6-month follow-up (3.7 vs 3.0; p=0.07). When asked to rate, on a scale of 1-10 (1=not at all to 10=very much), the influence of gardening on motivating behavior change, CDS reported that gardening motivated them to… “eat a healthier diet” (M=7.9; SD=2.1), “eat more vegetables” (M=8.2; SD=2.1), and “be more physically active” (M=7.6; SD=2.4). Improvements in anthropometrics were seen post-intervention (weight: -2 lbs.; BMI: -0.37 kg/m2; WC: -0.81 cm). Improvements in the SPPB were demonstrated in 5-of-8 measures (2-minute step test +4 steps; 30-second chair stand +0.6 rises; arm curl +1.7 curls, p<0.01; right hand grip strength +5 kg, p<0.01; right hand grip strength +5.7 kg, p<0.01). Discussions/Conclusions: The vegetable gardening intervention led to several improvements in lifestyle behaviors and outcomes among CDS in the Deep South and may offer an innovative approach to improving health among populations in need. Citation Format: Jennifer R. Bail, Meghan Tipre, Oluseun Akinyele, Bolanle Bolaji, Tara Bowman, Claudia Hardy, Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, Monica L Baskin. A home-based vegetable gardening intervention to address health behaviors and well-being among chronic disease survivors in the Deep South [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B017.

A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural Development Bank Ltd., Bangalore in women development cell to promote entrepreneurship

The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.

Defence Diplomacy Activities Engendering States’ Cooperation: Addressing Contemporary Global Security Threats in Africa

Scholars and practitioners in foreign policy deemed defence diplomacy (DD) as a contradiction or ambiguous because institutions claiming to apply it were in the realm of bearing arms for coercion. In the post-Cold War era, DD emerged as leading concept in importance as an instrument of States’ foreign defence and security policies. Globalization imperatives and the pragmatic view of State security through human security perspectives, brought in knowledge on evolution of inter-State’s security challenges. Moreover, States engagement in multilateral diplomacy were on the rise to address emerging cross-border security threats. The roles of defence and security institutions were evolved with emerging security threats particularly in the realm of human security. The paper examines DD activities engendering states’ cooperation, with a view to addressing contemporary global security threats in Africa. It adopted mixed research design employing purposive sampling techniques and strategist paradigm for primary data analyses. It revealed three key DD activities engendering cooperation in African states including: foreign defence and security policy outreach, defence and security cooperation in education and training, and defence and security partnerships cooperation. It concludes that application of DD activities engenders African states cooperation in promotion of peace and security. Finally, the paper recommends that, the African States’ policymakers, particularly in sub-regional security mechanism, should leverage defence diplomacy to promote cooperation between their defence and security institutions.

Distributed Model Reference Adaptive Control Based on Cooperative Observer with Optimal Control Modification for Synchronization of Heterogeneous Vehicle Platoon

Many distributed controllers for vehicle platoon are designed based on homogeneous assumption and full state information. In reality, vehicle platoon may consist of heterogeneous vehicles and may have limited information due to sensor constraints. Therefore, this paper proposes a distributed model reference adaptive control based on cooperative observer for a heterogeneous vehicle platoon with limited output information and subjected to uncertain dynamics. Cooperative observer provides a full state estimation of the system. Each follower has a reference model that is designed based on its nominal model and cooperative state variable feedback. Main control system is composed of (i) nominal control that utilized the cooperative state estimation tracking error and (ii) adaptive term that adopted an optimal control modification as an adaptation law. The tracking error of followers to the reference model is shown uniformly bounded and the stability of the platoon is guaranteed through detailed analysis. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by using numerical simulation. To show the advantage of the proposed control, simulation results are compared to the standard distributed model reference adaptive control that is applied for heterogeneous vehicle platoon. It is shown that the proposed control eliminated the high frequency oscillation in the control input.

국제통상법과 인권법의 교착

The inauguration of WTO in 1994 brings a global market to be administered on the rule of law ideal. A material welfare and fair trade through the trade liberalization and increasing terms of free market are no longer merely dreamy, but our palpable reality. The new trade agendas, so called New Round, had been and are being consulted seriously for the growing role of world trade administration. To our dissatisfaction, however, the challenge and dilemma of derogatory human right practice had not diminished provided that the perspective and strategy are less researched and receive a slim repercussion. A wisdom and cooperation of global states are truly demanded. In addition to the economic perspective and material prosperity, the nations need to be cautious for a dynamism of human right practice. The paper argues that the international standard of human right practice could be dysfunctional absent a strategic and systemic collaboration of key international players. Following an introduction, chapter II surveys the nature and quality of private enterprises. Chapters III and IV are devoted to a trait and scope of human rights contested and related with the international trade. Chapter V explores an ontological theme of transnational corporations’ duty and ethics. Chapter VI surveys a tentative model to effect the compliance of transnational corporations with the ethical and legal standard. Chapter VII suggests the categories of bad practice and best strategic alternative corresponding to each category. The final chapter provides a conclusive remark for the better future.

Theoretical and legal aspects of the basis of cooperation of states in combating offenses in the sphere of information technologies.

Theoretical and legal aspects of the basis of cooperation of states in combating offenses in the sphere of information technologies.

Cultural Diplomacy: Transformation of Concept Definition in the Context of World Community Evolution (1930s – Early 2020s)

The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of the «cultural diplomacy» concept at the current stage and trace the transformations of its definition in the context of the world community development during the 20th and first decades of the 21st century. Research methodology. The method of terminological analysis, the method of interpretation and operationalisation of concepts have been applied to ensure the understanding of the content essence of the «cultural diplomacy» concept. The method of historical and cultural analysis has enabled considering the definitional transformations that took place during the 1930s – early 2020s in the context of the development of the world community and international relations, as well as the method of systemic analysis to identify the specifics of the phenomenon of «cultural diplomacy» at the current stage. Scientific novelty. The definition of the «cultural diplomacy» concept has been studied in historical retrospect and at the present stage; considered and analysed the development and transformation of the concept in the context of the specifics of the evolution of the world community; a proper definition of the concept of «cultural diplomacy» is proposed. Conclusions. Cultural diplomacy is directly related to the use of culture as an object and means of achieving the fundamental goals of the state's foreign policy, creating a favorable image of the country, popularising culture and language. At the current stage, in the conditions of globalisation processes of an interdependent world, in which the spread of information and communication technologies facilitates communication between people from different countries, cultural diplomacy is an extremely important aspect for ensuring international peace and stability. In the context of the specifics of the current state and development trends of international relations, cultural diplomacy is considered as a direction of foreign policy carried out by national states in cooperation with state and/or private entities with the aim of spreading the culture of this country abroad, as well as the development of international cultural policy with the aim of cultural exchange and cooperation between various international subjects – states, international organisations, and individuals. Key words: cultural diplomacy, international relations, world community, transformation of the concept.