Cooperative Children Research Articles

Caries Prevention Using Silver Diamine Fluoride: A 12-Month Clinical Trial

ObjectiveThis clinical trial aimed to compare the caries-preventive effect of annual application of 38% silver diamine fluoride solution (SDF) with 5% sodium fluoride varnish (FV) to the anterior primary teeth of children. The hypothesis was that SDF was superior to FV at 1 year. Secondary objectives were to determine the child's cooperation and the parent's satisfaction and assess adverse effects. MethodWe recruited 688 3- to 4-year-old children and randomly allocated them to receive SDF or FV (positive control) on their 6 upper anterior teeth. Tooth-surface status was recorded using the decayed, missing, and filled surfaces index. A trained observer rated the child's cooperation as “totally cooperative” or “not totally cooperative.” We used a questionnaire to determine the parent's satisfaction as “satisfied,” “neutral,” or “dissatisfied.” Adverse effects (yes/no) were evaluated 1 day and about 1 year after treatment. ResultsOf the children, 434 (SDF, n = 209; FV, n = 225) completed the trial. The mean new decayed tooth surfaces developed for SDF and FV groups were 0.4 ± 1.5 and 0.4 ± 1.3, respectively (P = .65). Child's cooperation for SDF and FV therapy was 71% (244/344) and 70% (241/344), respectively (P = .89). Parent's satisfaction for SDF and FV therapy was 71% (148/209) and 69% (155/225), respectively (P = .29). Adverse effects were found neither at 1 day nor at about 1 year after treatment for either treatment arm. ConclusionsSDF is not superior to FV for caries prevention in primary upper anterior teeth at 1-year follow-up. Child's cooperation and parent's satisfaction were similarly high with SDF and FV therapy at 1-year follow-up. Neither short-term nor long-term adverse effects were observed. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04399369).

How "peer-fear" of others' evaluations can regulate young children's cooperation.

Children's cooperation with peers undergoes substantial developmental changes between 3 and 10 years of age. Here we stipulate that young children's initial fearfulness of peers' behaviour develops into older children's fearfulness of peers' evaluations of their own behaviour. Cooperation may constitute an adaptive environment in which the expressions of fear and self-conscious emotions regulate the quality of children's peer relationships.

The Use of Lasers in Pediatric Dentistry: Applications, Benefits, and Limitations

The application of laser technology in pediatric dentistry holds immense promise for improving the quality of care and treatment experiences for young patients. Laser technology offers efficient methods for diagnosing and addressing oral and dental issues in children, encompassing both soft and hard tissues. Research indicates that the use of lasers in restorative, pulpal, and surgical procedures enhance children's cooperation and results in better care quality. Different kinds of lasers, including laser fluorescence (LF), argon lasers, erbium lasers, and CO2 lasers, are used in a range of dental applications, such as identifying, preventing, and treating cavities, as well as performing various other dental procedures. Laser technology also offers benefits in endodontics, soft tissue applications, trauma management, pain relief, and orthodontics. However, the implementation of lasers requires specialized training, initial investment costs, and careful infection control measures. Despite these limitations, lasers hold the potential to become a standard approach in pediatric dentistry, revolutionizing the way oral and dental issues are diagnosed and treated in young patients.

Intuitive cooperators: Time pressure increases children's cooperative decisions in a modified public goods game.

There is mounting empirical evidence to suggest that adults are intuitively cooperative. When presented with a cooperative dilemma between self-maximizing and benefitting the common good, decisions made quickly are more likely to be cooperative, whereas slow decisions tend to favor self-interest. To investigate the ontogenetic origins of intuitive cooperation, we examined the development of intuitive cooperation in middle childhood. We presented 150 children (7-12 years of age) with an online child-friendly public goods game where participants had a choice between giving two resources to themselves or four to their group. Participants were assigned to one of three decision time conditions; speeded, neutral, or delayed. We found that when decisions were speeded, children were more likely to cooperate compared to when decisions were unconstrained or delayed. Furthermore, children's intuitive choices only favored cooperation if they believed their peers were also cooperative. This pattern of findings held across the age range included in this study. Our findings suggest that in middle and late childhood, children are intuitively cooperative when making decisions to benefit the common good. HIGHLIGHTS: Time pressure increases children's cooperation in a public goods game, compared to when decisions are delayed or unconstrained. Between 7 and 12 years of age children engage in costly cooperation most of the time regardless of decision time. When children believe others are generally cooperative, their intuition is to cooperate. From middle to late childhood, intuitive decisions favor costly cooperation towards the common good.

OwnVoices and Asian Identities Represented in Young Adult Fiction

The term OwnVoices has been used since 2015 by librarians, publishers, and others to indicate that a book’s protagonist and its author share a marginalized identity. However, conversations about who can or should write literature with diverse subjects are not new. The purpose of this study is to explore the concept of OwnVoices through an analysis of young adult books published in 2018 and 2019. The Cooperative Children’s Book Center provided data about the books for young people published within the time frame. Books by authors and/or about characters described by the CCBC as Asian were analyzed in greater detail. In all 247 books were of interest, which included those that had an Asian author, an Asian protagonist, or both. This analysis seeks to use descriptive statistics to better understand the OwnVoices label.

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kerjasama melalui Permainan Menyusun Puzzle pada Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun di TK Kenanga Raya

Cooperation is the ability to work together to complete a task with others. The process of working together children are trained to be able to suppress individual personalities and prioritize group interests. Children's learning activities at Kenanga Raya Kindergarten on the ability to cooperate are still not developed. Based on my observations, it shows that children still like to play alone and do not want to play with other friends. This study aims to improve children's cooperation skills through puzzle games at Kenanga Raya Kindergarten Medan. The subjects used in this study were group B children aged 5-6 years, totaling 9 children. Data collection is done by direct observation, performance, and documentation. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the improvement of children's cooperative skills through group B puzzle games at Kenanga Raya Kindergarten Medan in the 2020/2021 academic year. This can be proven by the pre-cycle results of 25%, 52,2% in the first cycle and increased to 86% in the second cycle. So it can be concluded that puzzle games improve the cooperative ability of group B children in Kenanga Raya Kindergarten Medan.

A Clinical Comparative Study to Evaluate Anxiety in Children with the Use of Conventional and Camouflaged Syringe.

Background And Objectives: Childhood dental anxiety is one of the most common challenges encountered in pediatric dental operatory, as many children totally avoid the dental examination and treatment due to the same. Visual impact of syringes and needles may hinder the child's cooperation as successful administration of local anesthesia plays a pivotal part in pediatric dental procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate dental anxiety in children aged 6 to 8 years at the time of administration of local anesthesia, during intracanal irrigation and after treatment with the use of conventional and camouflaged syringe. Methods: In this invivo study, sixty children in the age group of 6 to 8 years were included. Children were divided into 2 groups consisting of 30 children (15 males and 15 females) in each group. In Group A conventional syringe, and in Group B camouflaged syringe were used to administer local anesthesia and intracanal irrigation. Dental anxiety was assessed using two parameters- The Pulse Rate and Facial Image Scale (FIS) score. Pulse rate was measured using pulse oximeter and FIS score was recorded using Facial Image Scale (FIS). Both the parameters were documented in experimental and control groups at the time of administration of local anesthesia, during intracanal irrigation and after treatment. Results: A statistically significant difference was seen in pulse rate between group A and group B at the time of administration of local anesthesia, during intracanal irrigation and after treatment (p=0.00). Intragroup comparison in both group A and group B shows significant difference in all the 3 time intervals showing pulse rate decreases during each time intervals. Facial Image Scale values between the groups at different time intervals shows that the subjects were less anxious in group B compared to group A(p=0.00). Conclusion: The study strongly favors the use of camouflaged syringes to reduce dental fear and anxiety in children and is therefore recommended as an alternative to the use of conventional syringes.

Clinical Evaluation of the Retention of Self-adhering Flowable Composite as Fissure Sealant in 6-9-year-old Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

AimTo evaluate the retention rate of self-adhering flowable composite as fissure sealant in comparison with the unfilled resin sealant on first permanent molars of 6–9-year-old children.Materials and methodsA 2-arm, split-mouth randomized controlled trial included 100 children of age 6–9 years with completely erupted mandibular first permanent molars. A total of 200 teeth were randomly divided into two groups, group I: self-adhering flowable composite; group II: unfilled resin sealant. Sealants were placed on the mandibular first permanent molars and the children were recalled at 6, 12, and 18 months intervals to evaluate the retention rate. Chi-square test was used to analyze the data.ResultsSelf-adhering flowable composite has shown a complete retention rate of 67%, 47%, and 46% at 6, 12, and 18-month intervals, respectively, whereas unfilled resin sealant has shown 41%, 8%, and 5% retention rate at 6, 12, and 18-month intervals, respectively. The difference in the complete sealant retention rates between the groups is found to be statistically highly significant at all the follow-up intervals (p = 0.0004, 0.0001, and 0.0001 at 6, 12, and 18-month intervals, respectively). In both groups, maximum sealant loss occurred between 6 and 12-month intervals. Retention rates were higher at 6 months intervals which were significantly reduced over 18 months intervals.ConclusionSelf-adhering flowable composite has shown a higher retention rate compared to unfilled resin sealant at all the time intervals. The retention rate of both materials decreased with time. However, the loss of sealant was more with unfilled resin sealant.Clinical significanceIn pediatric dental practice, the elimination of a step in restorative dentistry protocol makes a big difference as time is a critical factor in obtaining children's cooperation. The use of self-adhering materials eliminates the step of bonding agent application, which simplifies the restorative protocol and makes the clinical practice effective. Therefore, these self-adhering flowable composite resin materials can be considered fissure sealants in routine clinical practice.How to cite this articleBhuvaneswari P, Vinay C, Uloopi KS, et al. Clinical Evaluation of the Retention of Self-adhering Flowable Composite as Fissure Sealant in 6–9-year-old Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):322-326.

Does parental migration impede the development of the cooperative preferences in their left-behind children? Evidence from a large-scale field experiment in China

In human capital theory, noncognitive abilities play an essential role in individual and societal success. Parents' migration for work purposes may inhibit the development of children's noncognitive abilities, but its influence on children's cooperation preferences remains unclear. Using three one-shot public goods games, we examine the impacts of parental migration on the development of children's cooperation preferences and whether introducing punishment mechanisms could partly exacerbate or offset the effects. We conducted a large-scale field experiment with more than 1600 rural students aged 6–16. Our main findings are as follows. First, the cooperation level of non-left-behind children increases significantly with age, while being left behind may affect this stable development track. Specifically, we find that paternal migration significantly decreases children's cooperation levels, while maternal or both parents' migration does not. Second, punishment mechanisms can significantly promote children's cooperation levels and offset the negative effect of paternal migration. Exogenous punishments work across ages, while endogenous punishments work only among middle school students. However, as the extent to which children were left-behind deepens, the offsetting effects of the punishment mechanisms gradually weaken.

Motivating children's cooperation to conserve forests.

Forests are essential common-pool resources. Understanding children's and adolescents' motivations for conservation is critical to improving conservation education. In 2 experiments, we investigated 1086 school-aged children and adolescents (6-16 years old) from China, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the United States. testING participants in groups, we assessed their motivation for conservation based on collective-risk common-pool goods games in which they are threatened with losing their endowment unless the group donation exceeds a threshold needed to maintain the forest.eExtrinsic motivations, rather than intrinsic , tended to lead to successful cooperation to maintain a forest. Certainty of losing individual payoffs significantly boosted successful cooperative conservation efforts across cultures (success rates were 90.63 % and 74.19% in the 2 risk-extrinsic conditions and 43.75% in the control condition). In U.S. participants, 2 extrinsic incentives, priming discussions of the value of forests and delay of payoffs as punishment , also increased success of cooperative conservation (success rates were 97.22% and 76.92% in the 2 extrinsic-incentive conditions and 29.19% and 30.77% in the 2 control conditions). Conservation simulations, like those we used, may allow educators to encourage forest protection by leading groups to experience successful cooperation and the extrinsic incentives needed to motivate forestconservation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Effect of the Dental Office Environment and the Dentist's Attire on children's cooperation

Aim: The purpose of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to ascertain children's dental clinic choices in order to alleviate anxiety during dental operations. This study employed a survey approach. Methods: A questionnaire was developed to identify a child's choice for a dental facility in order to ease anxiety associated with dental procedures. The research enrolled 92 children aged 7–10 years. The kids were arbitrarily chosen following their initial dental appointment at a private dental institution. Data were analysed using SPSS. The Chi-squared test was used to compare responses to questionnaire questions across age and gender categories. P 0.05 was deemed significant statistically. Results: The demographic data of 92 kids shows that 34% Boys prefer male dentists, whereas 28% girls prefer female dentists. Majority of females opting for lab coats at 23%. Also, 11% of boys and 11% of girls preferred a dentist in surgical gowns. 86% of the kids who were asked like having cartoons on their doctor's office walls. Among them, 50 (54.3%) of the boys liked clinics with cartoon paintings the best. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study will help the dental team build a comfortable dental environment for children, lowering anxiety and enhancing overall treatment quality. Keywords: Child Anxiety, Dentist Attire, child cooperation, dental office cartoon walls

Young children's cooperation and conflict with other children.

Early forms of cooperation and conflict feature regularly in young children's interactions with other people. However, these two types of social interaction are only rarely studied together in the same sample. In this chapter we review studies of cooperation and conflict in children under 3 years of age, with a particular focus on peer interaction. Only a few studies examined cooperation and conflict in parallel. To illustrate how conflict and cooperation can be studied simultaneously, we present findings from a longitudinal study of social development, in which previously unacquainted toddlers were observed during laboratory birthday parties. These analyses revealed that the two types of interaction are positively associated and provide opportunities for young children to refine their social skills.

Richard Jean So. Redlining Culture: A Data History of Racial Inequality and Postwar Fiction. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2020. 240p. Paper, $20.00 (ISBN 978-0231197731).

In the past few years, we’ve seen more conversation around the lack of diversity in publishing. Even before the civil rights protests of 2020, we had regular news and opinion articles from industry publication Publishers Weekly , the Lee and Low Diversity Baseline survey, the State of Racial Diversity in Romance Publishing Report , diversity statistics from the Cooperative Children’s Book Center (CCBC) , and the VIDA Count , among other smaller-scale efforts to highlight the problem.

Digitainers—Digital Space Maintainers: A Review

To summarize the limitations of commonly used space maintainers (SMs) and provide an insight into the field's technological advances to overcome them, this review was conducted. With the rapid advancement of digital technologies, there is always something new to learn while also redefining the current fads. Digital workflow is not a new concept in dentistry, but it has only just begun to be used in pediatric dentistry. The curiosity to explore has led to the development of digital devices as SMs. They appear potential for usage in children because of their impressive advantages of precision, comfort, and a time-saving approach. This workflow helps lessen fear and improve children's cooperation and enthusiasm for dental appointments by cutting down on chairside time and shortening procedures.How to cite this article: Dhanotra KGS, Bhatia R. Digitainers—Digital Space Maintainers: A Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(S-1):S69–S75.

Two forms of mother–child reciprocity and their links to children's cooperativeness

AbstractThe present study examined links between mother–child reciprocity and early elementary school children's cooperative behavior, an important marker of adjustment during this age. The study identified two distinct forms of mother–child reciprocity—following the child's lead and sharing the lead—and examined their interplay with maternal perception of the child. Mothers were observed in play interaction with their children (N = 106), and three groups were identified: mothers who followed their child's lead, mothers who shared the lead equally with the child, and mothers who showed neither form of reciprocity. Mothers’ view of their child as relatively non‐compliant or compliant was also assessed, and used in conjunction with reciprocity group to predict children's cooperation (two dependent measures: observed cooperation with the mother and teacher‐reported cooperative behavior at school). Consistent with prediction, children's observed cooperation with maternal requests was greatest when mothers followed the lead of children whom they viewed as relatively non‐compliant, and when mothers shared the lead with children whom they viewed as compliant. Teachers rated children as more cooperative in the classroom when mothers followed their children's lead, regardless of maternal view of child compliance. The results suggest that the two forms of reciprocity, following and sharing, are distinct.

Gagging and cooperation in 4-12-year-old children over a series of dental appointments.

The purposes were to evaluate if gagging can affect children's cooperation with treatment, investigate possible changes in gagging and study factors that can predict children's behaviour over dental treatment. 255 children aged 4-12years, needing at least three consecutive dental appointments, completed the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale before examination. The Gagging Problem Assessment was performed before the initial examination and after the third/final appointment. Frankl's Behaviour Rating Scale (FBRS) was used to rate children's behaviour. Multivariate Mixed Linear and Logistic Regression Models were used. Children with definitely positive behaviour were significantly older, less fearful and less likely to gag before treatment. Girls and older children had lower odds of gagging over time, while fearful children had higher odds. There were no statistically significant associations between gagging over time, FBRS and the type of dental treatment at the third appointment. The percentage of children who gagged after the third appointment (27.05%) was significantly lower as compared to the percentage found at the initial appointment (32.54%; p = 0.004). Among the variables studied, age, dental fear, initial GPA and type of treatment were good predictors of children's behaviour during dental treatment.

Self-control and cooperation in childhood as antecedents of less moral disengagement in adolescence.

Moral disengagement is a social cognition people use to engage in wrongdoings even when they know it is wrong. However, little is known about the antecedents that predict moral disengagement. The current study focuses on the development of self-control and cooperation during middle childhood as two antecedents of moral disengagement among 1,103 children (50% female; 77% White, 12% Black, 6% Hispanic, and 5% other). Children's self-control at age 8 and growth in self-control from age 8 to 11 were positively linked to adolescents seeing themselves as having self-control at age 15, which then predicted less moral disengagement at age 18. Children's cooperation at age 8 also was positively linked to adolescents' self-views of cooperation at age 15, which in turn, was associated with less moral disengagement at age 18. These findings demonstrate the potential of self-control and cooperation as intrapersonal and interpersonal strengths during middle childhood for mitigating moral disengagement 10 years later.

The relationship between dental fear and cooperation of children during dental treatments with their parents’ general health

Objective: Dental fear is a common phenomenon in children and parents can have a key role in the development of child's dental anxiety. There is moderate evidence to support the relationship between the parental general health and children’s dental fear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dental fear and cooperation of children during dental treatment with the general health of parents.Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was done on 130 children aged 6 to 12 at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences from May to September 2020.The personality traits and general health of parents were assessed by using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The Frankl's behavior rating scale and Children's Fear Survey Schedule Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) were used to respectively assess the degree of cooperation during dental practices and children’s dental fear. Statistical approaches included T-test, Chi-square and Pearson Linear correlation. A significant level of differences was taken as P<0.05.Results: 69.3 % of children behaved positively and definitely positively during dental treatment. 56 boys and 74 girls with mean age of 9.13 ±2.02 years participated in this study. There was a significant correlation between the children's age with dental fear and cooperation level (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in dental fear score (P=0.63) and cooperation level (P=0.99) between boys and girls. There was not statistically significant relationship between the general health of the parents and the level of children's cooperation and dental fear during dental treatment (P>0.001).Conclusion: There was not relationship between parent's general health with children's dental fear and cooperation.

Dental cross-bite: The paradigm of interception in orthodontics

Crossbite is a form of malocclusion in which a tooth (or teeth) in the upper or lower dental arch is more buccal or lingual (that is, closer to the cheek or tongue) than its corresponding antagonist tooth. Crossbite, to put it another way, is a lateral misalignment of the dental arches. Crossbite should be corrected as soon as a child's cooperation is obtained. Early treatment may prevent or slow the progression of abnormal alveolar processes and jaws.

The development of cooperation and self-control in middle childhood: Associations with earlier maternal and paternal parenting.

Developmental theories and previous research have emphasized the significance of cooperation and self-control in middle childhood. The present study extends previous research by examining (a) the growth of cooperation and self-control as well as the relations between them in middle childhood (third to sixth grade) and (b) the extent to which mothers' and fathers' parenting during early childhood (54 months and first grade) was associated with children's cooperation and self-control. The sample included 705 children (51% female, 86% White) and their mothers, fathers, and teachers in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD). Children, on average, exhibited increases in self-control but not cooperation from third to sixth grade though the increases were smaller for children who had higher self-control or cooperation at third grade. Children who exhibited higher self-control at third grade tended to exhibit higher cooperation at third grade; similar positive associations emerged for the changes in self-control and cooperation over time. In addition, if a child exhibited higher self-control at one time point relative to their typical average level, they tended to also exhibit higher cooperation at the same time point relative to their typical average level. However, these relative deviations within person were not associated over time. Lastly, maternal and paternal sensitive and stimulating parenting in early childhood was positively associated with children's cooperation and self-control in middle childhood. Overall, our findings shed light on the growth of and the relations between cooperation and self-control in middle childhood and highlight the role of maternal and paternal parenting in early childhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).