Cool-down Research Articles

Cool Down Experiences with the SST-1 Helium Cryogenics System before and after Current Feeders System Modification

The SST-1 machine comprises a superconducting magnet system (SCMS), which includes TF and PF magnets. In order to charge the SCMS, we need superconducting current feeders consisting of SC feeders and vapor cooled current leads (VCCLs). We have installed all 10 (+/-) pairs of VCCLs for the TF and PF systems. While conducting initial engineering validation of the SST-1 machine, our prime objective was to produce circular plasma using only the TF system. During the SST-1 campaign I to VI, we have to stop the PF magnets cooling in order to get the cryo- stable conditions for current charging of the TF magnets system. In that case, the cooling of the PF current leads is not essential. It has been also observed that after aborting the PF system cooling, there was a limited experimental window of TF operation. Therefore, in the recent SST-1 campaign-VII, we removed the PF current leads (9 pairs) and kept only single (+/-) pair of the 10,000 A rated VCCLs to realize the charging of the TF system for the extended window of operation. We have observed a better cryogenic stability in the TF magnets after modifications in the CFS. In this paper, we report the comparison of the cool down performance for the SST-1 machine operation before and after modifications of the current feeders system.

Stretching optimization for lower limb posterior chain: comparison between two different executions of the same exercise

Stretching of the posterior kinetic chain muscles, especially the hamstrings, is one of the most practiced exercises in all types of physical activity and postural rehabilitation protocols (1). Objective of our experimental trial was to compare the performance of two different variants of muscle stretching (A and B), highlighting for each one the regions of the posterior kinetic chain (lumbar region, gluteus muscles, hamstrings) most affected by the exercise. 161 selected subjects reported on a specific Body Chart the localization of the stretching sensation; the software Pain-drawing (2) was employed for the analysis of the stretching sensation felt by each subject (75 men and 86 women) aged between 20 and 80 years old, with different lifestyles but subjected to defined exclusion criteria (prosthesis, artificial implants, crippling arthritis, flare–up pain, recent surgical procedures). Stretching A is the generally accepted practice available in the literature. The proposed variant (Stretching B) is the experimental suggested procedure which adapts the execution of the exercise on biomechanical reasoning, in order to focus the stretching sensation on the hamstrings muscles and, at the same time, decreasing the stress in the lumbar region. In stretching B, subjects were positioned with lower limb in neutral position, knee with approximately 18° of feeble bending (variable depth, compact rolls in various size, behind popliteal fossa. Notably, results show that the same area has not been affected; when subjects performed Stretching B exercise avoids both the pre-tension of the hamstrings and the lever created by the arms stretched forward, focusing the stretching sensation on the hamstrings muscles and gastrocnemius and affecting only marginally the lumbar region and never the back region. This appears particularly relevant for the prevention of lower back pain and for situation when the stretching of the posterior kinetic chain is performed as a cool-down following physical activity or for rehabilitation purposes.

"Heating Up and Cooling Down: Relationship Conflict, Emotion Regulation, and Team Processes"

Conceptualizing relationship conflict as a threat to team members, we examined the relationship between relationship conflict and change in critical team processes in thirty-five project teams over a 4-month period. The purpose of our investigation was to test composite team emotion regulation (i.e. cognitive reappraisal vs. suppression) as a moderator of the change in these team processes over time. Using conditional linear growth modeling to test our hypotheses, we found that teams with high initial levels of relationship conflict experience worse interpersonal functioning and coordinate less initially, and continue to demonstrate low levels of these processes over their lifespan. However, the findings showed that this longitudinal pattern is disrupted where teams are higher on collective cognitive reappraisal. Indeed, over time the teams we surveyed that were more likely to reappraise negative events overcame negative process patterns caused by relationship conflict. Some implications of these findings, and directions for future research are discussed.

The effects of t'ai chi on muscle activity, pain, and balance in females in their 20s with acute low back pain.

[Purpose] This study was conducted in order to examine the effects of t’ai chi on females in their 20s with acute low back pain. The subjects were 30 females in their 20s with acute low back pain. [Subjects and Methods] They were equally and randomly divided into a t’ai chi group and a stretching group. The intervention was applied three times per week, one hour each time, for a total of eight weeks. During the one hour, the subjects conducted warm-up exercises for 10 min, primary exercises for 40 min, and cool-down exercises for 10 min. In order to examine changes in low back pain in the patients according to the intervention method, muscle activity, pain, and balance elements (left and right side movement distance, forward and backward movement distance) were measured. [Results] Muscle activity and the visual analog scale score significantly decreased in both the t’ai chi group and the stretching group. Regarding changes in balance elements, the t’ai chi group’s left and right side movement distance decreased, which was statistically significant. However, the t’ai chi group’s forward and backward movement distance and the stretching group’s forward and backward movement distance and left and right side movement distance did not change. [Conclusion] According to the results of this study, t’ai chi is considered an appropriate exercise program to reduce acute low back pain in females in their 20s. This is because when compared with stretching, it enables posture maintenance with lesser force due to decreased muscle activity, it is more helpful for improvements in balance ability, and it is effective in decreasing pain.

A Dynamic Reservation Scheme based on Online Charging System with Family Shared Plan

For simplifying the bills and controlling the data usage, Family Shared Plan (FSP) is now a popular plan of telecommunications. Based on 3GPP specifications, Online Charging System (OCS) has to determine Granted Unit (GU) and create reservations per session before the services are delivered by the serving network. However, fixed GUs can not be adapted to dynamic consumer behaviors, such as travel, watching FIFA World Cup all night or taking pleasure in a new online application. Obviously, short of GUs will make redundant signals of reservation, but excessive ones will cause scarcity of resource. Since how to determine GU is an open issue by telecommunications operators, we design a new scheme to periodically assign dynamical GUs for subscribers belong to same FSP, based on their data usage and shared monthly data allowance. Simulation results not only show that our algorithm can substantially reduce redundant signals more than 3 times, no matter what unpredictable behaviors they do, but also observe interrelation between logging time and cooldown timer in our scheme.

Warming Up and Cooling Down: Self-Esteem and Behavioral Responses to Social Threat During Relationship Initiation

Social threats during relationship initiation often cause people to engage in cold behaviors that bring about rejection. However, interpersonal risk-regulation theory suggests that such processes will be moderated by global self-esteem. In two experiments that manipulated the threat of rejection, single participants communicated via video camera with an opposite-sex interaction partner (actually a confederate). As expected, social threat caused higher self-esteem individuals (HSEs) to exhibit a warming-up behavioral response but caused lower self-esteem individuals (LSEs) to exhibit a cooling-down behavioral response, according to both observer-reports and self-reports, which in turn led observers to like HSEs more than LSEs. Furthermore, these effects were independent of similar, previously documented, interpersonal risk-regulation effects on participants' perceptions of acceptance from the confederate.

Operational Improvements for Startup Time Reduction in Solar Steam Turbines

Solar steam turbines are subject to high thermal stresses as a result of temperature gradients during transient operation, which occurs more frequently due to the variability of the solar resource. In order to increase the flexibility of the turbines while preserving lifting requirements, several operational modifications for maintaining turbine temperatures during offline periods are proposed and investigated. The modifications were implemented in a dynamic thermal turbine model and the potential improvements were quantified. The modifications studied included: increasing the gland steam pressure injected to the end-seals, increasing the back pressure and increasing the barring speed. These last two take advantage of the ventilation and friction work. The effects of the modifications were studied both individually as well as in different combinations. The temperatures obtained when applying the combined modifications were compared to regular turbine cool-down (CD) temperatures and showed significant improvements on the startup times of the turbine.

Moderate physical activity could improve walking strategy of diabetic patients? A pilot study

Introduction: Combined aerobic and resistance training (RT) has been reported to enhance insulin sensitivity and to improve glycemic control, lipid profile and blood pressure [1]. Based on this evidence the American Diabetes Association guidelines have refined the recommendations on the desired types, amounts, and intensities of aerobic physical activity for diabetic people. So far people with type 2 diabetes should be encouraged to perform RT in the absence of specific contraindications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of RT on walking strategy, in a group of type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and without PAD (NoPAD). Methods: 17 subjects participated in the study (mean age 61±4; mean BMI 28±5): 5 healthy (control subjects (CS)), 4 diabeticwithPAD(PADS) and8NoPADsubjects. Patientswereasked to walk on a treadmill for 40min: the session started (Warm Up) and ended (Cool Down) with a period of 2.5min at 2km/h and no inclination, while central part scheduled 35min at a speed of 4km/h, with an inclination of 2% (for total 3.3 METS) (Central Part). Plantar pressure parameters were acquired with Software Pedar X (Novel version 20). Following parameters were analysed bilaterally: max duration of stance period,max area of stance, peak of Ground Reaction Force, peak of pressure and its position (Matlab 2010a). The acquisition was then repeated after 10 weeks. Meanwhile subjects were asked to walk for at least 150min per week and they were provided of a pedometer in order to allow recording their activity (Newfeel Oxilane). Results: OneWay Anova (SPSS Statistic 19) have shown significant differences on both Peak of Pressure and temporal parameters in PAD with respect to NoPAD (p<0.05) and control group. PADS shown a Peak of Pressure positioned earlier than control group (p=0.02) and later than diabetic group (p=0.00005). These differences were disappeared after 10 weeks of walking. Correlation analysis highlighted positive correlation between following variables:

Effects of whole-body vibration exercise on muscular strength and power, functional mobility and self-reported knee function in middle-aged and older Japanese women with knee pain.

Whole-body vibration training using vertical-vibration machines is called "acceleration training" (AT). The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of AT on lower-limb muscular strength and power, functional mobility and self-reported knee function in middle-aged and older Japanese women with knee pain. Thirty-eight middle-aged and older Japanese women (aged 50-73 years) with knee pain were divided into two groups: (1) the AT group (n=29) engaged in AT three times per week for eight weeks, and (2) the control group (C group, n=9). The AT program consisted of flexibility training, strength training of mainly the quadriceps and surrounding muscles and cool-down exercises. The C group was encouraged to perform the same or similar exercises at home without vibratory stimulus. We evaluated knee strength and power, functional mobility (timed up and go: TUG) and self-reported knee function (Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure: JKOM). No one in the AT group dropped out during the program. All JKOM categories except degree of pain improved significantly post intervention indicating improved knee function, and TUG was significantly shorter in these participants. All knee strength and power parameters except isometric knee extension peak torque improved significantly. The degree of change in JKOM total score and TUG was significantly different between the two groups. Vibratory stimulus during an eight week AT programme can promote participation and safely improve functional mobility and self-reported knee function better than exercise without vibratory stimulus in middle-aged and older Japanese women with knee pain. level 2.

복싱 프로그램이 비만 남고생의 혈중지질, 렙틴 및 아디포넥틴에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of boxing ropgram on blood lipids, leptin and adiponectinin obese high school male students. 20 subjects were diidved into control(n=10) and exercise(n=10)groups. The boxing program consisted of 4 sessions of warm upb, asic program, focus program and coo ldown. Exercise groups were performed boxing program with the intensity of 50-70% HRmax for 90 minutes, three days a week for 12 weeks. Blood lipids(TG, TC, LDLC-, HDL-C), leptin and adiponectin of al lsubjects were measured at before and after the experiment. Ther esults were as follows. TG(F=31.261, p.001), HDL-C(F=4.699, p.05), weight(F=38.468, p.001) and leptin(F=25.563, p.001) showed significantdifference in the interaction effect. Also, TC(F=6.613, p.05), TG(F=32.882, p.001), LDL-C(F=6.709, p.05), weight(F=17.959, p.001) and adiponectine(F=10.234, p=.005) showed significant differencein the main effect by test time. Leptin showed significant dieffrence in the main effect by group(F=5.182, p.05). TC:-8.4%(p.05), TG: -12.9%(p.001), LDL-C: -15.6%(p.05), weight: -9.4%(p.001) andleptin: -19.0%(p.01) were decreased significantly after 12 weeks of exercise gorup. However, HDL-C:12.6%(p.05) and adiponectin: 12.4%(p.01) were increased significantly after 12 weeks of exercise gorup. The results of this study showed a positive effect on blood lipids, leptin and adiponectin in obese high schoolmale students participating in the program. Thus, this programw as considered as effective exercise programto improvement of obesity in high school male students. Furthe rstudy on boxing program consisting of d-ifferent exercise intensity, time, frequency and health-related variables should be performed on various ages.

‘Heating up’ or ‘Cooling Down’? Analysing and Performing Broadened Participation in Technoscientific Conflicts

Stakeholders and citizens today are often invited to deliberate in controversial processes of scientific and technological decision making. Scholars in the field of science and technology studies (STS) have long supported these initiatives to transcend strong expert–lay divides. However, despite many such contributions, there is no agreement on how such broadened participation should be performed, either in theory or in practice. The theoretical ambition of this paper is to reformulate the opposing viewpoints of Michel Callon and Harry Collins on public participation in scientific and technological decision making. It is argued that they try to ‘heat up’ (Callon) or ‘cool down’ (Collins) the issues they study: that is, that they enact them differently. The performative outcomes of these two strategies for participation are analysed. The empirical ambition is to study recent developments in participatory approaches to radioactive waste management in Belgium and Sweden and the role of social science in connection with these. Due to public criticism of earlier top-down technocratic approaches, this field has played a significant role in enacting and supporting broadened participation. Moreover, while the waste programmes in Belgium and Sweden have both been internationally recognised as taking participation seriously, they have varied considerably in terms of participatory technologies and involvement of social science. A conclusion is that social science research has influenced how participatory engagements are organised in radioactive waste programmes, and thereby has become involved in processes of ‘heating up’ and ‘cooling down’. However, social scientists, as well as all actors, need to be more aware of their own preconceptions about the issue at stake—in terms of its being “hot” or “cold”—and the consequences of these enactments.

The Effect of Post Weight Training Cool Down Exercise Type on SOD and Indicators and Muscle Damage in Middle Age Women

본 연구의 목적은 중년여성들을 대상으로 웨이트트레이닝 후 실시하는 정리운동을 걷기와 스트레칭 및 안정성 휴식으로 구분하여 실시한 후, CK, LDH와 SOD의 변화를 살펴봄으로서, 웨이트트레이닝 후 나타날 수 있는 근 손상과 산화적 스트레스에 효과적인 정리운동의 형태를 제시하기 위함이다. 대상자는 중년여성 25명으로 하였으며, 웨이트트레이닝 후 정리운동의 방법에 따라 걷기집단 8명, 스트레칭집단 8명, 안정성 휴식집단 9명으로 구분하였다. 본 연구결과 SOD는 운동 후 걷기집단과 스트레칭집단에서는 유의한 증가가 나타났으며, 안정휴식집단에서는 유의차가 나타나지 않았다. 집단 간의 차이에서는 걷기집단이 스트레칭 집단보다 높게 나타났으며, 스트레칭 집단이 안정휴식집단보다 높게 나타났다. CK는 운동후 걷기집단과 스트레칭집단에서는 유의차가 나타나지 않았으며, 안정휴식집단에서는 유의한 증가가 나타났다. 집단 간의 차이에서는 안정휴식집단이 스트레칭 집단보다 높게 나타났다. LDH는 운동후 걷기집단과 스트레칭집단에서는 유의차가 나타나지 않았으며, 안정휴식집단에서는 유의한 증가가 나타났다. 집단 간의 차이에서는 안정성 휴식집단이 걷기집단과 스트레칭집단 보다 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결론을 종합적으로 볼 때 웨이트트레이닝 후 정리운동의 필요성이 부각되었고, 운동 후 안정휴식보다는 걷기와 같은 낮은 강도의 유산소운동이 보다 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

Survey-based analysis of risk factors for injury among dogs participating in agility training and competition events

To identify potential risk factors for agility-related injuries among dogs. Internet-based, retrospective, cross-sectional survey. 3,801 privately owned dogs participating in agility training or trials. A retrospective electronic survey was used to investigate potential risk factors for injury among dogs participating in agility-related activities. Respondents were handlers recruited through member lists of large canine agility associations in Canada and the United Kingdom and through promotion on an agility blog site. Variables evaluated included demographic information for handlers and dogs, exposure variables (eg, frequency of agility practice and competition in the past year), and use of preventive measures intended to keep dogs fit for agility (warmup, cooldown, or conditioning exercises; alternative therapeutic treatments [eg, acupuncture, massage, or chiropractic care]; or dietary supplement products). Data were collected from 1,669 handlers of 3,801 agility dogs internationally; 1,209 (32%) dogs incurred ≥ 1 injury. Previous injury (OR, 100.5), ≤ 4 years of agility experience for dogs (OR, 1.5), use of alternative therapeutic treatments (OR, 1.5), and Border Collie breed (OR, 1.7) were associated with increased odds of injury. Handlers having 5 to 10 or > 10 years of experience (OR, 0.8 and 0.6, respectively) and dogs having > 4 years of experience in the sport (OR, 0.6) were associated with decreased odds of injury. Specific factors were associated with agility-related injuries in dogs. Educational prevention strategies should target at-risk populations in an effort to reduce potential injuries. Future research should focus on the biomechanical factors associated with agility-related injuries.

지연성근육통 예방을 위한 준비운동과 정리운동이 통증과 근활성도에 미치는 효과

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of warm-up and cool-down exercises on pain and muscle activation of delayed onset muscle soreness after intense exercise. Delayed onset muscle soreness was caused by the eccentric exercise in the elbow flexor muscle of the non-dominant upper limb. Forty-four subjects volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: warm-up and cool-down group, only warm-up group, only cool-down group, or control group with no intervention. The level of perceived pain using the visual analogue scale and electromyographic activation change in maximal voluntary isometric contraction were measured 4 times at the following times: 10 min, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr after the exercise. The results revealed the main effect between the groups and interaction effect between the group and measurement session (p<.05). The warm-up and cool-down group showed most favorable results with respect to reduced perceived pain level and increased muscle strength in most measurement sessions, and the only warm-up group showed significantly more decreased pain level than the control group at 24 hr and 48 hr and more increased muscle activation than the cool-down group at 48 hr (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences in pain level and muscle activation between the only cool-down group and control group at all measurement sessions (p>.05). The findings suggest that the warm-up exercise performed before an intense exercise had beneficial effects on the symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness, whereas cool-down exercise performed after the intense exercise did not.

Sports injuries in physical education teacher education students

Sports injuries could be highly detrimental to the career of a physical education teacher education (PETE) student. To enable the development of future sports injury prevention programs, sports injuries in 128 first-year academic bachelor PETE students were registered prospectively during one academic year. Common risk factors for sports injuries, taken from the literature, were also evaluated by means of logistic regression analysis. We found an incidence rate of 1.91 and an injury risk of 0.85, which is higher than generally found in a sports-active population. Most injuries involved the lower extremities, were acute, newly occurring injuries, and took place in non-contact situations. More than half of all injuries lead to an inactivity period of 1 week or more and over 80% of all injuries required medical attention. A major part of these injuries happened during the intracurricular sports classes. Few differences were seen between women and men. A history of injury was a significant risk factor (P = 0.018) for the occurrence of injuries, and performance of cooling-down exercises was significantly related to a lower occurrence of ankle injuries (P = 0.031). These data can inform future programs for the prevention of sports injuries in PETE students.

Coupled Hydro-thermal Analysis of Underground Coal Gasification Reactor Cool Down for Subsequent CO2 Storage

The present study investigates the time dependency of a UCG (Underground Coal Gasification) reactor cool down process by comparing natural cool down with forced cooling driven by water flushing. The convective heat transport out of the UCG reactor was calculated using an analytical approach coupled to a numerical heat flow model of the geology surrounding the UCG reactor. Our results show that forced cooling by water flushing at flow velocities of 1 m/s can decrease the required time to retain initial in-situ temperature conditions by a factor of more than 300.

The Effect of Warm-Up and Cool-Down Exercise on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in the Quadriceps Muscle: a Randomized Controlled Trial

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of warm-up and cool-down exercise on delayed onset of muscle soreness at the distal and central parts of rectus femoris following leg resistance exercise. Thirty-six volunteers (21 women, 15 men) were randomly assigned to the warm-up (20 min ergometer cycling prior to the resistance exercise), cool-down (20 min cycling after the resistance exercise), or control group performing resistance exercise only. The resistance exercise consisted of front lunges (10×5 repetitions/sets) with external loading of 40% (women) and 50% (men) of body mass. Primary outcomes were pressure pain threshold along rectus femoris and maximal isometric knee extension force. Data were recorded before the resistance exercise and on the two consecutive days. Pressure pain threshold at the central muscle belly was significantly reduced for the control group on both day 2 and 3 (p≤0.003) but not for the warm-up group (p≥0.21). For the cool-down group, pressure pain threshold at the central muscle belly was significantly reduced on day 2 (p≤0.005) and was also lower compared to the warm-up group (p=0.025). Force was significantly reduced on day 2 and 3 for all groups (p<0.001). This study indicates that aerobic warm-up exercise performed prior to resistance exercise may prevent muscle soreness at the central but not distal muscle regions, but it does not prevent loss of muscle force.

The Effectiveness of a Deep Water Aquatic Exercise Program in Cancer-Related Fatigue in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of an 8-week aquatic program on cancer-related fatigue, as well as physical and psychological outcomes in breast cancer survivors. DesignA randomized controlled trial. SettingOutpatient clinic, urban, academic medical center, and a sport university swimming pool. ParticipantsBreast cancer survivors (N=68) were randomly assigned to either an experimental (aquatic exercise group in deep water pool) group or a control (usual care) group. InterventionsThe intervention group attended aquatic exercise sessions 3 times per week for 8 weeks in a heated deep swimming pool. Sessions lasted 60 minutes in duration: 10 minutes of warm-up, 40 minutes of aerobic and endurance exercises, and 10 minutes of cool-down exercises. Patients allocated to the usual care group followed the oncologist’s recommendations in relation to a healthy lifestyle. Main Outcome MeasuresValues for fatigue (Piper Fatigue Scale), mood state (Profile of Mood States), and abdominal (trunk curl static endurance test) and leg (multiple sit-to-stand test) strength were collected at baseline, after the last treatment session, and at a 6-month follow-up. ResultsImmediately after discharge, the aquatic exercise group showed a large effect size in total fatigue score (d=.87; 95% confidence interval, .48–1.26), trunk curl endurance (d=.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.97–3.83), and leg strength (d=1.10; .55–2.76), but negligible effects in vigor, confusion, and disturbance of mood (d<.25). At the 6-month follow-up period, the aquatic exercise group maintained large to small effect sizes in fatigue scores, multiple sit-to-stand test, and trunk curl static endurance (.25>d>.90) and negligible effects for the fatigue-severity dimension and different scales of the Profile of Mood States (d<.25). ConclusionAn aquatic exercise program conducted in deep water was effective for improving cancer-related fatigue and strength in breast cancer survivors.

Cool Down and Explain Yourself: Spanish Honor and Anglo Dignity in Intercultural Negotiation.

Spanish is the second most widely spoken language globally, in this paper we develop empirical research on intra and inter-cultural negotiations between Spain and the U.S. Results are consistent wi...

Effects of Different Cool-down Exercise Methods on Muscle Strength and Endurance of the Lower Extremities

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various cool-down exercises on muscular strength and endurance. After receiving a treadmill training for main exercise, the subjects conducted isotonic and isometric cool-down exercises four times for three weeks. Isotonic exercise with leg press of 10kg was repeated by 20 times and isometric exercise was conducted at flexion of hip joint and knee joint with leg press of 10kg by maintaining it for 6 sec and resting for 2 sec by 20 times. Muscular strength after exercise was measured with 1 RM by times and muscular endurance with maximum repetition frequency using time to keep for loading the weight of 10 RM and 65% of maximum muscular strength. As a result of comparing and analyzing measured values, exercise recovery shape of isotonic and isometric cool-down group were more effective than rest recovery shape of the control group. The isometric cool-down group was more effective than isotonic cool-down group. In conclusion, isometric exercise was more effective than isotonic exercise or simple rest on muscular strength and endurance.