Forms Of Cooperation Research Articles

Mechanisms of cooperation in the plants-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-bacteria continuum.

In nature, cooperation is an essential way for species, whether they belong to the same kingdom or to different kingdoms, to overcome the scarcity of resources and improve their fitness. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are symbiotic microorganisms whose origin date back 400 million years. They form symbiotic associations with the vast majority of terrestrial plants, helping them to obtain nutrients from the soil in exchange for carbon. At the more complex level, soil bacteria participate in the symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants: they obtain carbon from the exudation of hyphae connected to the roots and compensate for the limited saprophytic capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by mineralizing organic compounds. Therefore, plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria constitute a continuum that may be accompanied by multiple forms of cooperation. In this review, we first analyzed the functional complementarities and differences between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Secondly, we discussed the resource exchange relationship between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from the perspective of biological market theory and "surplus carbon" hypothesis. Finally, on the basis of mechanisms for maintaining cooperation, direct and indirect reciprocity in the hyphosphere, induced by the availability of external resource and species fitness, were examined. Exploring these reciprocal cooperations will provide a better understanding of the intricate ecological relationships between plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria as well as their evolutionary implications.

Repeated games with partner choice.

Repetition is a classic mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. The standard way to study repeated games is to assume that there is an exogenous probability with which every interaction is repeated. If it is sufficiently likely that interactions are repeated, then reciprocity and cooperation can evolve together in repeated prisoner's dilemmas. Who individuals interact with can however also be under their control, or at least to some degree. If we change the standard model so that it allows for individuals to terminate the interaction with their current partner, and find someone else to play their prisoner's dilemmas with, then this limits the effectiveness of disciplining each other within the partnership, as one can always leave to escape punishment. The option to leave can however also be used to get away from someone who is not cooperating, which also has a disciplining effect. We find that the net effect of introducing the option to leave on cooperation is positive; with the option to leave, the average amount of cooperation that evolves in simulations is substantially higher than without. One of the reasons for this increase in cooperation is that partner choice creates endogenous phenotypic assortment. Compared to the standard models for the co-evolution of reciprocity and cooperation, and models of kin selection, our model thereby produces a better match with many forms of human cooperation in repeated settings. Individuals in our model end up interacting, not with random others that they cannot separate from, once matched, or with others that they are genetically related to, but with partners that they choose to stay with, and that are similarly dependable not to play defect as they are themselves.

Beyond social innovation to sustainable livelihoods in tourism

Social innovation extends the traditional business model to include social value and capital. It incorporates new forms of cooperation amongst stakeholders as they work together to provide new solutions to problems. Social innovation includes the concept of social enterprise, where the purpose of an organization is beyond profit and incorporates people and planet. In relation to tourism, social innovation is taking place within destinations and organizations that are looking to solve problems by focusing on the benefits beyond their organization and incorporating the immediate, surrounding and distant stakeholders in their business models. The incorporation of these principles is altering the purpose of tourism, which should include regenerative principles in its development and implementation. This paper examines social innovation through the lens of tourism and explores how social innovation can support and foster sustainable livelihoods and regeneration through tourism.

Bonobos point more for ignorant than knowledgeable social partners.

Numerous uniquely human phenomena, from teaching to our most complex forms of cooperation, depend on our ability to tailor our communication to the knowledge and ignorance states of our social partners. Despite four decades of research into the "theory of mind" capacities of nonhuman primates, there remains no evidence that primates can communicate on the basis of their mental state attributions, to enable feats of coordination. Moreover, recent reevaluation of the experimental literature has questioned whether primates can represent others' ignorance at all. The present preregistered study investigated whether bonobos are capable of attributing knowledge or ignorance about the location of a hidden food reward to a cooperative human partner, and utilizing this attribution to modify their communicative behavior in the service of coordination. Bonobos could receive a reward that they had watched being hidden under one of several cups, if their human partner could locate the reward. If bonobos can represent a partner's ignorance and are motivated to communicate based on this mental state attribution, they should point more frequently, and more quickly, to the hidden food's location when their partner is ignorant about that location than when he is knowledgeable. Bonobos indeed flexibly adapted the frequency and speed of their communication to their partner's mental state. These findings suggest that apes can represent (and act on) others' ignorance in some form, strategically and appropriately communicating to effectively coordinate with an ignorant partner and change his behavior.

The Importance of Tourism in Cross-Border Cooperation: Evidence from the Borderlands of Poland

ABSTRACT Cross-border cooperation (CBC) is considered an important element in the formation of borderlands and is often characterized by significant tourism development potential. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of tourism projects in the CBC within the EU cohesion policy and Neighbourhood Policy implemented in Poland's borderlands, and to identify regularities in the formation of cooperation from the point of view of the organizations involved in its implementation. We applied a mixed-method approach. The quantitative analysis included all CBC projects co-financed by EU funds (INTERREG, ETC, ENPI, ENI) in 2007–2013 and 2014–2020 in the borderlands of Poland, understood as the area on both sides of the border. The qualitative analysis was based on direct in-depth interviews conducted with selected Polish and foreign organizations involved in tourism projects. This study shows that tourism is an important component of cooperation in terms of its quantitative, qualitative, and spatial dimensions.

Two kinds of social cooperation?

Abstract Michael Otsuka argues that collective pension schemes are forms of social cooperation on equal terms for mutual advantage and thus, matters of social justice. In this way Otsuka wants to understand collectively funded pensions in Rawlsian terms. I argue that not all forms of social cooperation are the same and that the specific kind of social cooperation Rawls has in mind is, in at least three central respects, different from the kind of social cooperation involved in the collective pension schemes Otsuka describes.

Theoretical principles of ensuring the safety of a person who agreed to provide assistance to law enforcement agencies in Ukraine on the basis of a conspiracy

The legal regulation of ensuring the safety of individuals performing tasks related to operational and investigative activities within the framework of criminal proceedings is a matter of great concern. Informal cooperation with law enforcement agencies is inherently dangerous, particularly for the person who has agreed to assist in carrying out operational and investigative tasks. This is why many developed countries have special programs to protect such individuals. In Ukraine, however, this remains a serious problem, as the issue of ensuring the safety of individuals who have agreed to cooperate with law enforcement agencies under the principles of confidentiality is not adequately addressed by legislative and regulatory acts. Additionally, there is a lack of scientific foundation to develop appropriate changes and additions to the legislation or to create new normative legal acts. Therefore, the goal of this article is to develop theoretical principles to ensure the safety of individuals who have agreed, under the principles of confidentiality, to assist law enforcement agencies in Ukraine. The implementation of the set goal involves solving a number of tasks: 1) determining the basic legal provisions that regulate and define the concepts of «security» and «ensuring security»; 2) developing relevant amendments to legislation, creating new legal acts to research specific risks to citizens’ economic security associated with a decrease in income during the imposition of martial law; 3) analyzing and defining human security in detail, including a more nuanced classification of types of such security; 4) conducting research on individual mechanisms of state regulation of the level of citizens’ economic security during the imposition of martial law. The article, for the first time, distinguishes between measures to ensure the security of a person who has agreed, on the basis of conspiracy, to provide assistance to law enforcement agencies in preventing threats and measures to overcome them. As a conclusion, it is proposed that measures to overcome threats to individuals should be presented not only in the norms of the Laws of Ukraine «On ensuring the safety of persons involved in criminal proceedings» and «On operational-search activity», but also in a separate chapter of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine «Ensuring the safety of persons involved in criminal proceedings and engaged in carrying out its tasks». The addition of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine with such a chapter should be carried out with the simultaneous improvement and «synchronization» of the provisions of the above-mentioned laws with the norms of criminal procedural legislation. This scheme could lead to a significant improvement in the state of legislative regulation of the security of various categories of individuals, including covert employees. Among other things, the mentioned chapter of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine should define: grounds for applying security measures; criteria for assessing the reality of the threat (in this case, the fact of disclosing the data of a covert employee should be considered a sufficient criterion); the obligation of the investigator, prosecutor, investigative judge, court to make a decision on the application of the specified measures in necessary cases; the procedure for their application; and the entities that should take security measures.

Competitiveness of Indonesia’s export products with IJEPA cooperation framework

Bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) is a form of bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Japan that carries the concept of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA). With one of IJEPA's goals in the form of capacity building, Bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) is a form of bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Japan that carries the concept of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA). With one of IJEPA's goals in the form of capacity building, IJEPA provides space for both parties to collaborate in order to increase the competitiveness of Indonesian producers. Problems in trying to maximize the impact of the IJEPA agreement on increasing domestic product product industries have encouraged Indonesia to be able to determine what products are worthy of being superior products in the context of international trade conducted with Japan. This study analyzes the trade and competitiveness of Indonesian products using Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and Product Mapping.The results of the product mapping analysis show that there are 3 commodities that are included in the top five highest comparative advantage in 2003, 2013 and 2021, namely HS 11 commodities (Milling Industrial Products; Malt; Starch; Inulina; Wheat Gluten) HS code 21 (Extracts, essences and concentrates, from coffee, tea or mate and preparations with a basis of these products or with a basis of coffee, tea or mate) and HS code 25 (Salt; Sulfur; Soil and Stone; Plaster, Cal and Cement). This shows that these three products can be used as specialization products for Indonesia's trade with Japan.

Development of low-carbon energy sector in China and Japan: A comparative analysis

Japan and China are in the list of resource-deficient countries, and this fact largely determines the importance of pursuing a targeted policy for the development of low-carbon energy sectors. This refers, first and foremost, to renewable energy and hydrogen, but it is also worth taking into account the growing role of peaceful nuclear energy – Japan, despite the consequences of the Fukushima accident, is gradually increasing the share of nuclear power plants in its generation structure. The authors show that the tasks of achieving “net zero emissions” facing Japan and China have many similar features. The countries under consideration, undoubtedly, have different financial and economic resources, different potential and available capacity of their domestic markets for the implementation of low-carbon energy technologies and products in a broad sense. However, they build public policy in this direction based on the incentive mechanisms that create their own technological foundation, taking into account what advanced solutions are being developed and implemented by their closest competitors. Over the past two decades, Japan and China have elaborated the format of energy cooperation where the emphasis was placed on the supply of energy and transport equipment from Japan, as well as investments by Japanese companies in the construction of various energy infrastructure objects in China. However, at present, China already has sufficient technological potential not only to meet its needs in the production of equipment and components for low-carbon energy, but also to export products of this type. Accordingly, Japanese corporations that used to hold leading positions in the renewable energy segment as suppliers of necessary equipment and initiators of technology transfer to developing countries (mainly in Southeast and South Asia), nowadays face competition with Chinese producers. It is shown that, despite the existing controversy, Japan and China keep a high level of bilateral contacts through intergovernmental organizations and funds, joint research centers, various private business cooperation mechanisms and schemes, all of which foster the implementation of large projects.

Church and Parish Life in the DPR/LPR in the Period 2014–2022: On the Materials of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate

In the article, the authors analyzed the circumstances surrounding the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate between the years 2014 and 2022. The following issues were considered: the evolution of the position of the UOC MP regarding the assessment of the conflict; the theological and material problems associated with this position and the internal context in which parishes and priests in DPR and LPR operated. The lower chronological frame is due to the beginning of the military conflict in eastern Ukraine in 2014, and the upper one is due to February 2022, which marked the beginning of a special operation in Ukraine and the entry of the DPR and LPR into the Russian Federation. The range of sources is represented by materials in the public sphere, including official documents of the UOC MP, news reports and statements of the UOC MP published on the relevant representative websites, sermons and interviews, comments, blog and forum entries, the legal framework of the DPR/LPR. From 2014 to 2022 the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate adopted a stance of neutrality towards the parties to the conflict, officially claiming to be outside the conflict. The available evidence indicates, however, that the clergy members who found themselves on the territory of the DPR/LPR collaborated with the authorities of the republics despite the official neutrality of the UOC MP. This collaboration was not motivated by negative sentiments or financial gain, but took the form of cooperation aimed at establishing a new shared space and fostering new meanings. Thus, religion was regarded as a crucial state-forming pillar, with the objective of social organization.

ANALISIS SISTEM INFORMASI KOPERASI SIMPAN PINJAM MENGGUNAKAN METODE WEIGHTED PRODUCT

In the rapidly developing digital era, information systems have become crucial in improving organizational efficiency and productivity. In XYZ Cooperative, information systems also play an important role. This cooperative, which is under a government agency, has a vision to improve the welfare of its employees through savings and loan services. However, in performing its business processes, this cooperative has not had applications and digital data storage, so there is a lot of work that is conducted redundantly. The aim of the research is to develop a cooperative information system (SIKOP) using the Weighted Product method. This research explains the analysis phase. The Weighted Product method is used to calculate the eligibility of an employee when applying for a loan at the cooperative, using 5 criteria. As a case study, the calculation was carried out on 20 current cooperative members. In the analysis phase, business processes were defined by using Porter Diagrams. The details of main activities were described by using Business Process Management Notation (BPMN). Software user requirements for application design features were measured by using the Kano method by distributing questionnaires to 30 respondents. The results of measuring software user requirements are the feature categories: 8 one-dimensional features, 3 must-be features and 3 indifferent features. The outputs of the research phase of the analysis of the savings and credit cooperative information system are software analysis documents and publication as knowledge dissemination and a basis for the next research phase.

THE NEW WORLD ORDER AND THE STRATEGIC SECURITY SITUATION IN THE GREATER MIDDLE EAST AND INDO-PACIFIC REGIONS

The paper addresses the transformation of the world order and the geopolitical and strategic processes taking place within its framework, especially the developments in the Greater Middle East and the Indo-Pacific region, their main actors and political ambitions. In 2020, the Artsakh war and subsequent developments created a new geo-strategic and geo-economic situation for Armenia. In light of this and subsequent events, we see that the system of international relations has entered a highly complex and even chaotic period, which includes a vast region from the Atlantic coast of Europe to the Pacific coast of the Far East. In this context, there are discussed the two geostrategic concepts emerging in the international discourse regarding the Greater Middle East and the Indo-Pacific macro-regions. The paper analyzes the processes, unfolding in those regions, including the US policies and strategies, as well as their implications, the factors of China and India as the main actors, formed and emerging alliances, as well as cooperation formats. The transformation of the global world order and the formation of the new geopolitical regions of the Greater Middle East, Central Asia and the Indo-Pacific portend great dramatic changes. The struggle of great powers or power centers (USA, China, India, Iran, Turkey, Europe, Russia) in the mentioned regions is becoming the core of modern world politics. Thus, it can be confirmed that the Greater Middle East and Indo-Pacific macro-regions are moving towards each other, due to which a completely new situation is emerging, which is significantly different from both the post-Cold War world order and the global order established after September 11, 2001.

Enacting the humanitarian-development-peace (HDP) Triple Nexus: civic ecosystems at the frontlines of the Russo-Ukrainian war

ABSTRACT The article examines how bottom-up mobilization in response to the Russo-Ukrainian war has enabled the implementation of the Triple Nexus (TN). In conducting in-depth interviews (n:55) with key social actors, this research analyses the practices, collaboration, and complementary actions across the pillars of the TN within the transnational Polish-Ukrainian civic ecosystem. The research highlights the informality and agility of civic ecosystems key to making the TN approach work, as well as the possible pitfalls of this framework on the fringes of conflict zones. We argue that it is the absence of structure and clear modes of governance that have enabled the intersection of the humanitarian, development and peace/security sectors, working in the space of informality, ambiguity, and lack of long-term solutions. The research offers a view on new forms of bottom-up legitimacy and cooperation taking shape between and within these spaces, which may be instructive for future TN structures.

Robust formation control of multiple aerial robotic vehicles using near neighbor cyclic deviation with time-varying disturbances.

Cooperative formation flight of multiple aerial robotic vehicles (ARVs) is extensively adopted in emergency rescue and collaborative transport. But the time-varying complex disturbances are inevitable in the cooperative formation flight of multiple ARVs, which can affect the formation stability of multi-ARV systems. This paper investigates the robust formation control problems for multiple ARVs with time-varying disturbances. A novel high-order sliding mode control (HOSMC)-based near neighbor cyclic deviation synchronization control (NNCDSC) scheme for multi-ARV systems is proposed, which can improve the formation control precision and enhance the robustness against time-varying complex disturbances. Firstly, the formation control problem is transformed into the synchronization control problem of multi-ARV systems; a novel NNCDSC strategy is proposed, that can decrease the complexity of the formation control system. Secondly, to better cope with time-varying complex disturbances and improve the formation control accuracy of multi-ARV systems, the HOSMC-based NNCDSC scheme for multi-ARV systems is designed by combining NNCDSC and HOSMC. The finite time stability of the formation control system can be guaranteed by Lyapunov stability theorem, and the desired time-varying or time-invariant formation of multi-ARV systems can also be achieved. Finally, the validity of the theoretical results is verified by several simulation examples and an outdoor experiment.

The Influence of Inclusive Hiring Policies on Workplace Culture is Evident in Puntland’s Public and Private Sectors

The impact of inclusive hiring practices on workplace culture in Puntland's public and private sectors is examined in this study. In order to promote an equal workplace, Puntland's institutions have started using inclusive recruitment practices as businesses around the world place a higher priority on diversity and equity. The research emphasizes the formation of cooperation, respect, and innovation among increasingly diverse teams, highlighting the significant change in workplace dynamics. The results of an analysis of how these rules affect employee diversity, corporate culture, and general employee happiness show that inclusive recruiting improves social cohesiveness in the area in addition to improving organizational performance. The study highlights the promise of inclusive hiring as a strategic workforce development method, despite ongoing hurdles like structural barriers and deeply ingrained cultural norms. According to the findings, removing these barriers is crucial to creating inclusive workplaces where all workers may succeed and improve Puntland's socioeconomic situation.

Civil society actors and conflict management in Moldova

The article focuses on the role of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and its efforts, in collaboration with local NGOs, in bringing about conflict resolution in the Republic of Moldova. The OSCE has been active in the Republic of Moldova for the last twenty years and has been working with NGOS from both sides of the Dniester/ Nistru river. While the process has met with several challenges over the years, the recent full-fledged war against Ukraine has complicated the strategy for conflict settlement of the Transdniestrian conflict even more. The main goal of this article is to present and analyse various forms of cooperation between the OSCE and local civil society actors and to identify activities which encourage confidence-building. To this end, we will discuss relevant conceptual approaches in the field of Conflict Resolution and focus on mediation, conflict transformation, conflict settlement, and reconciliation. Moreover, we will explore activities of civil society organizations which are engaged in dialogue and collaboration with the OSCE. Methodologically, the article is built around a constructivist theorizing and the main argument is that the Transdniestrian conflict is an identity conflict and reconciling the parties, from grass-root level upwards to community leaders, ensures identity transformation and confidence building. The latter are key aspects in fostering trust, dialogue, and conflict management.

ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS, RESOURCE MOBILIZATION, AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN KENYAN COUNTIES

The constitution of Kenya 2010 sets a point of departure in intergovernmental relations. It brings about the national government and counties, thus a two-level government system in Kenya. Articles 6(2) and 189 emphasize that the two levels of government must consult, cooperate, and coordinate instead of competing under a cooperative form of devolution. However, lack of consultation, minimal cooperation, and inadequate coordination results in competition and supremacy battles on resource allocation and utilization. This jeopardizes a cooperative modus operandi of devolution. This paper evaluates Kenyan counties' administrative relations, resource mobilization, and service delivery. It is underpinned by the Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) by Zald & McCarthy (1977). A cross-sectional design is used since it relies on questionnaires, structured interviews, and observations to gather data. A survey research strategy is applied, and a mixed method that integrates qualitative and quantitative data components is used at both the data collection and analysis stages. Data is collected from multiple groups of respondents: the national and county governments, the Ministry of Devolution and Planning, and the general public. A sample of 400 is used to gather quantitative data using questionnaires, while qualitative data is collected via structured interviews from a sample of 16 key informants. The quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed using SPSS and deductive thematic analysis, respectively.

The need for acute assessments in home healthcare - Swedish registered nurses’ experiences

ABSTRACT Purpose The study aims to describe Swedish RNs’ experiences of acute assessments at home. More patients with complex nursing needs are cared for at home due to an ageing population. Registered nurses (RNs) who work with home healthcare need a broad medical competence and clinical experience alongside adapted decision support systems for maintaining patient safety in acute assessments within home healthcare. Methods A content analysis of qualitative survey data from RNs (n = 19) working within home healthcare in Sweden. Results There were challenges in the acute assessments at home due to a lack of competence since several of the RNs did not have much experience working as an RN in home healthcare. Important information was missing about the patients, such as access to medical records due to organizational challenges and limited access to equipment and materials. The RNs needed support in the form of cooperation with a physician, support from colleagues, and a decision support system. Conclusion To increase the possibility of patient-safe assessments at home, skills development, collegial support, and an adapted decision support system are needed. Collaboration with primary healthcare, on-call physicians, and nursing staff, and having the opportunity to consult with someone also provide security in acute assessments.

Computer Technology Transfer at the U.S.-Yugoslav Joint Venture Ei-Honeywell

This study explores the transfer of computer technolo­gy in the U.S.-Yugoslav joint venture. As an example of a unique form of economic cooperation between socialist enterprises and West corporations, Ei-Honeywell was founded in 1978. The joint venture included Honeywell and two Yugoslav entities, the Elec­tronic Industry in Niš and Progres from Belgrade, with a focus on manufacturing computers and related peripherals. Through the analysis of factory publications, archival documents, and in­terviews, the research highlights that, while the venture spurred domestic innovation, the Yugoslav enterprise was not able to achieve full autonomous production without relying on Honey­well’s licensing. Ultimately, this joint venture demonstrates anoth­er layer of U.S.-Yugoslav economic relations, illustrating efforts to enhance commercial cooperation between the two countries throughout the Cold War era.

Optimizing the Potential of Local MSMEs to Improve the Economy of Rancakole Village Through the MSME Festival

Real Work Lecture (KKN) activities are an important part of higher education in Indonesia which integrates academic theory with direct practice in society. In its implementation in Rancakole Village, Arjasari District, Bandung Regency, UNINUS KKN group 36 students focused on developing the local economy through the MSME Festival. This festival was held as a response to the economic problems experienced by housewives in RW 20, who have the skills to process agricultural produce into food products but experience difficulties in marketing and capital. The approach applied in this activity includes participatory-based community empowerment and local potential. The results of this activity show an improvement in the community’s economy, increased creativity in product development, and the opening of wider market access. However, challenges such as limited capital and knowledge of digital technology are still obstacles that need to be overcome through long-term solutions, such as the formation of cooperatives and further training.