Cooling Water Pipe Research Articles

The Optimal Design of Injection Mold Cooling System

Mold cooling plays a crucial role in the plastic molding process. This paper caries on an analysis of the impact of the cooling system on plastic molding process and put forward three assumptions to simplify the cooling system mathematical equations, establishes a systematic mathematical models taking the cavity cooling water pipe for the study object, optimizes methods and processes , uses MATLAB tools to optimize the design, and gets the optimal solution of the important parameters of cooling system to achieve the reasonable set of the cooling circuits in the complex injection mold structure and optimization of production technological parameters so as to achieve the purpose to improve product quality, shorten cycle time and increase productivity by optimizing the design.

The Application of Water-Cooling Pipes in the Mass Concrete of Hu Lu Shan Wan Crossing Sea Bridge

Based on the Hu Lu Shan Wan crossing sea bridge, this paper calculated the temperature inside and outside the mass concrete while pouring. Besides, this paper presents the process of calculating and designing of the water-cooling method which could decrease the inside temperatrue of the mass concrete in the aspect of design principle. Thereby, it could solve the crack of concrete from one facet

The Temperature Control Simulation on Concrete Dam Simulation Analysis of the Concrete Block in First-Stage Water Cooling

Control the concrete temperature to reduce the temperature cracks is one of the main tasks in the concrete dam construction. Water cooling is the most effective temperature control measure of concrete dam. In connection with the concrete temperature field of cooled computational problems, according to the water and heat exchange between the concrete and cooling water pipes, The cooling pipe is considered as the effect source of heat, and the effect of the water cooling is considered on average meaning, and then the approximate temperature field can be obtained through the finite element.

The use of turbulence generators to mitigate crystallization fouling under cross flow conditions

Different types of turbulence generators were used to mitigate crystallization fouling of a water-cooled pipe at 5°C in a cross flow of hot sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) solution. The Reynolds number of the hot solution (based on pipe diameter, RehD) was varied from 250 to 485 at a constant temperature, Th=40°C. The Reynolds number of the cold water within the pipe was 25,000. Four types of turbulence generators were investigated, namely, punch plates of different blockage area, wire mesh of 50% blockage area, delta wings, and an identical pipe. These were placed upstream from the cold pipe, which was aligned normal to the hot cross flow. The surface temperature of the pipe was measured at four positions for all conditions. It was found that the turbulence generators increases the heat transfer coefficient and decreases the fouling resistance appreciably. For example, the punch plate with blockage area of 80% yielded an 85% reduction in fouling resistance at higher Reynolds numbers. However, the extent of the benefit depends on the shape of the turbulence generator, solution Reynolds number, and blockage area. For example, no appreciable effect was detected for the case where upstream pipe was used for the turbulence generator. Considerable differences in local surface temperature at various positions were noticed. The positions deduced to be subjected to the highest turbulence intensity were found to exhibit the highest local temperatures and thus lower fouling resistance.

Influence Analysis of the Concrete Temperature Field with Different Computed Methods

This research was to reveal the influence of cooling water pipe on temperature field in concrete with different numerical methods. The effect of cooling water was simulated by the finite element methods contained the approximate method and the coupling method. The results showed that the temperatures were calculated by approximate method were lower than the results of coupling method, and the largest difference in temperature was 1.52°C. The temperature gradient changed obviously near the water pipe and the effective cooling length of the water pipe along the radial direction was 0.1m. Moreover, the largest temperature error was 3.95％ in the hydration time of 24h, and away from the water pipe 0.2m through compared the results of two methods. The results would be helpful to research the combine water pipe thermal field on concrete, and predict the temperature cracks in the construction engineering.

그린카용 인휠 모터의 냉각 성능에 관한 연구

The in-wheel motor used in green car was designed and constructed for an electric direct-drive traction system. It is difficult to connect cooling water piping because the in-wheel motor is located within the wheel structure. In the air cooling structure for the in-wheel motor, a outer surface on the housing is provided with cooling grooves to increase the heat transfer area. In this study, we carried out the analysis on the fluid flow and thermal characteristics of the in-wheel motor under the effects of motor speed and heat generation. In order to check the problem of heat release, the analysis has been performed using conjugate heat transfer (conduction and convection). As a result, flow fields and temperature distribution inside the in-wheel motor were obtained for base speed condition (1250 rpm) and maximum speed condition (5000 rpm). Also, the thermo-flow characteristics analysis of in-wheel motor for vehicles was performed in consideration of ram air effect. Therefore, we checked the feasibility of the air cooling for the housing geometry having cooling grooves and investigated the cooling performance enhancement.

Influence Analysis of the Concrete Temperature Field with Different Computed Methods

This research was to reveal the influence of cooling water pipe on temperature field in concrete with different numerical methods. The effect of cooling water was simulated by the finite element methods contained the approximate method and the coupling method. The results showed that the temperatures were calculated by approximate method were lower than the results of coupling method, and the largest difference in temperature was 1.52°C. The temperature gradient changed obviously near the water pipe and the effective cooling length of the water pipe along the radial direction was 0.1m. Moreover, the largest temperature error was 3.95％ in the hydration time of 24h, and away from the water pipe 0.2m through compared the results of two methods. The results would be helpful to research the combine water pipe thermal field on concrete, and predict the temperature cracks in the construction engineering.

A Multidisciplinary Team Approach is Required to Understand Larval Metamorphosis in High-CO2 Coastal Oceans

A Multidisciplinary Team Approach is Required to Understand Larval Metamorphosis in High-CO2 Coastal Oceans Marine invertebrates have a complex life cycle in which the free-swimming planktotrophic larval forms feed on planktons, accumulate energy reserves, develop into complex phase that is capable of selecting right surface for attachment and metamorphose into a benthic juvenile phase. The transformation of larva to adult is energetically demanding and involves complex physiological and molecular network and changes. Understanding this complex larval metamorphic process at developmental, physiological, and molecular levels is extremely important for successful and sustainable aquaculture and fishery management. Moreover, larval attachment and metamorphosis on ship hulls, cooling water pipe lines and several other marine installations causing serious problems to marine industries, called biofouling, which cost us >10 billion USD per year.

Heat Transfer and Anti-Fouling of Liquid-Solid Two-Phase Flow in Cooling Water Pipes of Staves

To solve the hard problem that the reduction of heat transfer efficiency on the cooling stave of blast furnace due to fouling deposition, solid particles have been added into the cooling water pipes, forming liquid-solid two-phase flow, which can change the heat transfer and anti-fouling capacities of the cooling water pipes. Under the different solid phase volume scores, the heat transfer and anti-fouling capacities of the liquid-solid two-phase flow in the cooling water pipes are studies. The results indicates that because of the perturbation and shearing effect of solid phase particles, not only can the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer capacity of the cooling water pipes be enhanced, but also the anti-fouling capacity be increased. Thus the highly effective running time of the equipment is greatly extended, realizing the long-term highly effective running of the cooling staves. The blast furnace cooling stave as heat exchange equipment, its heat transfer effects has the very important influence to blast furnace's life. In order to enhance cools wall's cooling capacity, the domestic and foreign scholars around material quality [1], structure optimization [2-4], dirt cleaning of water pipe [5], heat-transfer property [1] of the cooling wall and so on to do the massive fruitful research work. At present, the fouling cleaning of blast furnace stave cooling water pipe wall is still a difficult problem. The high-pressure water washing and sand washing methods are commonly used in industrial practice, these are "doctors after the disease first" and low efficiency methods. The effect removing dirty stuff is not very ideal. The cleaning effect of on-line chemical cleaning is difficult to guarantee. Liquid-solid fluidization cleaning technology can be used in the blast furnace to cool the cooling water pipe wall. It can on-line clean fouling and strengthen heat transfer. Its anti-fouling performance has been studied experimentally.

Experimental Study on RCC Character of Additive MgO and Simulation of Crack Prevention in High Temperature Construction

Characteristics of RCC concrete with greater proportion of magnesium oxide style in domestic are few mentioned, urgently awaits to further study. Through the test of additive magnesium oxide roller compacted concrete's characteristics, to determine the appropriate magnesium oxide style admixture of roller compacted concrete; Accurately calculation the temperature field and stress field of the simulation, the results show the mixed magnesium oxide technology and bury HDPE cooling water pipes measures combining to RCC construction of high-temperature cracking is an effective method of temperature control and crack prevention. It is for the high-temperature environment of RCC dam construction scheme has provided important scientific basis.

Thermal analysis of mass concrete embedded with double-layer staggered heterogeneous cooling water pipes

Abstract Removal of hydration heat from mass concrete during construction is important for the quality and safety of concrete structures. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element program for thermal analysis of mass concrete embedded with double-layer staggered heterogeneous cooling water pipes was developed based on the equivalent equation of heat conduction including the effect of cooling water pipes and hydration heat of concrete. The cooling function of the double-layer staggered heterogeneous cooling pipes in a concrete slab was derived from the principle of equivalent cooling. To improve the applicability and precision of the equivalent heat conduction equation under small flow, the cooling function was revised according to its monotonicity and empirical formulas of single-phase forced-convection heat transfer in tube flow. Considering heat hydration of concrete at later age, a double exponential function was proposed to fit the adiabatic temperature rise curve of concrete. Subsequently, the temperature variation of concrete was obtained, and the outlet temperature of cooling water was estimated through the energy conservation principle. Comparing calculated results with actual measured data from a monolith of an arch dam in China, the numerical model was proven to be effective in sufficiently simulating accurate temperature variations of mass concrete.

The Design of Cooling Water Pipe and Cooling Analysis in Mass Concrete

Inconstruction process of mass concrete is apt to form excessive temperature stress and cause mass concrete cracking, because of its high inner temperature, big internal and external temperature difference. In order to prevent their cracking, in mass concrete of the internal Settings with cooling water pipe cooling is one of the commonly used massive concrete construction method. This paper presents a massive concrete design of cooling water cooling and calculation theory, based on the cooling pipes in concrete heat transfer performance, through the cooling water pipe and concrete heat exchange principle.

The Numerical Simulation about Second Dendrite Spacing of Low Pressure Casting Automobile Aluminum Magnesium Alloy Wheel

Using the method of numerical simulation and the AnyCasting software, the simulation for SDAS of Al-Mg alloy wheels for low pressure casting is studied. The simulation model is established and the effects of preheating temperature, melt pouring temperature and cooling water pipes on SDAS in the low pressure casting process was founded. The results show that, SDAS presents linear variation with the increase of preheating temperature and pouring temperature; opened cooling pipes make SDAS smaller. The practice of simulating casting is verified by experiments, and test results and simulation results were consistent.

Numerical Calculation of Return Sand Cooling in Fluidized Bed Equipped with Water-cooled Pipe

Numerical Calculation of Return Sand Cooling in Fluidized Bed Equipped with Water-cooled Pipe

Admixtures in Concrete Crack Control and Construction Technology Optimization

This paper studies properties of concrete under the action of water-reducing retarder and expansive agent; gives the optimal design calculation method of cooling water pipe in the construction technology: mainly considering pipe’s diameter, distance, cooling water’s flow, temperature, time etc; studies the optimization to the concretes construction method. Midas/Civil, one finite element analysis soft-ware, analyses mass concrete construction of the whole process of the temperature field and stress field in the numerical simulation, considering the admixtures and construction technology. The results show that commonuse of admixtures and reasonable construction technology are the important means of controlling cracks.

Characterisation of an experimental water-cooled cover for sows

Heat stress relief for sows in hot and humid climates remains a challenge. This study investigates a cooling method that is intended to enhance heat dissipation from sows. The experimental device was an aluminium cover (1.5 m long by 0.65 m wide and either 0.8 m or 0.95 m high) fitted with water-cooled pipes (25 mm diameter, spaced at 100 mm, 150 mm or 200 mm) and attached to the frame of the gestation sow crate. Performance was evaluated for cooling water temperatures of 15 or 20 °C under ambient summer conditions. Results showed the black-globe temperature (BGT) in the simulated sow-occupied zone (SOZ) was reduced by the addition of the aluminium canopy by 3 °C at 200 mm tube spacing and 37 °C ambient temperatures. The narrower the tube spacing the greater the cooling potential, with the 100 mm tube spacing yielding a SOZ BGT reduction of 6.1 °C at 39 °C ambient temperatures. The results demonstrated that the larger temperature difference between ambient air and inlet water the greater the effect of the heat exchange, and that water of 20 °C or cooler could be used as the cooling water supply. The cooling potential with a 0.8 m high canopy was greater than that at 0.95 m. It was concluded that the cooling efficiency of the water-cooled cover was affected by the inlet water, the surrounding environment, and the structure and size of the canopy.

Safety analysis of ITER failures and consequences during maintenance

This study has been a first attempt at identifying potential worker overexposure situations during machine maintenance operations. The results indicate potential areas, or situations, where worker overexposure may be possible [A. Natalizio, T. Pinna, Safety analysis of failures and consequences during maintenance, ENEA Report, FUS-TN-SA-SE-R-170, June 2007, Frascati, Italy]. The key findings obtained are as follows. Firstly, we have found no machine maintenance operations where the risk of worker overexposure is considered significantly large that immediate design attention is needed. Secondly, the most significant risk of worker overexposure is due to airborne releases of radioactivity from cooling water pipes and tubes that may not have been fully drained and dried, when they are cut, or inadvertently opened, by workers (frequency of pipe-cutting activities could be significantly high). Thirdly, the risk of overexposure from human error could also be significant. This varies from mistaking the machine sector, to mistaking the component to be maintained. This is analogous to working on a live electrical circuit, when it is believed to be dead (disconnected from the power source) because the worker has mistakenly selected the wrong circuit—a look-alike one. Similarly, consider the situation of a worker mistakenly preparing to work on a cooling water circuit that is still at pressure and temperature, instead of the one that has been drained and dried. The more look-alike situations there are in the facility, the greater the probability of committing this type of error. Fourthly, when consideration is given to human error, we believe that the aggregation of different diagnostics in the same port enhances the probability of human error. At the moment, these risks cannot be quantified. The task of quantifying those risks in the future should be considered. Finally, the transport of activated in-vessel components, including components of plasma-heating and current-drive systems, in non-shielded casks, could carry with it a significant risk of worker overexposure. In the context of ALARA, this approach requires a specific study to justify its use. Concluding, it is important to note that by having identified the possibility of an overexposure situation does not mean that it is probable. The calculation of probability awaits further studies of this nature, when the design reaches a more detailed level.

Design and Fabrication of an RCS Magnet Coil Using a Stranded Conductor of J-PARC 3-GeV Synchrotron

The 3-GeV synchrotron now being constructed in the JAERI/KEK Joint Project is a rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS), which accelerates a high-intensity proton beam from 400-MeV to 3-GeV at a repetition rate of 25-Hz. Magnet coils of the RCS synchrotron are fabricated by using a stranded conductor. As a magnet coil, a hollow conductor that has a cooling water channel is widely used. However since RCS magnet is excited with a rapid cycle, heat of coil conductor caused by eddy current becomes a problem. Therefore, in order to reduce eddy current loss of coil conductor, we used a stranded conductor that consists of many electrically-isolated thin wires wrapped around a cooling water pipe as a coil conductor. This is a conductor developed at KEK as a coil conductor excited with a rapid cycle and was further developed to the stage of mass production. In this paper, we will report design and fabrication of an RCS magnet coil using a stranded conductor.

Heat transfer analysis of blast furnace stave

The three-dimensional mathematical model of temperature and thermal stress field of the blast furnace stave is built. The radiation heat transmitted from solid materials (coke and ore) to inner surface of the stave, which has been neglected by other studies, is taken into account. The cast steel stave is studied and the finite element method is used to perform the computational analysis with soft ANSYS. Numerical calculations show very good agreement with the results of experiment. Heat transfer analysis is made of the effect of the cooling water velocity and temperature, the cooling channel inter-distance and diameter, the lining material, the cooling water scale, the coating layer on the external surface of the cooling water pipe as well as the gas clearance on the maximum temperature and thermal stress of the stave hot surface. It is found that reducing the water temperature and increasing the water velocity would be uneconomical. The heat transfer and hence the maximum temperature and thermal stress in the stave can be controlled by properly adjusting operating conditions of the blast furnace, such as the gas flow, cooling channel inter-distance and diameter, lining material, coating layer and gas clearance.

Heat transfer analysis of blast furnace cast steel cooling stave

Cast steel blast furnace (BF) cooling staves are widely used in the Chinese steel industry. A heat transfer mathematical model of a BF cast steel cooling stave has been developed and verified by thermal state experiments. Calculation of a cooling stave working under steady state has been carried out based on the model. Effects of two factors, thickness of scale on the cooling water pipes and gas clearance between the pipes and main body, which are difficult for experimental measurement but determined mathematically, on the temperature field of the stave body are discussed. The results indicate that much importance should be attached to the two factors during manufacturing of cooling staves as they highly influence cooling capability of cooling stave and hence BF operation.